British cede Kashmir including Ladakh to the Hindu Dogras in 1846

Hindu rule in Kashmir continued until Independence in 1947Ladakh part of India until today

1840-1: Kashmir vs. Tibet War

Dogra invasion of Tibet repulsed;

Tibetans defeated in Ladakh, territory remains with raja of Kashmir

Maharaja of Kashmir, 1900

British in the Himalayas:Sahibs Hunt

British Develop Himalayas Hill stations for monsoon and heat seasons

Western Himalayas:

Shimla, Mussoorie, Darjeeling, Ooty, Jammu, Kashmir.

Eastern Himalayas

Darjeeling, Gangtok, Kalimpong,

Kurseong, Mirik, Shillong, Imphal

British Military Recruitment:Employment of “Hill Men” of India and Nepalese “Gurkhas”

Modern Nepal:Pan-regional conquests and Final formation after British conflicts

Mughal Influences

Rana Rule: 1846-1950

Autocratic Era: Country closed to outsiders. No national treasury, only Rana family holdings. Few efforts to develop infrastructure, including public schools, roads, etc.

Aggressive Hindu nationalism, including Hindu law imposed. Non-Nepali languages and cultures repressed.

Over 100 Rana Palaces built, importing Italian architects, materials.

Younghusband Expedition to Lhasa1903-4

Massacres, surrender, forced pact to open roads, telegraph, mail service, Resident in Lhasa

Expedition to Gyantse, and Lhasa, negotiations with Dalai Lama

Sikkim

In 1642

Persecution of the Nyingmapa sect in Tibet lead to their leaders fleeing the country and taking refuge in Sikkim and Bhutan.

Phuntsog Namgyal, the grandson of Khye Bumsa is consecrated as the first Chogyal

1850-present

Darjeeling separate from Chogyal as part of British India; becomes “hill station”, tea growing area.

1973Indian Annexation

Darjeeling as Hill Station

BhutanA FRONTIER NON-GELUGPA TIBETAN

STATE

in 1616, the Shabdrung Lama repelled numerous Tibetan invasions, unified the many warring regional feudal overlords, and brought all of Bhutan under the influence of the Drukpa Kagyud School.

NEW COUNTRY:

In 1907, Ugyen Wangchuk was unanimously elected by all Regional Governors and the Central Monastic Body, at the Punakha Dzong and crowned "Druk Gyalpo" (literally, precious ruler of the dragon people). The present king, the fourth hereditary monarch, is Druk Gyalpo Jigme Singye Wangchuk,

Dzong-s as centers of society

Domestic Culture

120

met

ers

Recent Issue: National Development based on “Gross National Happiness”

and the problem of Ethnic/Cultural Nationalism

Responding to new laws requiring proof of citizenship, national dress [gyo] and language [dzong-kha], Nepali-speaking residents fled Bhutan around 1990. Most of the 100,000 were stripped of land and denied claims to citizenship and expelled.

As of 2008, most remain in refugee camps in Nepal, the only country that would grant refuge.

Useful recent Bhutanese Movies

NE Himalayas: Assam and Arunachal Pradesh

Great national Hindu temple of Kamakhya, Gauhati

MODERNITY

Himalayan Frontier as Region of Uprisings:

Hill people vs. Plains elites

Nepal

Kashmir

NE Himalayas

Darjeeling and Assam

Gorkhaland State

Secession from India Movement

Media and its opening new vistas

Extreme Poverty and the Challenge of Community Uplift

Himalayan Buddhism beyond ethic and national

borders