breathing and speech production
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Breathing and Speech Production. Learning Objectives. Possess a basic knowledge of respiratory anatomy sufficient to understand basic respiratory physiology and its relation to speech sound generation . Respiratory System Components. Structure and Mechanics of Respiratory System. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
SPPA 4030 Speech Science
Breathing and Speech Production
SPPA 4030 Speech Science
Learning Objectives
• Possess a basic knowledge of respiratory anatomy sufficient to understand basic respiratory physiology and its relation to speech sound generation.
SPPA 4030 Speech Science
Respiratory System Components
SPPA 4030 Speech Science
Structure and Mechanics of Respiratory System
• Pulmonary system– Lungs and airways
• Upper respiratory system• Lower respiratory system
• Chest wall system– Necessary for normal vegetative and speech
breathing
SPPA 4030 Speech Science
Chest wall system
• Rib cage wall• Abdominal wall• Diaphragm• Abdominal contents
SPPA 4030 Speech Science
Chest wall-Lung relation• Lungs not physically attached to the thoracic walls• Lungs: visceral pleura• Thoracic wall: parietal pleura• Filled with Pleural fluid• Ppleural < Patm - “pleural linkage” allows the lungs to move with the
thoracic wall• Breaking pleural linkage Ppleural = Patm - pneumothorax
SPPA 4030 Speech Science
Thorax
SPPA 4030 Speech Science
Abdomen
SPPA 4030 Speech Science
Diaphragm
SPPA 4030 Speech Science
Respiratory muscles• Diaphragm• External intercostals• Internal intercostals (interosseus & intercartilaginous)• Costal elevators• Serratus posterior superior• Serratus posterior inferior• Sternocleidomastoid• Scalenes• Trapezius
• Pectoralis major• Pectoralis minor• Serratus anterior• Transverse throacis• Rectus abdominis• External obliques• Internal obliques• Transversus abdominis• Quadratus lumborum
SPPA 4030 Speech Science
Learning Objectives
• Describe how physical laws help explain how air is moved in and out of the body.
SPPA 4030 Speech Science
Moving Air
Vt = Palv
Palv < Patm (- Palv)
P differential = density differential air molecules flowing into lungs = inspiration
Vt = Palv
Palv > Patmos (+ Palv)
P differential = density differential air molecules flow out of lungs = expiration
Patm: atmospheric pressure Palv: alveolar pressureVt: thoracic volume
P = k/V: Boyle’s Law
SPPA 4030 Speech Science
Changing thoracic volume (Vt)
Strategies• ∆ Length• ∆ Circumference
SPPA 4030 Speech Science
Changing lung volume ( Vlung)
• pleural linkage: Vlung = Vthoracic
• Vthoracic is– raising/lowering the ribs (circumference)
• Raising: Vthoracic = inspiration
• Lowering: Vthoracic =expiration
– Raising/lowering the diaphragm (vertical dimension)• Raising: Vthoracic =expiration
• Lowering: Vthoracic =inspiration
SPPA 4030 Speech Science
Biomechanics of the chest wall
SPPA 4030 Speech Science
Learning Objectives
• Contrast the goals of non-speech breathing and speech breathing.
SPPA 4030 Speech Science
“Goals” of Breathing
• Non-speech (e.g. rest) Breathing– Ventilation
• Requires exchanging volumes of air
• Speech Breathing– Ventilation
• Requires exchanging volumes of air– Communication
• Requires regulating alveolar pressure on expiration
SPPA 4030 Speech Science
Learning Objectives
• Outline the output variables associated with breathing.• Briefly describe the methods used to measure lung
volume change.• Describe the functional subdivisions of the lung
volume space.• Be aware of the lungs volumes required for various
respiratory activities.• Differentiate speech and rest breathing in terms of
volume measures.
SPPA 4030 Speech Science
Output Variables: Volume
• “Wet” Spirometer– Volume measured
directly
SPPA 4030 Speech Science
Output Variables: Volume
• Pneumotachograph– Sometimes called “dry”
spirometry– Vented mask the covers
mouth and nose– Airflow signal is then
integrated to determine volume
SPPA 4030 Speech Science
Output Variables: Volume
(REL)
SPPA 4030 Speech Science
Lung Volume Terminology• Tidal Volume (TV)
– Volume of air inspired/expired during rest breathing.• Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV)
– Volume of air that can be forcefully exhaled, “below” tidal volume.• Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV)
– Volume of air that can be inhaled, “above” tidal volume.• Residual Volume (RV)
– Volume of air left after maximal expiration. Measurable, but not easily so.• Total Lung Capacity (TLC)
– Volume of air enclosed in the respiratory system (i.e. TLC=RV+ERV+TV+IRV)• Inspiratory capacity (IC)
– TV + IRV• Vital Capacity (VC)
– Volume of air that can be inhaled/exhaled (i.e. VC=IRV +TV+ERV)• Functional Residual Capacity (FRC)
– Volume of air in the respiratory system at the REL (i.e. FRC=RV+ERV)• Resting Expiratory End Level/Resting Lung Volume (REL or RLV)
– Place in lung volume space where resting tidal volume typically ends
SPPA 4030 Speech Science
SPPA 4030 Speech Science
Output Variables: VolumeTypical Volume Values• Vital Capacity: 4-5 liters• Total Lung Capacity: 5-6 liters• REL: 40 % VC (upright)Rest Breathing• Tidal Volume: ~ 10 % VC• Insp/Exp Timing: ~50:50• Respiratory Rate: 12-15
breaths/minuteSpeech Breathing• Tidal Volume: 20-25 % VC• Insp/Exp Timing: ~10:90• Respiratory Rate: variable
Rest Breathing vs. Speech Breathing
SPPA 4030 Speech Science
Learning Objectives
• Briefly describe the methods used to measure/infer alveolar pressure.
• Contrast speech and rest breathing in terms of alveolar pressure.
• Be aware of the alveolar pressure required for various respiratory activities.
SPPA 4030 Speech Science
Output Variables: Pressure
• Termed Manometry• pressure transducers
may be placed at various locations in the body– Mouth– Trachea– Thoracic esophagus– Abdominal esophagus
SPPA 4030 Speech Science
Quantifying aerodynamic Pressure
SPPA 4030 Speech Science
Output Variables: Pressure
Typical Values
Resting Tidal BreathingPalv: +/- 1-2 cm H20
Speech BreathingPalv: +8-10 cm H20 during expiration
SPPA 4030 Speech Science
Learning Objectives
• Briefly describe methods used to measure changes in chest wall shape.
• Be aware of the factors that influence changes in chest wall shape.
SPPA 4030 Speech Science
Output Variables: Shape• Rib cage wall and abdominal walls are free to
move• Changing either can influence lung volume• A wide variety of chest wall configurations are
possible.• Configurations appear to be a function of
biomechanical and task-based factors.
SPPA 4030 Speech Science
Output Variables: Shape
SPPA 4030 Speech Science
SPPA 4030 Speech Science
Output Variables: Shape
SPPA 4030 Speech Science
Volume, pressure and Shape Changed during speech breathing
SPPA 4030 Speech Science
Learning Objectives
• Describe the elasticity of the respiratory system and its relation to REL.
• Apply the bellows analogy to the respiratory system.
SPPA 4030 Speech Science
Respiratory System Mechanics
• It is spring-like (elastic)• Elastic systems have an equilibrium point (rest
position)• What happens when you displace it from
equilibrium?
equilibrium Longer thanequilibrium
Displacement away from equilibrium
Restoring force back to equilibrium
SPPA 4030 Speech Science
SPPA 4030 Speech Science
equilibriumShorter thanequilibrium
Displacement away from equilibrium
Restoring force back to equilibrium
SPPA 4030 Speech Science
equilibriumShorter thanequilibrium
Longer thanequilibrium
Displacement away from equilibrium
Restoring force back to equilibrium
SPPA 4030 Speech Science
Equilibrium point ~ REL
SPPA 4030 Speech Science
RELLung VolumeBelow REL
Lung VolumeAbove REL
Displacement away from REL
Restoring force back to REL
SPPA 4030 Speech Science
Is the respiratory system heavily or lightly damped?
SPPA 4030 Speech Science
Respiratory Mechanics: Bellow’s Analogy
• Bellows volume = lung volume• Handles = respiratory muscles• Spring = elasticity of the respiratory system – recoil or
relaxation pressure
SPPA 4030 Speech Science
• No pushing or pulling on the handles ~ no exp. or insp. muscle activity
• Volume ~ REL• Patmos = Palv, no airflow
SPPA 4030 Speech Science
At REL
muscle force
muscle force
elastic force
pull handles outward from rest V increases ~ Palv decreases Inward air flow INSPIRATION
SPPA 4030 Speech Science
muscle force
muscle force
elastic force
push handles inward from rest V decreases ~ Palv increases outward air flow EXPIRATION
At REL
SPPA 4030 Speech Science
Respiratory Mechanics: Bellow’s Analogy
Forces acting on the bellows/lungs are due to • Elastic properties of the system
– Passive– Always present
• Muscle activity– Active– Under nervous system control (automatic or voluntary)
SPPA 4030 Speech Science
Learning Objectives
• Use the modified pressure-relaxation curve to explain the active and passive forces involved in controlling the respiratory system.
• Provide muscular solutions for producing target alveolar pressures at various regions of the lung volume space.
• Differentiate between volume and pulsatile demands during speech breathing.
• Outline the differences in the muscular strategies used for rest and speech breathing.
SPPA 4030 Speech Science
Forces due to elasticity of system(no active muscle activity)
• Recoil forces are proportionate to the amount of displacement from rest
• Recoil forces ~ Palv
• Relaxation pressure curve– Plots Palv due to recoil force against lung volume
SPPA 4030 Speech Science
Traditional Relaxation Pressure Curve
Hixon, Weismer & Hoit
SPPA 4030 Speech Science
Relaxation Pressure Curve(Our modified version)
SPPA 4030 Speech Science
% Vital Capacity40 0100
0
Alv
eola
r Pre
ssur
e (c
m H
20)
20
40
60
-20
-40-60
80 60 20
relaxation pressure REL
SPPA 4030 Speech Science
Breathing for Life: Inspiration
pulling handles outward with net inspiratory muscle activity
SPPA 4030 Speech Science
Breathing for Life: Expiration
No muscle activity Recoil forces alone returns
volume to REL
SPPA 4030 Speech Science
% Vital Capacity
40 0100
0
Alv
eola
r Pre
ssur
e (c
m H
20)
20
40
60
-20
-40
-6080 60 20
relaxation pressure
10 %
~ 2 cm
Breathing for Life
SPPA 4030 Speech Science
Respiratory demands of speech
• Conversational speech requires– “constant” tracheal pressure for driving vocal fold
oscillation– brief, “pulsatile” changes in pressure to meet
particular linguistic demands• emphatic and syllabic stress• phonetic requirements
SPPA 4030 Speech Science
Respiratory demands of speech
• Conversational speech – Volume solution
• Constant tracheal pressure 8-10 cm H20
– Pulsatile solution• Brief increases
above/below constant tracheal pressure
• Driving analogy– Volume solution
• Maintain a relatively constant speed
– Pulsatile solution• Brief increases/decreases
in speed due to moment to moment traffic conditions
SPPA 4030 Speech Science
Breathing for Speech: Inspiration
pulling handles outward with net inspiratory muscle activity
Rate of volume change is greater than rest breathing
SPPA 4030 Speech Science
% Vital Capacity
40 0100
0
Alv
eola
r Pre
ssur
e (c
m H
20)
20
40
60
-20
-40
-6080 60 20
relaxation pressure
20 %
~ 8-10 cm
Breathing for Speech
SPPA 4030 Speech Science
% Vital Capacity
40 0100
0
Alv
eola
r Pre
ssur
e (c
m H
20)
20
40
60
-20
-40
-6080 60 20
relaxation pressure
20 %
~ 8-10 cm
Breathing for Speech
SPPA 4030 Speech Science
Breathing for Speech: Expiration
Expiratory muscle activity & recoil forces returns volume to REL Pressure is net effect of expiratory
muscles (assisting) and recoil forces (assisting)
% Vital Capacity
40 0100
0
Alv
eola
r Pre
ssur
e (c
m H
20)
20
40
60
-20
-40
-6080 60 20
20 % VCchange
Target Palv ~ 8-10 cm
Optimal regionPrelax > 0assists Palv
Add Pexp to Meet Psg
Prelax: relaxation pressurePalv: target alveolar pressurePexp: net expiratory muscle pressurePinsp: net inspiratory muscle pressure
Below RELPrelax < 0opposes Palv
Add Pexp to meet Palv
& overcome
Prelax
Prelax > Palv
Requires “braking”Add Pinsp to Meet Palv
SPPA 4030 Speech Science
Summary to this pointMuscle activity for Inhalation• Life
– Active inspiration to overcome elastic recoil• Speech
– Active inspiration to overcome elastic recoil – Greater lung volume excursion
• Longer and greater amount of muscle activity– Rate of lung volume change greater
• Greater amount of muscle activity
SPPA 4030 Speech Science
Summary to this pointMuscle activity for exhalation• Life
– Minimal active expiration (i.e. no muscle activity)– Elastic recoil force only
• Speech– Active use of expiratory muscles to maintain airway
pressures necessary for speech (8-10 cm water)– Degree of muscle activity must increase to offset
reductions in relaxation pressure
SPPA 4030 Speech Science
Learning Objectives
• Explain how the respiratory system is “tuned” for speech breathing.
SPPA 4030 Speech Science
Speech breathing demands a ‘well-tuned’ respiratory system
• Brief, robust expiratory muscle activity• Chest wall must be ‘optimized’ so that rapid
changes can be made• Optimal environment created by active muscle
activity• This is our ‘modern’ view of speech breathing
SPPA 4030 Speech Science
History of Speech Breathing Studies
• “Classic” studies of speech breathing– University of Edinburgh– Draper, Ladefoged & Witteridge (1959, 1960)
• “Modern” studies of speech breathing– Harvard University– Hixon, Goldman and Mead (1973)– Hixon, Mead and Goldman (1976)
SPPA 4030 Speech Science
How do we tune our system?
• Abdominal wall is active throughout the speech breath cycle –even during inspiration!
• Why??• Speculations include
– Stretches diaphragm and rib cage muscle to a more optimal length-tension region, which increases ability for rapid contraction to meet pulsatile demands.
– During expiration, a strong abdominal platform prevents energy being ‘absorbed’ by the abdominal contents.
SPPA 4030 Speech Science
Optimizing the chest wall
SPPA 4030 Speech Science
Muscle ActivityRib Cage Wall (inspiratory)
Rib Cage Wall (expiratory)
Abdominal Wall
SPPA 4030 Speech Science
So what?
• Suggests speech breathing is more ‘active’ than originally thought
• Passive pressures (recoil forces) of the system is heavily exploited in life breathing
• speech breathing requires an efficient pressure regulator and therefore relies less on passive pressures
SPPA 4030 Speech Science
Summary: Muscle activityInspirationLife• Active inspiratory musclesSpeech• COACTIVATION OF
– inspiratory muscles– expiratory muscles (specifically
abdominal)• INS > EXP = net inspiration• System ‘tuned’ for quick
inhalation
Expiration
Life• No active expiration (i.e. no
muscle activity)Speech• Active use of rib cage expiratory
muscles• Active use of abdominal
expiratory muscles• System “Tuned” for quick brief
changes in pressure to meet linguistic demands of speech
SPPA 4030 Speech Science
Learning Objectives
• Describe how body position can affect speech breathing patterns.
SPPA 4030 Speech Science
Role of Position on Breathing
SPPA 4030 Speech Science
Role of Position on Breathing
Role of Position on Breathing
Sustained VowelUpright Position
Sustained VowelSupine Position
SPPA 4030 Speech Science
Learning Objectives
• Describe how various respiratory impairments can lead to diminished speech production abilities.
SPPA 4030 Speech Science
Clinical considerations
• Parkinson’s Disease• Cerebellar Disease• Spinal cord Injury• Mechanical Ventilation
SPPA 4030 Speech Science
Parkinson’s Disease (PD)
• Rigidity, hypo (small) & brady (slow) kinesiaSpeech breathing features• muscular rigidity stiffness of rib cage• abdominal involvement relative to rib cage• ability to generate Ptrach
• modulation Ptrach • Speech is soft and monotonous
SPPA 4030 Speech Science
Cerebellar Disease
• dyscoordination, inappropriate scaling and timing of movements
Speech breathing features• Chest wall movements w/o changes in LV
(paradoxical movements)• fine control of Ptrach • Abnormal start and end LV (below REL)• speech has a robotic quality
SPPA 4030 Speech Science
Spinal cord injury
• Remember those spinal nerves…• Paralysis of many muscles of respirationSpeech breathing features• variable depending on specific damage• abdominal size during speech• control during expiration resulting in difficulty
generating consistent Ptrach and modulating Ptrach • Treatment: Support the abdomen (truss)
SPPA 4030 Speech Science
Mechanical Ventilation• Breaths are provided by a machineSpeech breathing features• control over all aspects of breath support• Length of inspiratory/expiratory phase• Large, but inconsistent Ptrach
• Inspiration at linguistically inappropriate places• Speech breathing often occurs on inspiration• Treatment: “speaking valves”, ventilator adjustment,
behavioral training
SPPA 4030 Speech Science
Other disorders that may affect speech breathing
• Voice disorders• Hearing impairment• Fluency disorders• Motoneuron disease (ALS)