Suspension BridgesWhat Is a Suspension Bridge?A suspension bridge uses ropes, chains or cables to hold the bridge. Suspension bridges can cover large distances up to around 2000 metres. Large pillars at either end of the waterways are connected with these cables, and the cables are secured, usually to the ground. Many vertical cables are spaced out along the bridge to secure the deck area. Due to the variety of materials and the complicated design, suspension bridges are very expensive to build.

Famous Suspension BridgesThe world’s longest suspension bridge is the Akashi Kaikyo Bridge in Japan. This is 2.4 miles long! The Clifton Suspension Bridge joins Bristol and North Somerset in England. It was opened over 150 years ago and is kept in good condition by money raised from people crossing the bridge and visiting the site.

Did You Know…?Modern suspension bridges use thin pieces of steel twined together to make a strong cable. The Golden Gate Bridge in San Francisco uses 80,000 miles of cable! Other Suspension Bridge Facts

It is believed that the first ever suspension bridges were made from twisted pieces of grass over 500 years ago. These were used to cross gorges!

Suspension bridges made from chains have been known to collapse if only one link of the chain is damaged. For this reason, cable is used in modern bridge design.

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Arch BridgesWhat Is an Arch Bridge?An arch bridge uses a curved shape to spread the weight from the bridge over the curve, rather than the weight bearing straight down. The arch has supports at either end of the bridge to keep it from spreading out. These supports are built into the ground to provide additional support. The arch is usually a semi-circular shape.

Famous Arch BridgesThe Chaotianmen Bridge in China is the longest steel arch bridge in the world. The whole arch stretches over 1800 feet. It stretches over the Yangtze river and opened in 2009. It carries six lanes of traffic! The Sydney Harbour Bridge in Australia is a very famous tourist attraction. It is an arch bridge, nicknamed ‘The Coathanger‘. You can drive, walk, cycle or even take a train over it.

Did You Know…?The arch bridge design is over 3000 years old.

More Arch Bridge Facts Arch bridges in the past were traditionally made of stone, brick or wood. More modern arch bridges are usually reinforced with steel or concrete. The supporting pillars that are at either end of the arches are called abutments. The Zhaozhou Bridge in China was opened in the year AD 605 and is still standing today. The Zhaozhou Bridge is also known as the Anji Bridge. It is the world’s oldest open-spandrel arch bridge.

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Cantilever BridgesWhat Is a Cantilever Bridge? A cantilever bridge uses cantilevers to create an area for people or vehicles to travel on.

A cantilever is something that sticks out to the side, while being supported by something else. Imagine that your body is the support for your arm and put your arm out to the side. In this case, your arm is being a cantilever. Usually, two cantilevers meet in the middle to create a bridge. Imagine a diving board, with one side attached firmly to let a person stand at the other end. This is a cantilever.

Famous Cantilever Bridges The Forth Bridge, near Edinburgh, was the world’s first large steel structure. It first opened in 1890 and measured a total of 2467 metres! The Pont De Quebec Bridge in Canada is now the world’s longest cantilever bridge. It allows people and vehicles, including trains, to cross. It took around 30 years to build.

Did You Know…?Cantilever bridges are often used to cross over areas of water. Sometimes, these areas of water are too long for the cantilever arms to cover. In this situation, an extra bridge can be added in between the two arms. It usually has supporting beams and is known as a beam or a truss bridge. More Cantilever Facts The first cantilever bridge was built in 1867 by Heinrich Gerber. He wished to create a bridge long enough to cross larger distances such as the Main River in Germany. He was able to create a structure which had arms that met in the middle of the Main River, allowing it to be crossed. Compared to today’s cantilever bridges, Gerber’s was basic and small but this design allowed more complex and larger structures to be built. It was innovative and new, making Gerber a famous name in the engineering of bridges.

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Beam BridgesWhat Is a Beam Bridge?A beam bridge is the simplest type of bridge that you may come across. Think of a plank of wood that someone might use to cross a stream: this is a simple beam bridge. The beam part of the bridge is supported at either end, where the weight of the bridge pushes down. A beam bridge is usually short in length. This is because the further apart the supports are, the weaker the bridge becomes. Imagine a ruler positioned between two tables, with an eraser at either end of the ruler. Putting a small amount of weight on the ruler will cause the bridge to collapse. By bringing the tables and erasers closer together, more weight can be put on the beam.

Famous Beam BridgesThe United States of America hosts two of the most famous beam bridges in the world. They are both found in Louisiana. One of them is the longest bridge over water in the world. It is the Lake Pontchartrain Causeway.

The Manchac Swamp Bridge is also in Louisiana and is the seventh-longest in the world. At each 250 feet point, piles have been driven into the swamp to support the massive length of the bridge.

Did You Know…?Although beam bridges can only be a relatively short length, one beam bridge can still be joined to another to create one long stretch of beam bridges. More Facts about Beam Bridges The maximum length of one bridge is 250 feet.

Although beam bridges were traditionally made of wood, they are now made of concrete or steel.

Another name for a beam bridge is a girdle bridge.

Some bridges that are very tall need more support. A diagonal lattice called a truss is sometimes added to support some beam bridges. A truss helps to distribute some of the weight that goes on to the bridge.

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Design a Bridge I can design a rail bridge that is fit for purpose.

The Scottish Government have commissioned a new rail bridge to be designed and built to allow trains to safely cross the River Forth. Draw your design below.

You have been commissioned to design a bridge to cross the San Francisco bay. You will need to consider effective design, materials needed and how the bridge will be constructed.

Design a Bridge

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Design a Bridge

Materials list

What design components have you incorporated?

Why have you designed the bridge the way you have?

How will the bridge be constructed?

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