bridge design - planning, site selection and general design parameters
TRANSCRIPT
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BRIDGE DESIGN SEMINAR: PLANNING, SITE SELECTION AND DESIGN PARAMETERSASSOCIATION OF STRUCTURAL ENGINEERS OF THE PHILIPPINES, INC.
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BRIDGE DESIGN SEMINAR: PLANNING, SITE SELECTION AND DESIGN PARAMETERSASSOCIATION OF STRUCTURAL ENGINEERS OF THE PHILIPPINES, INC.
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SEMINAR ON BRIDGE DESIGN:
PLANNING, SITE SELECTION
AND GENERAL DESIGN
PARAMETERS
BRIDGE DESIGN SEMINAR: PLANNING, SITE SELECTION AND DESIGN PARAMETERSASSOCIATION OF STRUCTURAL ENGINEERS OF THE PHILIPPINES, INC.
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PRESENTATION OUTLINE1. The Bridge Structure
Bridge Co!o"e"t#
T$!e# o% Bridge#
&. Pri"ci!'e# o% Bridge De#ig"
P'(""i"g ("d De#ig"
De#ig" !(r(eter#
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&. T)E BRIDGE STRUCTURE
A *ridge i# ( #tructure th(t cro##e# o+er (
ri+er, *($, or other o*#tructio", or ("
o!e" i"ter#ectio" (# i" i"terch("ge#-,
!eritti"g the #ooth ("d #(%e !(##(ge
o% +ehic'e#, tr(i"#, ("dor !ede#tri("#.
A" e'e+(tio" +ie/ o% ( t$!ic(' *ridge i#
#ho/" i" the %igure #ee "e0t #'ide-.
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E'e+(tio" +ie/ o% ( t$!ic(' *ridge.
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A *ridge #tructure i# di+ided i"to (" u!!er
!(rt the #u!er#tructure-, /hich co"#i#t#
o% the /e(ri"g #ur%(ce, the dec, !ri(r$
e*er# ("d the #eco"d(r$ e*er#,
("d ( 'o/er !(rt the #u*#tructure-, /hich
(re (*ute"t#, !ier#, *e(ri"g#, %ooti"g#,!i'e# ("d #heeti"g.
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The #u!er#tructure !ro+ide# hori2o"t('
#!("# #uch (# dec ("d girder# ("d c(rrie#
tr(%%ic 'o(d# direct'$.
The #u*#tructure #u!!ort# the hori2o"t('
#!("#, e'e+(ti"g (*o+e the grou"d
#ur%(ce.
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BRIDGE DESIGN SEMINAR: PLANNING, SITE SELECTION AND DESIGN PARAMETERSASSOCIATION OF STRUCTURAL ENGINEERS OF THE PHILIPPINES, INC.
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BRIDGE DESIGN SEMINAR: PLANNING, SITE SELECTION AND DESIGN PARAMETERSASSOCIATION OF STRUCTURAL ENGINEERS OF THE PHILIPPINES, INC.
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BRIDGE COMPONENTS:
Superstructure. The #u!er#tructure
co!ri#e# ('' the co!o"e"t# o% (
*ridge (*o+e the #u!!ort#. The
*(#ic #u!er#tructure co!o"e"t#
co"#i#t o% the %o''o/i"g:
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DEC3. The dec i# the!h$#ic(' e0te"#io" o% the
ro(d/($ (cro## the
o*#tructio" to *e *ridged.
The (i" %u"ctio" o% the
dec i# to di#tri*ute 'o(d#
('o"g the *ridge cro##
#ectio" or tr("#+er#e'$. The
dec either re#t# o" or i#
i"tegr(ted /ith ( %r(e or
other #tructur(' #$#te
de#ig"(ted to di#tri*ute
'o(d# ('o"g the 'e"gth o% the
*ridge or 'o"gitudi"(''$.
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4EARING SUR5ACE. The /e(ri"g #ur%(ce cour#e- i# th(t!ortio" o% the dec cro## #ectio" /hich re#i#t# tr(%%ic /e(r.
I" o#t i"#t("ce# thi# i# ( #e!(r(te '($er (de o%
*itui"ou# (teri('. The /e(ri"g cour#e u#u(''$ +(rie# i"thic"e## %ro 67 to 177 8 ho/e+er, thi# thic"e##
c(" #oetie# *e '(rger due to re#ur%(ci"g o% the o+er!(##
ro(d/($, /hich occur# throughout the 'i%e c$c'e o% ( *ridge.
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PRIMAR9 MEMBERS.
Pri(r$ e*er# di#tri*ute
'o(d# 'o"gitudi"(''$ ("d (re
u#u(''$ de#ig"ed !ri"ci!(''$
to re#i#t %'e0ure. Be( t$!e
!ri(r$ e*er# (re ('#o
c(''ed #tri"ger# or girder#.
The#e #tri"ger# cou'd *e #tee'
!'(te girder# i.e., #tee' !'(te#/e'ded together to %or (" I
#ectio"-, !re#tre##ed
co"crete girder#, rei"%orced
co"crete girder#, or g'ued
'(i"(ted ti*er #tri"ger#.
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R(ther th(" h(+e the #'(* re#t direct'$ o" the !ri(r$
e*er, ( #('' %i''et or h(u"ch c(" *e !'(ced*et/ee" the dec #'(* ("d the to! %'("ge o% the
#tri"ger. Soe *ridge #u!er#tructure c(" *e %ored
i" the #h(!e o% ( *o0 either rect("gu'(r or
tr(!e2oid('-. Bo0 girder *ridge# c(" *e co"#tructed
out o% #tee' or !re#tre##ed co"crete ("d (re u#ed i"
#itu(tio"# /here '(rge #!(" 'e"gth# (re re;uired.
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SECONDAR9 MEMBERS.
Seco"d(r$ e*er# (re
*r(ci"g *et/ee"
!ri(r$ e*er#
de#ig"ed to re#i#t cro##
#ectio"(' de%or(tio"
o% the #u!er#tructure
%r(e ("d he'!
di#tri*ute !(rt o% the
+ertic(' 'o(d *et/ee"
#tri"ger#.
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I" o#t i"#t("ce#, the#e
#eco"d(r$ e*er# (re
"o/" (# di(!hr(g#.
The$ c(" *e co!o#ed
o% cro##ed %r(e# (t the
to! or *otto %'("ge o%
( #tri"ger u#ed to re#i#t
'(ter(' de%or(tio".Thi# t$!e o% #eco"d(r$
e*er i# c(''ed '(ter('
*r(ci"g.
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BRIDGE COMPONENTS
Substructure. The #u*#tructure
co"#i#t# o% ('' e'ee"t# re;uired
to #u!!ort the #u!er#tructure ("d
o+er!(## ro(d/($. The *(#ic
#u*#tructure co!o"e"t# co"#i#t
o% the %o''o/i"g:
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ABUTMENTS. A*ute"t# (re e(rthret(i"i"g
#tructure# /hich #u!!ort the
#u!er#tructure ("d o+er!(## ro(d/($ (t
the *egi""i"g ("d e"d o% ( *ridge. Lie (
ret(i"i"g /('', the (*ute"t# re#i#t the
'o"gitudi"(' %orce# o% the e(rth u"der"e(th
the o+er!(## ro(d/($.
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Pede#t('#. A !ede#t('i# ( #hort co'u" o" ("
(*ute"t or !ier
/hich direct'$
#u!!ort# (
#u!er#tructure !ri(r$
e*er.
The ter *ridge #e(t i#
('#o u#ed to re%er to the
e'e+(tio" (t the to!
#ur%(ce o% the !ede#t('.
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B(c/(''. A *(c/('',
#oetie# c(''ed the#te, i# the !ri(r$
co!o"e"t o% the
(*ute"t (cti"g (# (
ret(i"i"g #tructure (t
e(ch (!!ro(ch.
4i"g/(''. A /i"g/(''
i# ( #ide/('' to the
(*ute"t *(c/('' or
#te de#ig"ed to (##i#t
i" co"%i"i"g e(rth
*ehi"d the (*ute"t.
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4(ter Le+e'
Bridge A!!ro(ch
4i"g/(''
E0!("#io"
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BRIDGE DESIGN SEMINAR: PLANNING, SITE SELECTION AND DESIGN PARAMETERSASSOCIATION OF STRUCTURAL ENGINEERS OF THE PHILIPPINES, INC.
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5'(red Co'u"#
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BEARINGS. Be(ri"g# (re ech("ic(' #$#te#
/hich tr("#it the +ertic(' 'o(d# o% the
#u!er#tructure to the #u*#tructure.
E0(!'e o% *e(ri"g# (re ech("ic('
#$#te# (de o% #tee' ro''er# (cti"g o"
'(rge #tee' !'(te# or rect("gu'(r !(d# (de
o% "eo!re"e.
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The u#e ("d %u"ctio"('it$ o% *e(ri"g# +(r$
gre(t'$ de!e"di"g o" the #i2e ("dco"%igur(tio" o% the *ridge. Be(ri"g#
(''o/i"g *oth rot(tio" ("d 'o"gitudi"('
tr("#'(tio" (re c(''ed e0!("#io" *e(ri"g#,
("d tho#e /hich (''o/ rot(tio" o"'$ (re
c(''ed %i0ed *e(ri"g#.
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5OOTING. A# *e(ri"g# tr("#%er the
#u!er#tructure 'o(d# to the #u*#tructure,
#o i" tur" do the (*ute"t ("d !ier
%ooti"g# tr("#%er 'o(d# %ro the
#u*#tructure to the #u*#oi'.
A %ooti"g u"der ( /('' i# "o/" (# (co"ti"uou# or /('' %ooti"g8 /here(#, (
%ooti"g u"der ( !ier i# "o/" (# ( #!re(d
%ooti"g.
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PILES. 4he" the #oi' u"der ( %ooti"g c(""ot
!ro+ide (de;u(te #u!!ort %or the
#u*#tructure i" ter# o% *e(ri"g c(!(cit$,
o+er('' #t(*i'it$, or #ett'ee"t-, #u!!ort i#
o*t(i"ed through the u#e o% !i'e#, /hich
e0te"d do/" %ro the %ooti"g to the
!ro!er de!th.
Soe t$!e# o% !i'e r("ge %ro co"crete,
either c(#ti"!'(ce or *ored !i'e, to #tee'
)#ectio"# dri+e" to #ou"d roc.
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Soe coo" t$!e# o% %ou"d(tio"#
i"c'ude:
S!re(d i#o'(ted %ooti"g
Dri+e" !i'e# %ou"d(tio"
Dri''ed #h(%t *ored !i'e#
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S)EETING. I" co%%erd(# or #h(''o/
e0c(+(tio", the +ertic(' !'("# /hich (re
dri+e" i"to the grou"d to (ct (# te!or(r$
ret(i"i"g /(''# !eritti"g e0c(+(tio" (re
"o/" (# #heeti"g.
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Stee' #heet !i'e# (re o"e o% the o#t
coo" %or# o% #heeti"g i" u#e ("d c("
e+e" *e u#ed (# (*ute"t# %or #(''er
#tructure#.
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4(ter Le+e'M(i" Structure
Be(ri"g#
Re#tr(i"t#
Scour Protectio"
5ou"d(tio"
E0!("#io"
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The *ridge #ite, (# (" e"tit$,
!o##e##e# ("$ di%%ere"t
co!o"e"t# /hich, i" o"e /($ or
("other, i"tegr(te /ith the
#tructure !ro!er.
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The (=or (!!urte"("ce# ("d
#itere'(ted %e(ture# (re (#
%o''o/#:
EMBAN3MENT AND SLOPE PROTECTION. The#'o!e th(t t(!er# %ro the (*ute"t to the
u"der!(## e*("e"t- i# co+ered /ith (
(teri(' c(''ed #'o!e !rotectio", /hich
#hou'd *e *oth (e#thetic(''$ !'e(#i"g ("d
!ro+ide %or !ro!er dr(i"(ge ("d ero#io"
co"tro'.
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S'o!e !rotectio" cou'd *e (de o% dr$
#to"e or e+e" *'oc !(+ee"t (teri('.
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UNDERDRAIN. I" order to !ro+ide %or !ro!erdr(i"(ge o% ( (=or #u*#tructure e'ee"t,
#uch (# (" (*ute"t, it i# o%te" "ece##(r$
to i"#t('' (" u"derdr(i", /hich i# ( dr(i"(ge
#$#te (de o% !er%or(ted !i!e or other
#uit(*'e co"duit th(t tr("#!ort# ru"o%%
(/($ %ro the #tructure ("d i"to(!!ro!ri(te dr(i"(ge ch(""e'# either
"(tur(' or ("(de-.
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APPROAC). The #ectio" o% o+er!(##ro(d/($ /hich 'e(d# u! to ("d (/($ %ro
the *ridge (*ute"t# i# c(''ed the (!!ro(ch
or (!!ro(ch ro(d/($.
I" cro## #ectio" the (!!ro(ch ro(d/($ i#
de%i"ed (# the >tr(+e'ed /($ !'u#
#hou'der#.?
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To co!e"#(te %or !ote"ti(' di%%ere"ti('
#ett'ee"t (t the (!!ro(che#, ( rei"%orcedco"crete #'(* or (!!ro(ch #'(* i# #oetie#
u#ed %or ( gi+e" di#t("ce *(c %ro the
(*ute"t.
The (!!ro(ch #'(* he'!# i"ii2e i!(ct to
the (*ute"t /hich c(" re#u't %ro
di%%ere"ti(' #ett'ee"t. It i# !o##i*'e %or the
(!!ro(ch to *e !h$#ic(''$ #u!!orted *$ the
(*ute"t.
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TRA55IC BARRIERS. Protecti+e de+ice# u#edto reduce the #e+erit$ o% (" (ccide"t /he"
( +ehic'e 'e(+e# the ro(d (re c(''ed tr(%%ic
*(rrier#.
Tr(%%ic *(rrier# c(" r("ge %ro ( gu(rd r(i'
(de o% corrug(ted #tee' to rei"%orced
co"crete !(r(!et#.
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T9PES O5 BRIDGES
Classification by Materials
Classification by Objective
Classification by Structural System
Classification by Support Condition
Classification by Position ofTravelled Roadway
Classification by Durability
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T9PES O5 BRIDGES
Classification byMaterials. Thi#
c'(##i%ic(tio" i# *(#ed o"
the (i" t$!e o%
(teri(' u#ed %or the
#u!er#tructure.
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Stee' *ridge#: A #tee' *ridge ($ u#e (
/ide +(riet$ o% #tructur(' #tee'
co!o"e"t# ("d #$#te#: girder#,
%r(e#, tru##e#, (rche#, ("d #u#!e"#io"
c(*'e#.
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Co"crete *ridge#: There (re t/o!ri(r$ t$!e# o% co"crete *ridge#:
rei"%orced ("d !re#tre##ed.
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Ti*er *ridge#: 4oode" *ridge# (re
u#ed /he" the #!(" i# re'(ti+e'$ #hort.
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Met(' (''o$ *ridge#: Met(' (''o$# #uch
(# ('ui"u (''o$ ("d #t(i"'e## #tee'
(re ('#o u#ed i" *ridge co"#tructio".
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Classification by Objective. Thi#
c'(##i%ic(tio" i# *(#ed o" the t$!e
o% 'o(d th(t i# c(rried (cro## the
*ridge. Bridge# c(" ('ter"(ti+e'$
*e c'(##i%ied i"to o+(*'e %or
#hi!# to !(## the ri+er- or %i0ed
("d !er("e"t or te!or(r$
c(tegorie#.
BRIDGE DESIGN SEMINAR: PLANNING, SITE SELECTION AND DESIGN PARAMETERSASSOCIATION OF STRUCTURAL ENGINEERS OF THE PHILIPPINES, INC.
62
)igh/($ *ridge#:
*ridge# o"
high/($# %or
+ehic'e#.
R(i'/($ *ridge#:
*ridge# o"
r(i'ro(d# %or tr(i"#.
Co*i"ed *ridge#:
*ridge# c(rr$i"g
*oth +ehic'e# ("d
tr(i"#.
BRIDGE DESIGN SEMINAR: PLANNING, SITE SELECTION AND DESIGN PARAMETERSASSOCIATION OF STRUCTURAL ENGINEERS OF THE PHILIPPINES, INC.
63
Pede#tri(" *ridge#:*ridge# c(rr$i"g
!ede#tri(" tr(%%ic
A;ueduct *ridge#:
*ridge# #u!!orti"g
!i!e# /ith
ch(""e'ed /(ter
%'o/
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BRIDGE DESIGN SEMINAR: PLANNING, SITE SELECTION AND DESIGN PARAMETERSASSOCIATION OF STRUCTURAL ENGINEERS OF THE PHILIPPINES, INC.
65
Classification by Structural
System of Superstructures.
Thi# c'(##i%ic(tio" i# *(#ed
o" the #tructur(' #$#te o%the (i" girder# o% the
#u!er#tructure.
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P'(te girder *ridge#: The (i" girder#co"#i#t o% ( !'(te (##e*'(ge o% u!!er
("d 'o/er %'("ge# ("d ( /e*. ) or I
cro###ectio"# (re u#ed to e%%ecti+e'$
re#i#t *e"di"g ("d #he(r.
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Bo0 girder *ridge#: The
#i!'e or u'ti!'e-
(i" girder co"#i#t# o%( *o0 *e( %(*ric(ted
%ro #tee' !'(te# or
%ored %ro co"crete,
/hich re#i#t# "ot o"'$
*e"di"g ("d #he(r *ut
('#o tor#io"
e%%ecti+e'$.
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T*e( *ridge#: A "u*er o%
rei"%orced co"crete T*e(# (re !'(ced
#ide *$ #ide to #u!!ort the 'i+e 'o(d.
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Co!o#ite girder*ridge#: The co"crete
dec #'(* /or# i"
co"=u"ctio" /ith the
#tee' girder# to #u!!ort
'o(d# (# ( u"ited
*e(. The #tee' girder
t(e# (i"'$ te"#io",
/hi'e the co"crete #'(*
t(e# the co!re##io"
co!o"e"t o% the
*e"di"g oe"t.
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Gri''(ge girder *ridge#: The (i"
girder# (re co""ected tr("#+er#e'$ *$
%'oor *e(# to %or ( rid !(tter" /hich
#h(re# the 'o(d# /ith the (i" girder#.
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71
Tru## *ridge#:
Tru## *(r e*er# (re theoretic(''$
co"#idered to *e co""ected /ith
!i"# (t their e"d# to %or tri("g'e#.
E(ch e*er re#i#t# (" (0i(' %orce,
either i" co!re##io" or te"#io".
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T$!ic(' t$!e# (re: Le"ticu'(r
Pr(tt
Dou*'e I"ter#ectio" Pr(tt
4hi!!'e-
B('tiore
P(rer
Pe""#$'+("i(
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4(rre"
Dou*'e I"ter#ectio" 4(rre" 4(rre" @u(dr("gu'(r L(ttice-
3 Tru##
Bo/#tri"g
The #ucceedi"g #'ide# i''u#tr(te
!hoto# o% e(ch tru## t$!e.
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74
Le"ticu'(r
Pr(tt
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Dou*'e I"ter#ectio"
Pr(tt 4hi!!'e-
B('tiore
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P(rer
Pe""#$'+("i(
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77
4(rre"
4(rre"
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4(rre"
4(rre"
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Dou*'e I"ter#ectio"
4(rre"
4(rre" @u(dr("gu'(r
L(ttice-
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80
3Tru##
Bo/#tri"g
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81
Arch *ridge#:The (rch i# ( #tructure th(t
re#i#t# 'o(d (i"'$ i" (0i('
co!re##io".
The circu'(r (rc i"
co!re##io" #u!!ort# the
ro(d8 the (rch c(" either
*e *e'o/ or (*o+e the
ro(d.
I" ("cie"t tie# #to"e /(# the
o#t coo" (teri('
u#ed to co"#truct
(g"i%ice"t (rch *ridge#.
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M(rg(ret Bridge, Bud(!e#t
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Po"te Cre#to, Roe
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85
C(*'e#t($ed *ridge#:
The girder# (re #u!!orted
*$ high'$ #tre"gthe"ed
c(*'e# o%te"
co!o#ed o% tight'$
*ou"d #tee' #tr("d#-
/hich #te direct'$
%ro the to/er. The#e
(re o#t'$ #uited to
*ridge 'o"g di#t("ce#.
The c(*'e# i" te"#io"
#u!!ort the ro(d.
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M(rce'o 5er"(" Bridge, Ce*u
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(#co d( G(( Bridge, Li#*o"
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Mi''e""iu Bridge Po'("d
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RioA"titio Bridge Greece
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Su#!e"#io" *ridge#:The girder# (re #u#!e"ded *$ h("ger# tied
to the (i" c(*'e# /hich h("g %ro the
to/er#. The 'o(d i# tr("#itted (i"'$
*$ te"#io" i" c(*'e. The c(*'e# i"
te"#io" #u!!ort the ro(d. Thi# de#ig" i#
#uit(*'e %or 'o"g #!(" *ridge#.
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Go'de" G(te Bridge, S(" 5r("ci#co
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Po"te &6 de A*ri', Li#*o"
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To/er Bridge, Lo"do"
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Classification by
Support Condition.
Thi# c'(##i%ic(tio" i#
*(#ed o" the #u!!ort
co"ditio"# o% ( *ridge.
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Si!'$#u!!orted *ridge#:The (i" girder# or tru##e# (re
#u!!orted *$ ( o+(*'e hi"ge (t
o"e e"d ("d ( %i0ed hi"ge (t the
other #i!'e #u!!ort-8 thu# the$
c(" *e ("('$2ed u#i"g o"'$ the
co"ditio"# o% e;ui'i*riu.
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98
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Michig(" A+e"ue Bridge, Chic(go
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Co"ti"uou#'$ #u!!orted *ridge#:
Girder# or tru##e# (re #u!!orted
co"ti"uou#'$ *$ ore th(" three
#u!!ort#, re#u'ti"g i" ( #tructur(''$
i"deteri"(te #$#te. The#e te"d to *e
ore eco"oic(' #i"ce %e/er e0!("#io"
=oi"t#, /hich h(+e ( coo" c(u#e o%
#er+ice ("d (i"te"("ce !ro*'e#, (re"eeded. Shri"(ge (t the #u!!ort# u#t
*e (+oided.
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Ger*er *ridge# c("ti'e+er*ridge-:
A co"ti"uou# *ridge i# re"dered
deteri"(te *$ !'(ci"g
i"teredi(te hi"ge# *et/ee"
the #u!!ort#.
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BRIDGE DESIGN SEMINAR: PLANNING, SITE SELECTION AND DESIGN PARAMETERSASSOCIATION OF STRUCTURAL ENGINEERS OF THE PHILIPPINES, INC.
107
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South(!to"# Itche" Bridge U3
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Classification by Position of
Traveled Roadway. Thi#
c'(##i%ic(tio" i# *(#ed o" the
!o#itio" o% the *ridge %'oor
/ith re#!ect to the (i" girder
or (i" #u!!orti"g the
#tructur(' e*er.
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Dec: 4he" the ro(d/($ i# o" to! o%
the (i" girder.
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Po"$: 4he" the ro(d/($ i# "e0t to the
(i" girder.
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)('%through: 4he" the ro(d/($ i#*et/ee" the de!th o% the (i" girder.
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Through: 4he" the ro(d/($ i# (t the
*otto o% the (i" girder.
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Classification by Durability. Thi#
c'(##i%ic(tio" i# *(#ed o" the
dur(tio" %or /hich the *ridge i#
i"te"ded to *e u#e%u'.
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Per("e"t *ridge
Sei!er("e"t
*ridge
Te!or(r$ *ridge
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. PRINCIPLES O5 BRIDGE DESIGN
Bridge !'(""i"g ("d de#ig" !roce##
i"c'ude# co"#ider(tio" o% other
i!ort("t %(ctor# #uch (# choice
o% *ridge #$#te, (teri('#,
die"#io"#, %ou"d(tio"#,
(e#thetic#, ("d 'oc(' '("d#c(!e
("d e"+iro"e"t.
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PLANNING
Be%ore the #tructur(' de#ig" o% (
*ridge i# co"#idered, ( *ridge
!ro=ect /i'' #t(rt /ith !'(""i"g the
%u"d(e"t(' de#ig" co"ditio"#.
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A *ridge !'(""i"g u#t co"#ider the%o''o/i"g %(ctor#:
(- P(##i"g Li"e ("d Loc(tio"
A *ridge, *ei"g ( co"ti"u(tio" o% (
ro(d, doe# *e#t to %o''o/ the 'i"e o% the
ro(d.
A right ("g'e *ridge i# e(#$ to de#ig"
("d co"#truct *ut o%te" %orce# the 'i"e
to *e *e"t.
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A #e/ed *ridge or ( cur+ed *ridge i#
coo"'$ re;uired %or e0!re##/($# orr(i'ro(d# /here the ro(d 'i"e u#t *e
e!t #tr(ight or cur+ed, e+e" (t the co#t
o% ( ore di%%icu't de#ig".
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*- 4idth
The /idth o% ( high/($ *ridge i#
u#u(''$ de%i"ed (# the /idth o% the
ro(d/($ !'u# th(t o% the #ide/(',
("d o%te" the #(e die"#io" (#
th(t o% the (!!ro(chi"g ro(d.
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c- T$!e o% Structure ("d S!("Le"gth
The t$!e# o% #u*#tructure# ("d
#u!er#tructure# (re deteri"ed *$
%(ctor# #uch (#:
the #urrou"di"g geogr(!hic('
%e(ture#,
the #oi' %ou"d(tio",
the !(##i"g 'i"e ("d it# /idth,
the 'e"gth ("d #!(" o% the *ridge,
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(e#thetic#,
the re;uiree"t %or c'e(r("ce *e'o/
the *ridge,
tr("#!ort(tio" o% the co"#tructio"
(teri('# ("d erectio" !rocedure#,
co"#tructio" co#t, ("d
co"#tructio" !eriod.
BRIDGE DESIGN SEMINAR: PLANNING, SITE SELECTION AND DESIGN PARAMETERSASSOCIATION OF STRUCTURAL ENGINEERS OF THE PHILIPPINES, INC.
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d- Ae#thetic#
A *ridge i# re;uired "ot o"'$ to %u'%i'' it#
%u"ctio" (# ( thorough%(re, *ut ('#o to
u#e it# #tructure ("d %or to *'e"d,
h(ro"i2e, ("d e"h("ce it#
#urrou"di"g#.
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129
DESIGN U#e ("d 5u"ctio"('it$
A high/($ *ridge #ite i# (
co!'ic(ted !'(ce ("d ( !oi"t
/here ( #uite o% ci+i'
e"gi"eeri"g di#ci!'i"e#
co"+erge to %or o"e o% the
o#t e0citi"g ch(''e"ge# i" the
!ro%e##io".
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It i# i!er(ti+e th(t ( *ridge
de#ig"ere"gi"eer u#t *eco"cer"ed /ith:
)igh/($ De#ig" %or the o+er!(##
("d u"der!(## ('ig"e"t ("d
geoetr$.
Structur(' De#ig" %or the
#u!er#tructure ("d #u*#tructure
e'ee"t#.
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Geotech"ic(' E"gi"eeri"g %or the
!ier ("d (*ute"t %ou"d(tio"#.
)$dr(u'ic E"gi"eeri"g %or !ro!er
dr(i"(ge o% the *ridge ("d #ite.
Sur+e$i"g ("d M(!!i"g %or the
'($out ("d gr(di"g o% ( !ro!o#ed
#ite.
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9et e+e" /ith #uch ( *re(dth o%
e"gi"eeri"g to!ic# to co"cer"
our#e'+e# /ith, the oder"
high/($ *ridge re(i"# ("
i"trigui"g !ro=ect *ec(u#e o%
the e'eg("t #i!'icit$ o% it#
de#ig" ("d the e(#e /ith /hich
it# #$#te# c(" *e gr(#!ed.
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5or the "e/ or e0!erie"ced
*ridge de#ig"er o"e o% the o#the'!%u' (id# i# co"ti"u('
o*#er+(tio".
Bridge e"gi"eer# h(+e co"#t("t
e0!o#ure to high/($ *ridge# (#
the$ tr(+e' the e0!("#e# o% our
tr("#!ort(tio" "et/or#.
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The *ridge de#ig" i"c'ude#
#e'ectio" o% ( *ridge t$!e,
#tructur(' ("('$#i# ("d e*er
de#ig", ("d !re!(r(tio" o%
det(i'ed !'("# ("d dr(/i"g#.
The #i2e o% e*er# th(t #(ti#%$the re;uiree"t# o% de#ig"
code# (re cho#e". The$ u#t
#u#t(i" !re#cri*ed 'o(d#.
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Structur(' ("('$#e# (re !er%oredo" ( ode' o% the *ridge to
e"#ure #(%et$ (# /e'' (# to
=udge the eco"o$ o% the
de#ig".
The %i"(' de#ig" i# coitted to
dr(/i"g# ("d gi+e" to
co"tr(ctor# %or !ro!er
i!'ee"t(tio".
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B(#ic De#ig" D(t(
O%%ice D(t(. The %ir#t #te! i" the
de#ig" !roce## i# to g(ther ("d
("('$2e (+(i'(*'e i"%or(tio" #uch
(# (!#, ch(rt#, r(i"%('' d(t(, etc.
th(t 'e(d to/(rd# (i"g
i"te''ige"t deci#io"# reg(rdi"g the
'oc(tio" ("d re;uired /(ter/($
o!e"i"g %or the *ridge #tructure.
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I" choo#i"g ( *ridge 'oc(tio", the
%o''o/i"g guide'i"e# ($ *e
co"#idered:
/he" geo'og$ ("d ri+er ch(r(cteri#tic#
+(r$ #ig"i%ic("t'$ /ithi" the 'e"gth o%
the ri+er, !re%ere"ce #hou'd *e gi+e"to #t(*'e re(che# th(t do "ot re;uire
e'(*or(te tr(i"i"g /or# i" order to
(i"t(i" ( good %'o/ ('ig"e"t.
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The te"de"c$ o% ri+er #couri"g ("d
*(" ero#io" ($ +(r$ co"#ider(*'$
o+er #hort di#t("ce#, there%ore c(re%u'
'oc(' i"+e#tig(tio" i# i!ort("t.
I" cert(i" c(#e#, ri+er cro##i"g i" (
*e"d ($ !ro+ide ( ore eco"oic('
#ite th(" /ithi" ( #tr(ight !ortio" o%
the ch(""e'.
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S!eci%ic De#ig" D(t(
The *ridge #ite to!ogr(!hic (!
"eeded %or the de#ig" o% *ridge:
#hou'd *e dr(/" to #c('e o% 1:&77 to
1:1777 de!e"di"g o" the /idth o% the
ri+er8
#hou'd *e e0te"ded (t 'e(#t &77
u!#tre( ("d do/"#tre( %ro the
ce"ter'i"e o% the !ro!o#ed *ridge8
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#hou'd h(+e 'oc(tio" !'(" #ho/i"g the
e0i#ti"g !u*'ic ("d !ri+(te #tructure#
uti'itie# th(t ($ *e (%%ected *$ the
!ro=ect8 ("d
#hou'd h(+e cro###ectio" (t the
(!!ro(che# (t &77 i"ter+('.
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The !ro%i'e ('o"g the ce"ter'i"e o%
the !ro!o#ed *ridge #hou'd #ho/
the e'e+(tio"# o% ordi"(r$ /(ter
'e+e' O4L- ("d (0iu %'ood
'e+e' M5L-.
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Ri+er cro###ectio"# (t 67 i"ter+('
#hou'd *e 177 to &77
u!#tre( ("d do/"#tre( %ro
the !ro!o#ed *ridge i"dic(ti"g the
recorded ("d e0!erie"ced high ("d
ordi"(r$ /(ter e'e+(tio"#.
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The h$dr(u'ic ("d h$dro'ogic #tud$ ("d
("('$#i# "eeded %or the de#ig" o%
!ro!o#ed *ridge #hou'd h(+e:
to!ogr(!hic (! #ho/i"g the
/(ter#hed (re( ("d the !oi"t o%
i"tere#t8
c('cu'(tio" o% the re;uired /(ter/($o!e"i"g8
#cour ("('$#i#8 ("d
c('cu'(tio" o% the de#ig" %'ood 'e+e'.
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The *ori"g d(t( /ith SPT ("d the
geotech"ic(' re!ort #hou'd
i"dic(te!re#cri*e:
i"iu o% t/o &- dee! *ori"g#
("d #h('' *e (de (t e(ch
(*ute"t, !re%er(*'$, ("
(dditio"(' *ori"g (t e(ch !ier
'oc(tio" %or u'ti#!(" *ridge#8
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*oreho'e# to h(+e ( i"iu
de!th o% &7 *e'o/ the ri+er *ed
i" ordi"(r$ #oi' or (t 'e(#t i"
*edroc8
#t("d(rd !e"etr(tio" te#t SPT- to
h(+e ( (0iu i"ter+(' o% 1.6
("d (t e+er$ ch("ge i" #oi'
#tr(tu8 ("d
("('$#i# %or 'i;ue%(ctio" !ote"ti('.
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The #u*#ur%(ce e0!'or(tio" #hou'd
de%i"e the %o''o/i"g, /here
(!!'ic(*'e:
Soi' #tr(t(
De!th, thic"e## ("d +(ri(*i'it$8
Ide"ti%ic(tio" ("d c'(##i%ic(tio"8
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Re'e+("t e"gi"eeri"g !ro!ertie#
#uch (# #he(r #tre"gth, u"it
/eight, co!re##i*i'it$, #ti%%"e##,
!ere(*i'it$, e0!("#io" or
co''(!#e !ote"ti('
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Roc #tr(t(
De!th o% roc8
Ide"ti%ic(tio" ("d c'(##i%ic(tio"8
@u('it$ i.e. #ou"d"e##, h(rd"e##,
=oi"ti"g, re#i#t("ce to /e(theri"g
i% e0!o#ed, ("d #o'utio"i"g-8
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Co!re##i+e #tre"gth i.e. u"i(0i('
co!re##io", !oi"t 'o(d i"de0-8
E0!("#io" !ote"ti('
Grou"d /(ter e'e+(tio"
Grou"d /(ter to!ogr(!h$
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To"i(#, Deetrio# E. Bride !nineerin " Desin#
Re$abilitation# and Maintenance of Modern
%i$way Brides, Ne/ 9or: McGr(/)i'', I"c.,
M(rch 1.
To(, Shou=i, Du(" Li(", 4(i5(h Che".
%andboo& of Structural !nineerin " Bride
Structure, CRC Pre## LLC, 1.
De!(rte"t o% Pu*'ic 4or# ("d )igh/($#,
Bride Desin Manual, Octo*er 6, &77.
RE5ERENCES
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htt!:///.$i"*'og.co67*re(tht(i"g*ridge
!hoto#%ro(rou"dthe/or'd
htt!:///.(+ie/o"citie#.cog(''er$*ridge#.ht
htt!:///."e(tor((.co&77F7717o#t
*e(uti%u'*ridge#i"the/or'd
htt!:///.hu%%i"gto"!o#t.code!(rture#
(g(2i"e/or'd#o#t*e(uti%u'
*ridge#*17&6.ht'
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