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Ultracold Physics: Creating Quantum Matter at the Coldest Temperature in the Universe Brian DeMarco University of Illinois

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Page 1: Brian DeMarco University of Illinois. 0 K supernova core 100,000,000,000 K lava 1,200 K ice 273 K Room temperature 294 K dry ice 164 K liquid nitrogen

Ultracold Physics: Creating Quantum Matter at the Coldest Temperaturesin the Universe

Brian DeMarcoUniversity of Illinois

Page 2: Brian DeMarco University of Illinois. 0 K supernova core 100,000,000,000 K lava 1,200 K ice 273 K Room temperature 294 K dry ice 164 K liquid nitrogen

0 K

supernova core100,000,000,000 K

lava1,200 K

ice273 K

Room temperature294 K

dry ice164 K

liquid nitrogen77 K

liquid He4 K dilution refrigerator

0.003 K

Universe2.7 K

triple point cell273.16 K

“absolute zero”

surface of sun

6,000 K

Temperature Scale

Page 3: Brian DeMarco University of Illinois. 0 K supernova core 100,000,000,000 K lava 1,200 K ice 273 K Room temperature 294 K dry ice 164 K liquid nitrogen

lowest measured temperature

We cool to Absolute Zero, as far as we can tell

Cooling Below mK

0.000000000450 K200 mm/sec

1980s-90s: Developed techniques to cool atom gases to ultra-cold temperatures

Page 4: Brian DeMarco University of Illinois. 0 K supernova core 100,000,000,000 K lava 1,200 K ice 273 K Room temperature 294 K dry ice 164 K liquid nitrogen

Practical Applications

Atomic clocks

Atom gyroscopes

Atom gradiometers

Page 5: Brian DeMarco University of Illinois. 0 K supernova core 100,000,000,000 K lava 1,200 K ice 273 K Room temperature 294 K dry ice 164 K liquid nitrogen

Quantum Mechanics

Everything is a quantum wave

𝜆=h /𝑚𝑣

h=6.6×10− 34 𝐽 ⋅ 𝑠Planck’s constant

Page 6: Brian DeMarco University of Illinois. 0 K supernova core 100,000,000,000 K lava 1,200 K ice 273 K Room temperature 294 K dry ice 164 K liquid nitrogen

Many-Particle Quantum Mechanics

Everything is a quantum wave

Classical Matter

Page 7: Brian DeMarco University of Illinois. 0 K supernova core 100,000,000,000 K lava 1,200 K ice 273 K Room temperature 294 K dry ice 164 K liquid nitrogen

Quantum Matter

Many-Particle Quantum Mechanics

The waves overlap!

Page 8: Brian DeMarco University of Illinois. 0 K supernova core 100,000,000,000 K lava 1,200 K ice 273 K Room temperature 294 K dry ice 164 K liquid nitrogen

Matter Wave Interference

Quantum degeneracy2dB

B

h

mk T

3 n

Page 9: Brian DeMarco University of Illinois. 0 K supernova core 100,000,000,000 K lava 1,200 K ice 273 K Room temperature 294 K dry ice 164 K liquid nitrogen

Many-Particle Quantum Mechanics

Quantum degeneracy

We don’t understand strongly-interacting many-particle quantum matter

Page 10: Brian DeMarco University of Illinois. 0 K supernova core 100,000,000,000 K lava 1,200 K ice 273 K Room temperature 294 K dry ice 164 K liquid nitrogen

The Route to Ultra-Cold

•Laser cooling and trapping•Magnetic trapping and evaporative cooling

Page 11: Brian DeMarco University of Illinois. 0 K supernova core 100,000,000,000 K lava 1,200 K ice 273 K Room temperature 294 K dry ice 164 K liquid nitrogen

Our insulation: ultra-high vacuum (10-12 torr)

collection cellscience cell

Page 12: Brian DeMarco University of Illinois. 0 K supernova core 100,000,000,000 K lava 1,200 K ice 273 K Room temperature 294 K dry ice 164 K liquid nitrogen

10 mK 109 atoms

Laser Cooling

Page 13: Brian DeMarco University of Illinois. 0 K supernova core 100,000,000,000 K lava 1,200 K ice 273 K Room temperature 294 K dry ice 164 K liquid nitrogen

<100 nK 105 atoms

Evaporative Cooling

Page 14: Brian DeMarco University of Illinois. 0 K supernova core 100,000,000,000 K lava 1,200 K ice 273 K Room temperature 294 K dry ice 164 K liquid nitrogen

Data From Imaging

Page 15: Brian DeMarco University of Illinois. 0 K supernova core 100,000,000,000 K lava 1,200 K ice 273 K Room temperature 294 K dry ice 164 K liquid nitrogen
Page 16: Brian DeMarco University of Illinois. 0 K supernova core 100,000,000,000 K lava 1,200 K ice 273 K Room temperature 294 K dry ice 164 K liquid nitrogen

Quantum Particles

Bosons FermionsWaves overlap as much as possible

photons, W & Z bosons, 87Rb

Waves cannot overlap

electrons, protons,40K

Page 17: Brian DeMarco University of Illinois. 0 K supernova core 100,000,000,000 K lava 1,200 K ice 273 K Room temperature 294 K dry ice 164 K liquid nitrogen

Bosons Fermions

Bose-Einstein condensation Superfluidity

Quantum Degenerate Matter


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