botany lecture - chapter 1

8/12/2019 Botany Lecture - Chapter 1

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Chapter 1. The Plant World


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BOTANY- Plant Biology

is the scientific study of plants


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What is a plant?

Most plants have green leaves,stems, roots and flowers.

Conifers have cones ratherthan flowers.

Cacti and succulents do notappear to have leaves.

Ferns and mosses.

Bryophyes are non-vascularplant such as mosses.


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What about these?

All photosynthetic organisms

blue- greens,

red algae,

brown algae,

green algae

Fungi (including water molds)

Also includebacteria


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Declaring whether theseorganisms are plants ornot solves nothing: theimportant thing is to

understand the concepts

involved and whydisagreement exists.


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Why are plants important?

Oxygen

Primary producers

Economically important to humans

> agricultural plants

> flavoring plants

> euphoric/hallucinogenic plants> fiber, wood plants

> medicinal plants
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Plants are primary producers in a food chain


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Agriculture- became a foundation for human civilization,development of culture, art and government.


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Plants are our fundamental source of food.


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Many medicines come from plants.

The Cinchona tree

and quinine.

Quinine is for the

treatment ofmalaria.


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Many medicines come from plants.


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Many flavors come from plants.


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Plants provide fuel, shelter, and paper products.

Green jet fuel made from the Jatropha plant


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http://images.google.com.ph/imgres?imgurl=http://www.sbs.utexas.edu/mauseth/weblab/webfirstpage/bookcover.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.sbs.utexas.edu/mauseth/weblab/&h=489&w=400&sz=63&hl=en&start=8&usg=__ebigdUI9ZG2F6r6SlynAwwbrFYc=&tbnid=SyYZ4oOFHDfMdM:&tbnh=130&tbnw=106&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dplant%2Banatomy%26gbv%3D2%26hl%3Den%26sa%3DGhttp://images.google.com.ph/imgres?imgurl=http://www.innovations-report.de/bilder_neu/9721_flower.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.innovations-report.de/html/berichte/biowissenschaften_chemie/bericht-9721.html&h=255&w=169&sz=9&hl=en&start=8&usg=__P0HhUdxM_KGuXSnrBjNJQHDrTiM=&tbnid=eYJ0ziTpHi42iM:&tbnh=111&tbnw=74&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dfossil%2Bplants%26gbv%3D2%26hl%3Den%26sa%3DG


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Conservation Biology is critical area for research.


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Biotechnology seeks to develop new plant products. The

creation of genetically modified plants.


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Biotechnology seeks to develop new plant products. The

creation of genetically modified plants.


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Using plants to modify animal responses. A study of this

animals high tolerance for chilies may yield information that

will help humans control pain.


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CHARACTERISTICS OF A TYPICAL PLANT.

Plant Characteristics and Diversity


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The 5 Kingdom System of Classification


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Mosses are bryophytes. Ferns are the largest group of seedless

vascular plants.

Most gymnosperms are conifers.Angiosperms are the largest group of

modern day plants.

The 4 Groups of Plants


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Scientific method

A means of analyzing the physicaluniverse

Observations are used as the basisfor constructing a hypothesis that

predicts the outcome of future

observations or experiments.


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Sir Francis Bacon was a firm believer in the power of experimentation

and the scientific method to uncover truth.


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Charles Darwins experiment with stems detecting light.


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The three principal methods for

analyzing and explaining the universe

Religious methodMetaphysical system

Speculative philosophy


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Religious Method

Universe is assumedto be created by or tocontain deities.

Important feature is

that the actions ofgods cannot bestudied.

Crops might flourish

or fail due to godsintervention


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Metaphysical System

In addition to natural forces,there are supernatural ,hidden forces that can neverbe observed or studied.

Examples: luck,

bad omens,

accurate horoscopes,

reliable method for pickingthe winning numbers in alottery


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Speculative philosophy

Sought to developlogical explanations forsimple observations.

Philosophicalpostulations of atoms by

Democritus


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Unifying Concepts to understand

plants

Plant metabolismis based on the

principles ofchemistry and

physics


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2ndConcept

Plants must havemeans of storing

and usinginformation


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3rdConcept

Plants reproduce,passing their

genes andinformation ontheir offspring


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4thConcept

Genes, and theinformation theycontain, change


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5thConcept

Plants must survivein their ownenvironment


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6thConcept

Plants are highlyintegrated

organisms


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7thConcept

An individual plantis the temporaryresult of genes

andenvironment


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8thconcept

Plants do not havepurpose (teleology)

or decision-making(anthropomorphism)

capacity.


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Which of the two statements is correct?

1. Plants have roots in order toabsorb water and minerals.

2.

Plants roots absorb water andmineral salts.


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What properties are present in

living things?

All living beings have the

following characteristics; ifeven one is missing, the

material is not alive


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2. Non-random organization must be

present

All organisms arehighly

structured, anddecay is theprocess of its

molecules

returning to arandomarrangement.
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3. Growth

All organisms increase in sizefrom the time they are formed


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4. A system of heredity and

reproduction

An organism must produceoffspring very similar to itself

such that when an organismdies, life persists within itsprogeny


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5. A capacity to respond to the

environment

When conditions become dry,an organism can respond bybecoming dormant, conservingwater, or by obtaining watermore efficiently


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Botany includes many fields of study.


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1. Plant systematicsevolutionary

history of plants.

Carl Linnaeus (1707-

1778)

- Father of Taxonomy

- His system for naming,

ranking, and classifying

organisms is still in wideuse today (with many

changes).
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By convention:

first word of binomial name is genusand isalways capitalized

second word refers to specific epithetand is

not capitalized together form scientific name, written in

italics

a complete scientific name includes the authorsname.

Ex. Nepenthes madagascariensis Poir.

SPECIES NAME


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The Taxonomic Hierarchy

Species

Genus

Family

Order

Class

Phylum

Kingdom Domain


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The Kingdoms of Life

Most biologists use a six-kingdomsystem.

Animalia

Plantae

Fungi

Protista

Archaebacteria Bacteria

Domains - taxonomic level abovekingdoms


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Classifying Living Organisms
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Plant Physiologyaspectssuch as photosynthesis,

flowering and hormones

Plant anatomyrelation ofstructure to functions

Paleobotanyevolutionary

relationship of fossil plants to

living plants.
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Plant morphologyplantlife cycle, evolution ofplants.

Plant ecologyplants

relate to the environment,

human effects to increasedrate of plant extinction.

Plant geneticstransfer of

genetic information from onegeneration to the next.

B t i t l t d
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Botanists also study:

Algae ( Phycology)

Fungi (Mycology)

Disease-causing microorganisms

( Microbiology)

Ornamental plants (Horticulture)


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Forest and products(Forestry)

Crops and soilmanagement(Agriculture)

Fruit trees (Pomology)

Wh k l t bi l
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Why makes plant biology

confusing?

Can be arbitrary,

e.g., classify these:

Plants are


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Plants arefascinating life-forms in and ofthemselves, and you

must consideryourself to bestudying plants as ifyour life dependedon them-which it

does
http://images.google.com.ph/imgres?imgurl=http://declubz.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/2008/07/butt-fucking-tree.jpg&imgrefurl=http://declubz.com/blog/category/weird-plants/&h=323&w=440&sz=57&hl=en&start=41&usg=__nwvdt8DEN44Ym64V7bw1gBK-os0=&tbnid=d-6eGRoG4c4TPM:&tbnh=93&tbnw=127&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dweird%2Bplants%26start%3D40%26gbv%3D2%26ndsp%3D20%26hl%3Den%26sa%3DNhttp://images.google.com.ph/imgres?imgurl=http://actualhumor.com/wp-content/uploads/2008/03/1205547007_Weird_Plants_2.jpg&imgrefurl=http://actualhumor.com/%3Fp%3D982&h=310&w=320&sz=26&hl=en&start=3&usg=__JNC8FVg6iS4L6oE6OJpMwUYHy9g=&tbnid=6-OoKlv8NVQsYM:&tbnh=114&tbnw=118&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dweird%2Bplants%26gbv%3D2%26hl%3Den%26sa%3DG


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Thank you for listening

End of Introduction

rossdvasquez

Prepared for ist semester

2013

botany lecture - chapter 1

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