botany lec
DESCRIPTION
Classification of PlantsPlants are classified in several different ways, and the further away from the garden we get, the more the name indicates a plant's relationship to other plants, and tells us about its place in the plant world rather than in the garden. Usually, only the Family, Genus and species are of concern to the gardener, but we sometimes include subspecies, variety or cultivar to identify a particular plant. Starting from the top, the highest category, plants have traditionally beTRANSCRIPT
Classification of Plants
Plants are classified in several different ways, and the further away from the garden we get, the more the name indicates a plant's relationship to other plants, and tells us about its place in the plant world rather than in the garden. Usually, only the Family, Genus and species are of concern to the gardener, but we sometimes include subspecies, variety or cultivar to identify a particular plant.
Starting from the top, the highest category, plants have traditionally been classified as follows. Each group has the characteristics of the level above it, but has some distinguishing features. The further down the scale you go, the more minor the differences become, until you end up with a classification which applies to only one plant.
CLASS Angiospermae (Angiosperms) Plants which produce flowers
Gymnospermae (Gymnosperms) Plants which don't produce flowers
SUBCLASS Dicotyledonae (Dicotyledons, Dicots) Plants with two seed leaves
Monocotyledonae (Monocotyledons, Monocots) Plants with one seed leaf
SUPERORDER A group of related Plant Families, classified in the order in which they are thought to have developed their differences from a common ancestor.
There are six Superorders in the Dicotyledonae (Magnoliidae, Hamamelidae, Caryophyllidae, Dilleniidae, Rosidae, Asteridae), and four Superorders in the Monocotyledonae (Alismatidae, Commelinidae, Arecidae, Liliidae)
The names of the Superorders end in -idae
ORDER Each Superorder is further divided into several Orders.
The names of the Orders end in -ales
FAMILY Each Order is divided into Families. These are plants with many botanical features in common, and is the highest classification normally used. At this level, the similarity between plants is often easily recognisable by the layman.
Modern botanical classification assigns a type plant to each Family, which has the particular characteristics which separate this group of plants from others, and names the Family after this plant.
The number of Plant Families varies according to the botanist whose classification you follow. Some botanists recognise only 150 or so families, preferring to classify other similar plants as sub-families, while others recognise nearly 500 plant families. A widely-accepted system is that devised by Cronquist in 1968, which is only slightly revised today. Links to the various methods of classification are on this website.
The names of the Families end in -aceae
SUBFAMILY The Family may be further divided into a number of sub-families, which group together plants within the Family that have some significant botanical differences.
The names of the Subfamilies end in -oideae
TRIBE A further division of plants within a Family, based on smaller botanical differences, but still usually comprising many different plants.
The names of the Tribes end in -eae
SUBTRIBE A further division, based on even smaller botanical differences, often only recognisable to botanists.
The names of the Subtribes end in -inae
GENUS This is the part of the plant name that is most familiar, the normal name that you give a plant - Papaver (Poppy), Aquilegia (Columbine), and so on. The plants in a Genus are often easily recognisable as belonging to the same group.
The name of the Genus should be written with a capital letter.
SPECIES This is the level that defines an individual plant. Often, the name will describe some aspect of the plant - the colour of the flowers, size or shape of the leaves, or it may be named after the place where it was found. Together, the Genus and species name refer to only one plant, and they are used to identify that particular plant. Sometimes, the species is further divided into sub-species that contain plants not quite so distinct that they are classified as Varieties.
The name of the species should be written after the Genus name, in small letters, with no capital letter.
VARIETY A Variety is a plant that is only slightly different from the species plant, but the differences are not so insignificant as the differences in a form. The Latin is varietas, which is usually abbreviated to var.
The name follows the Genus and species name, with var. before the individual variety name.
FORM A form is a plant within a species that has minor botanical differences, such as the colour of flower or shape of the leaves.
The name follows the Genus and species name, with form (or f.) before the individual variety name.
CULTIVAR A Cultivar is a cultivated variety, a particular plant that has arisen either naturally or through deliberate hybridisation, and can be reproduced (vegetatively or by seed) to produce more of the same plant.
The name follows the Genus and species name. It is written in the language of the person who described it, and should not be translated. It is either written in single quotation marks or has cv. written in front of the name.
Example of Classification
The full botanical classification of a particular Lesser Spearwort with narrow leaves is
Category Scientific Name Common Name
CLASS Angiospermae Angiosperms
SUBCLASS Dicotyledonae Dicotyledons
SUPERORDER Magnoliidae Magnolia Superorder
ORDER Ranunculares Buttercup Order
FAMILY Ranunculaceae Buttercup Family
SUBFAMILY Ranunculoideae Buttercup Subfamily
TRIBE Ranunculeae Buttercup Tribe
GENUS Ranunculus Buttercup
SPECIES (Ranunculus) flammula Lesser Spearwort
SUBSPECIES (Ranunculus flammula) subsp. flammula Lesser Spearwort
VARIETY (Ranunculus flammula subsp. flammula) var. tenuifolius Narrow-leaved Lesser Spearwort
The traditional ways of classifying plants have been based on the visible physical characterists of the plant. However, since the discovery of DNA, plant scientists have been trying to classify plants more accurately, and to group them according to the similarities of their DNA. This has led to major changes in plant classification, as scientists have discovered that some plants have more in common with other plants which do not look the same, and that other plants which look similar have very different DNA make-up.
Citric acid cycle
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Redirected from Krebs cycle)Jump to: navigation, search
Overview of the citric acid cycle
The citric acid cycle — also known as the tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA cycle), the Krebs cycle, or recently in certain former Soviet Bloc countries the Szent-Györgyi-Krebs cycle[1][2] — is a series of enzyme-catalysed chemical reactions, which is of central importance in all living cells, especially those that use oxygen as part of cellular respiration. In eukaryotic cells, the citric acid cycle occurs in the matrix of the mitochondrion.
In aerobic organisms, the citric acid cycle is part of a metabolic pathway involved in the chemical conversion of carbohydrates, fats and proteins into carbon dioxide and water to generate a form of usable energy. Other relevant reactions in the pathway include those in glycolysis and pyruvate oxidation before the citric acid cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation after it. In addition, it provides precursors for many compounds including some amino acids and is therefore functional even in cells performing fermentation. Its centrality to many paths of biosynthesis suggest that it was one of the earliest formed parts of the cellular metabolic processes, and may have formed abiogenically.[3]
The components and reactions of the citric acid cycle were established in the 1930s by seminal work from the Nobel laureates Albert Szent-Györgyi and Hans Adolf Krebs.
Contents
[hide]
1 A simplified view of the process 2 Steps 3 Products 4 Regulation 5 Major metabolic pathways converging on the TCA cycle 6 Interactive pathway map 7 See also 8 Notes 9 External links
[edit] A simplified view of the process
The citric acid cycle begins with the transfer of a two-carbon acetyl group from acetyl-CoA to the four-carbon acceptor compound (oxaloacetate) to form a six-carbon compound (citrate).
The citrate then goes through a series of chemical transformations, losing two carboxyl groups as CO2. The carbons lost as CO2 originate from what was oxaloacetate, not directly from acetyl-CoA. The carbons donated by acetyl-CoA become part of the oxaloacetate carbon backbone after the first turn of the citric acid cycle. Loss of the acetyl-CoA-donated carbons as CO2 requires several turns of the citric acid cycle. However, because of the role of the citric acid cycle in anabolism, they may not be lost, since many TCA cycle intermediates are also used as precursors for the biosynthesis of other molecules.[4]
Most of the energy made available by the oxidative steps of the cycle is transferred as energy-rich electrons to NAD+, forming NADH. For each acetyl group that enters the citric acid cycle, three molecules of NADH are produced.
Electrons are also transferred to the electron acceptor Q, forming QH2. At the end of each cycle, the four-carbon oxaloacetate has been regenerated, and the
cycle continues.
[edit] Steps
Two carbon atoms are oxidized to CO2, the energy from these reactions being transferred to other metabolic processes by GTP (or ATP), and as electrons in NADH and QH2. The NADH generated in the TCA cycle may later donate its electrons in oxidative phosphorylation to drive ATP synthesis; FADH2 is covalently attached to succinate dehydrogenase, an enzyme functioning both in the TCA cycle and the mitochondrial electron transport chain in oxidative phosphorylation. FADH2, therefore, facilitates transfer of electrons to coenzyme Q, which is the final electron acceptor of the reaction catalyzed by the Succinate:ubiquinone oxidoreductase complex, also acting as an intermediate in the electron transport chain.[5]
The citric acid cycle is continuously supplied with new carbon in the form of acetyl-CoA, entering at step 1 below.[6]
Substrates Products Enzyme Reaction type Comment
1Oxaloacetate +Acetyl CoA +H2O
Citrate +CoA-SH
Citrate synthaseAldol condensation
irreversible,extends the 4C oxaloacetate to a 6C molecule
2 Citratecis-Aconitate +H2O Aconitase
Dehydrationreversible isomerisation
3cis -Aconitate +H2O
Isocitrate Hydration
4Isocitrate +NAD+
Oxalosuccinate +NADH + H + Isocitrate
dehydrogenase
Oxidationgenerates NADH (equivalent of 2.5 ATP)
5 Oxalosuccinateα-Ketoglutarate +CO2
Decarboxylationrate-limiting, irreversible stage,generates a 5C molecule
6
α-Ketoglutarate +NAD+ +CoA-SH
Succinyl-CoA +NADH + H+ +CO2
α-Ketoglutarate dehydrogenase
Oxidativedecarboxylation
irreversible stage,generates NADH (equivalent of 2.5 ATP),regenerates the 4C chain (CoA excluded)
7Succinyl-CoA +GDP + Pi
Succinate +CoA-SH +GTP
Succinyl-CoA synthetase
substrate-level phosphorylation
or ADP→ATP instead of GDP→GTP,[5]
generates 1 ATP or equivalent
8Succinate +ubiquinone (Q)
Fumarate +ubiquinol (QH2)
Succinate dehydrogenase
Oxidation
uses FAD as a prosthetic group (FAD→FADH2 in the first step of the reaction) in the enzyme,[5]
generates the equivalent of 1.5 ATP
9Fumarate +H2O
L-Malate Fumarase Hydration
10L -Malate +NAD+
Oxaloacetate +NADH + H+
Malate dehydrogenase
Oxidation
reversible (in fact, equilibrium favors malate), generates NADH (equivalent of 2.5 ATP)
Mitochondria in animals, including humans, possess two succinyl-CoA synthetases: one that produces GTP from GDP, and another that produces ATP from ADP.[7] Plants have the type that
produces ATP (ADP-forming succinyl-CoA synthetase).[6] Several of the enzymes in the cycle may be loosely-associated in a multienzyme protein complex within the mitochondrial matrix.[8]
The GTP that is formed by GDP-forming succinyl-CoA synthetase may be utilized by nucleoside-diphosphate kinase to form ATP (the catalyzed reaction is GTP + ADP → GDP + ATP).[5]
[edit] Products
Products of the first turn of the cycle are: one GTP (or ATP), three NADH, one QH2, two CO2.
Because two acetyl-CoA molecules are produced from each glucose molecule, two cycles are required per glucose molecule. Therefore, at the end of two cycles, the products are: two GTP, six NADH, two QH2, and four CO2
Description Reactants Products
The sum of all reactions in the citric acid cycle is:Acetyl-CoA + 3 NAD+ + Q + GDP + Pi + 2 H2O
→ CoA-SH + 3 NADH + 3 H+ + QH2 + GTP + 2 CO2
Combining the reactions occurring during the pyruvate oxidation with those occurring during the citric acid cycle, the following overall pyruvate oxidation reaction is obtained:
Pyruvate ion + 4 NAD+ + Q + GDP + Pi + 2 H2O
→ 4 NADH + 4 H+ + QH2 + GTP + 3 CO2
Combining the above reaction with the ones occurring in the course of glycolysis, the following overall glucose oxidation reaction (excluding reactions in the respiratory chain) is obtained:
Glucose + 10 NAD+ + 2 Q + 2 ADP + 2 GDP + 4 Pi + 2 H2O
→ 10 NADH + 10 H+ + 2 QH2 + 2 ATP + 2 GTP + 6 CO2
The above reactions are balanced if Pi represents the H2PO4- ion, ADP and GDP the ADP2- and
GDP2- ions, respectively, and ATP and GTP the ATP3- and GTP3- ions, respectively.
The total number of ATP obtained after complete oxidation of one glucose in glycolysis, citric acid cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation is estimated to be between 30 and 38. A recent assessment of the total ATP yield with the updated proton-to-ATP ratios provides an estimate of 29.85 ATP per glucose molecule.[9]
[edit] Regulation
Although pyruvate dehydrogenase is not technically a part of the citric acid cycle, its regulation is included here.
The regulation of the TCA cycle is largely determined by substrate availability and product inhibition. NADH, a product of all dehydrogenases in the TCA cycle with the exception of succinate dehydrogenase, inhibits pyruvate dehydrogenase, isocitrate dehydrogenase, α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase, and also citrate synthase. Acetyl-coA inhibits pyruvate
dehydrogenase, while succinyl-CoA inhibits succinyl-CoA synthetase and citrate synthase. When tested in vitro with TCA enzymes, ATP inhibits citrate synthase and α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase; however, ATP levels do not change more than 10% in vivo between rest and vigorous exercise. There is no known allosteric mechanism that can account for large changes in reaction rate from an allosteric effector whose concentration changes less than 10%.[10]
Calcium is used as a regulator. It activates pyruvate dehydrogenase, isocitrate dehydrogenase and α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase.[11] This increases the reaction rate of many of the steps in the cycle, and therefore increases flux throughout the pathway.
Citrate is used for feedback inhibition, as it inhibits phosphofructokinase, an enzyme involved in glycolysis that catalyses formation of fructose 1,6-bisphosphate,a precursor of pyruvate. This prevents a constant high rate of flux when there is an accumulation of citrate and a decrease in substrate for the enzyme.
Recent work has demonstrated an important link between intermediates of the citric acid cycle and the regulation of hypoxia-inducible factors (HIF). HIF plays a role in the regulation of oxygen homeostasis, and is a transcription factor that targets angiogenesis, vascular remodeling, glucose utilization, iron transport and apoptosis. HIF is synthesized consititutively, and hydroxylation of at least one of two critical proline residues mediates their interaction with the von Hippel Lindau E3 ubiquitin ligase complex, which targets them for rapid degradation. This reaction is catalysed by prolyl 4-hydroxylases. Fumarate and succinate have been identified as potent inhibitors of prolyl hydroxylases, thus leading to the stabilisation of HIF.[12]
[edit] Major metabolic pathways converging on the TCA cycle
Several catabolic pathways converge on the TCA cycle. Reactions that form intermediates of the TCA cycle in order to replenish them (especially during the scarcity of the intermediates) are called anaplerotic reactions.
The citric acid cycle is the third step in carbohydrate catabolism (the breakdown of sugars). Glycolysis breaks glucose (a six-carbon-molecule) down into pyruvate (a three-carbon molecule). In eukaryotes, pyruvate moves into the mitochondria. It is converted into acetyl-CoA by decarboxylation and enters the citric acid cycle.
In protein catabolism, proteins are broken down by proteases into their constituent amino acids. The carbon backbone of these amino acids can become a source of energy by being converted to acetyl-CoA and entering into the citric acid cycle.
In fat catabolism, triglycerides are hydrolyzed to break them into fatty acids and glycerol. In the liver the glycerol can be converted into glucose via dihydroxyacetone phosphate and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate by way of gluconeogenesis. In many tissues, especially heart tissue, fatty acids are broken down through a process known as beta oxidation, which results in acetyl-CoA, which can be used in the citric acid cycle. Beta oxidation of fatty acids with an odd number
of methylene groups produces propionyl CoA, which is then converted into succinyl-CoA and fed into the citric acid cycle.[13]
The total energy gained from the complete breakdown of one molecule of glucose by glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation equals about 30 ATP molecules, in eukaryotes. The citric acid cycle is called an amphibolic pathway because it participates in both catabolism and anabolism.
[edit] Interactive pathway map
Click on genes, proteins and metabolites below to link to respective articles.[14]
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Amoeba Proteus (Sarcodina/Rhizopoda)
LIVERWORTS
HORNWORTS
MOSSES
CLUBMOSSES
HORSETAIL[[HHG
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FERNS [[
]][[ ]][[ [[ ]][[ ]] WHISKFERNS
]][[ ]][[ ]]
CYCADS
]][[
]] [[ ]][[ ]][[ ]][[ ]][[ ]][[ ]] [[
CONIFERS
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]] GINKGO
[[ ]][[ ]][[ ]]
GNETAE
G
KINGDOM FUNGI:HH
DIVISION ZYGOMYCOTA
DIVISION ASCOMYCOTA
DIVISION BASIDIOMYCOTA
LICHENS
Foliose Crustose
Fructicose
KINGDOM PROTISTA
Plant-like Protists:
Diatoms Euglena
Spyrogira Caulerpa or Lato
Kappaphycus or Guso
Animal-Like Protists:
Paramacium (Ciliophora) Giardia (Mastigophora)
Amoeba Proteus (Sarcodina/Rhizopoda)
Plasmodium (Apicomplexa
Scientific/Latin Name Common Name
Acmena smithii Lilly Pilly
Actinidia arguta Hardy Kiwi
Actinidia chinensis Golden Kiwi Fruit
Actinidia deliciosa Kiwi Fruit
Adansonia digitata Baobab
Adenanthera pavonina Circasian Bean
Aegle marmelos Bael Fruit
Aiphanes aculeata Coyupe Palm
Aleurites moluccana Candlenut
Aleurites trisperma Otaheite Walnut
Alibertia edulis Marmelada, Purui
Anacardium excelsium Caja Acu
Anacardium giganteum
Anacardium humile Monkey Nut
Anacardium microcarpum Miniature Cashew
Anacardium microsepalum
Anacardium occidentale Cashew Nut
Anacardium spruceanum
Ananas comosus Pineapple
Annona cacans Araticum Cagao
Annona cherimola Cherimoya
Annona cherimola x squamosa Atemoya
Annona cornifolia
Annona crassiflora Marolo
Annona diversifolia Ilama
Annona glabra Pond Apple
Annona montana Mountain Soursop
Annona muricata Soursop
Annona palmeri Anonilla
Annona paludosa
Annona purpurea Soncoya
Annona reticulata Custard Apple
Annona salzmanii Beach Sugar Apple
Annona scleroderma Poshe-te
Annona sericea
Annona seneglaensis Wild Custard Apple
Annona squamosa Sugar Apple
Annonidium mannii Junglesop
Antidesma bunius Bignay
Antidesma dallachyanum Herbert River Cherry
Antidesma venosum Tassle Berry
Araucaria bidwillii Bunya-Bunya, False Monkey Puzzle Tree
Arbutus unedo Strawberry Tree
Areca catechu Betel Nut
Argania spinosa Argan
Artocarpus altilis Breadfruit
Artocarpus ansiophyllus Entawak
Artocarpus heterophyllus Jackfruit
Artocarpus hypargyraea Kwai Muk
Artocarpus integer Champedak
Artocarpus kemando Pudau
Artocarpus lakoocha Lakoocha
Artocarpus lanceifolius
Artocarpus nitidus Butong
Artocarpus odoratissimus Marang
Artocarpus rigidus Monkey Jackfruit
Artocarpus sarawakensis Pingan
Artocarpus sericicarpus Pedalai
Asiminia triloba Paw Paw
Astrocaryum vulgare Tucuma Palm
Averrhoa bilimbi Bilimbi
Averrhoa carambola Star Fruit
Azadirachta indica Neem
Azara petiolaris Holly Azara
B
Scientific/Latin Name Common Name
Baccaurea angulata Tampoi Belimbing
Baccaurea lanceolata
Baccaurea motleyana Rambai
Baccaurea ramiflora Mafai
Baccaurea reticulata
Baccaurea tampoi
Bactris maraja Maraja Palm
Balsamocitrus dawei Uganda Powder Flask
Berberis gracilis Mexican Barberry
Berberis nevinii Nevin's Barberry
Berchemia discolor Birdplum
Bertholletia excelsa Brazil Nut
Bixa orellana Lipstick Tree
Blighia sapida Akee
Bouea gandaria Gandaria
Bouea macrophylla Maprang
Brahea armata Mexican Blue Palm
Brahea edulis Guadalupe Palm
Brosimum alicastrum Breadnut
Brosimum gaudichaudii Mama-Cadela
Bunchosia armeniaca Peanut Butter Fruit
Bunchosia glandulosa
Butia capitata Jelly Palm
Butia eriospatha Wooly Jelly Palm
Butia purpurascens Purple Yatay Palm
Butia yatay Yatay Palm
Byrsonima basiloba Field Nance
Byrsonima crassifolia Nance
C
Scientific/Latin Name Common Name
Calyptropsidium sartorianum Sartre Guava, Arrayan
Camellia pitardii Camellia
Campomanesia adamantium White Guabiroba
Campomanesia guaviroba Guabiroba
Campomanesia lineatifolia Perfume Guava
Campomanesia obversa Guavira Mi
Campomanesia xanthocarpa Gabiroba
Canarium ovatum Pili Nut
Canarium odontophyllum Dabai
Canna edulis Achira, Arrowroot
Capsicum caballeroi
Capsicum eximium Wild Pepper
Capsicum flexuosum
Capsicum galapagoense
Capsicum praetermissum Cumari
Capsicum rhomboideum
Capsicum sp. Hot Pepper
Carica dodecaphylla Jaracatia
Carica goudotiana Papayuelo
Carica monoica
Carica papaya Papaya
Carica pentagona Babaco
Carica pubescens Mountain Papaya
Carica quercifolia Oak Leaved Papaya
Carissa bispinosa Num Num
Carissa carandas Karanda
Carissa congesta Karanda
Carissa grandiflora Natal Plum
Carissa lanceolata Australian Carissa
Carissa macrocarpa Natal Plum
Carissa wyliei Forest Num Num
Caryocar brasiliense Souari Nut
Caryocar coriaceum Pequi
Caryota urens Wine Palm, Toddy Palm
Casimiroa edulis White Sapote
Casimiroa sapota Matasano
Casimiroa tetrameria Wooly-Leaved Sapote
Cassia fruticosa
Ceratonia siliqua Carob
Cereus jamacaru Pleated Cereus
Cereus repandus Peruvian Apple Cactus
Cereus validus Orange Apple Cactus
Chrysobalanus icaco Coco Plum
Chrysophyllum africanum African Star Apple
Chrysophyllum albidum White Star Apple
Chrysophyllum cainito Star Apple
Chrysophyllum oliviforme Satin-Leaf Tree
Chrysophyllum soboliferum Armadillo Fruit, Fruta-de-tatu
Cinnamomum zeylanicum Cinnamon
Citriobatus pauciflorus Orange Thorn
Citrus articulata West African Cherry Orange
Citrus aurantifoliaKey Lime, Mexican Lime, West Indian Lime
Citrus auratium see Citrus
Citrus aurantium ssp bergamia Bergamot
Citrus australasica Australian Finger Lime
Citrus australis Australian Round Lime
Citrus depressa see Citrus
Citrus garrowayi Mount White Lime
Citrus hystrix Kaffir Lime
Citrus jambhiri see Citrus
Citrus junos Yuzu
Citrus inodora Russel River Lime
Citrus latifolia see Citrus
Citrus limon 'Ponderosa' Ponderosa Lemon
Citrus medicaEtrog Citron, Buddha's Hand Citron, see Citrus
Citrus maxima Pommelo, see Citrus
Citrus mitis Calamondin, see Citrus
Citrus paradisi x reticulata Ugli Fruit
Citrus reticulata Tangerine, see Citrus
Citrus sinensis Orange, see Citrus
Citrus sinensis 'Moro' Moro Blood Orange
Citrus sudachi Sudachi
Citrus x Meyeri Meyer Lemon
Clausena lansium Wampee
Coccoloba diversifolia Pigeon Plum
Coccoloba uvifera Sea Grape
Cocos nucifera Coconut
Coffea arabica Coffee
Coffea bengalensis
Coffea canephora Robusta Coffee
Coffea eugenoides
Coffea fadenii Wild Coffee
Coffea liberica Liberian Coffee
Coffea mongensis Wild Coffee
Coffea racemosa
Coffea stenophylla
Coffea zanguebariae
Cola acuminata Cola Nut
Couepia longipendula Egg Nut
Couepia polyandra Olosapo
Couma utilis Sorva
Couroupita guianensis Cannonball Tree
Cucumis metuliferus Horned Melon
Cucurbita ficifolia Malabar Gourd
Cucurbita pepo Spaghetti Squash
Cyclanthera explodens Exploding Cucumber
Cydonia oblonga Quince
Cynometra cauliflora Nam-nam
Cyphomandra abutiloides Dwarf Tamarillo
Cyphomandra betacea Tree Tomato
D
Scientific/Latin Name Common Name
Davidsonia pruriens Davidson's Plum
Dicella nucifera Chestnut Vine
Dillenia indica Elephant Apple
Dimocarpus didyma Alupag
Dimocarpus longan Longan
Diospyros austroafricana South African Star Apple
Diospyros blancoi Velvet Apple
Diospyros brasiliensis Bush Persimmon
Diospyros digyna Black Sapote
Diospyros discolor Velvet Apple
Diospyros montana Mountain Persimmon
Diospyros mespiliformis Jackal Berry
Diospyros whyteana Bladdernut
Dovyalis abyssinica Tropical Apricot
Dovyalis caffra Kei Apple
Dovyalis hebecarpa Ketembilla
Dovyalis zeyheri Wild Apricot
Duguetia lanceloata Pindaiba
Durio dulcis Durian
Durio grandiflorus Durian Manjit
Durio graveolens Tabelak
Durio kutejensis
Durio isu
Durio oxleyanus Kerantongan
Durio testudinarium Kura-Kura
Durio zibethinus Durian
E
Scientific/Latin Name Common Name
Elettaria cardamomum Cardamom
Eriobotrya japonica Loquat
Eugenia aggregata Cherry of the Rio Grande
Eugenia axillaris White Stopper
Eugenia brasiliensis Grumichama
Eugenia brogniartiana
Eugenia calycina Savannah Pitanga
Eugenia dombeyiGrumichama, see Eugenia brasiliensis
Eugenia lutescens Perinha
Eugenia confusa Red Stopper
Eugenia dysenterica Cagaita
Eugenia foetida Spanish Stopper
Eugenia klotzschiana Brazilian Pear
Eugenia luschnathiana Pitomba
Eugenia megacarpa Giant Lau Lau
Eugenia nitida
Eugenia patrisii Turtle Berry
Eugenia pseuopsidium Christmas Berry
Eugenia punicifolia Beach Cherry
Eugenia pyriformis Uvalha
Eugenia reinwardtiana Cedar Bay Cherry
Eugenia stipitata Araca-boi
Eugenia tomentosa Cabeluda, Yellow Jaboticaba
Eugenia uniflora Surinam Cherry
Eugenia uvalha Uvalha
Eugenia victoriana Guayabilla
Euterpe edulis Jussara Palm
Euterpe oleracea Acai Palm
Euterpe precatoria Forest Acai
F
Scientific/Latin Name Common Name
Feijoa sellowiana Feijoa
Feronia limonia Wood Apple
Flacourtia indica Governor's Plum
Flacourtia inermis Louvi
Flacourtia jangomans Indian Plum
Flacourtia ramontchi Ramontchi
Flacourtia rukam Rukam
Fuchsia arborescens Lilac Fuchsia
Fuchsia boliviana Bolivian Fuchsia
Fuchsia campos-portoi Fuchsia
Fuchsia colimae
Fuchsia denticulata Fuchsia
Fuchsia hatschbachii Fuchsia
Fuchsia procumbens Creeping Fuchsia, Trailing Fuchsia
Fuchsia ravenii Fuchsia
Fuchsia splendens (no common name)
Fuchsia triphylla Honeysuckle Fuchsia
G
Scientific/Latin Name Common Name
Garcinia acuminata Sour Bacuri
Garcinia atroviridis
Garcinia cochinchinensis Bacupari
Garcinia gardneriana False Mangosteen
Garcinia hombroniana Seashore Mangosteen, Luli
Garcinia integrifolia Imbe
Garcinia intermedia Monkey Fruit
Garcinia kola
Garcinia mangostana Mangosteen
Garcinia parvifolia Brunei Cherry
Garcinia prainiana Button Mangosteen, Cherapu
Garcinia spicata Bitter Garcinia
Garcinia nervosa Mountain Garcinia
Garcinia xanthochymus Gamboge
Genipa americana Genip
Genipa infudibuliformes Smooth Genip
Glycosmis pentaphylla Orangeberry, Gin Berry
Gnetum gnemon
Grewia subinaequalis Phalsa
H
Scientific/Latin Name Common Name
Halleria lucida Tree Fuchsia
Hancornia speciosa Mangaba
Harpephyllum caffrum Kaffir Plum
Herrania imbricata Monkey Cacao
Hylocereus undatus Dragon Fruit
I
Scientific/Latin Name Common Name
Inga acicularis Inga-acu
Inga cinnamomea
Inga edulis Ice Cream Bean
Inga fagifolia
Inga feuillei Pacay
Inga laurina White Inga
Inga macrophylla
Inga marginata Guabilla
Inga paterno
Inga ruiziana
Inga sessilis Monkey Inga
Inga spectabilis
Inga velutina
Inga vera
Inga vulpina Pink Flowered Inga
Inocarpus fagifer Polynesian Chestnut
J
Scientific/Latin Name Common Name
Jaltomata procumbens Jaltomato
K
Scientific/Latin Name Common Name
Kigelia pinnata Sausage Tree
L
Scientific/Latin Name Common Name
Lansium domesticum Langsat
Lecythis elliptica
Lecythis minor
Lecythis ollaria
Lecythis pisonis Monkey Pot
Leucaena leucocephala Koa Haole, Leadtree
Licania platypus Sunsapote
Licania salzmannii Bahia Sunsapote
Litchi chinensis Lychee
Litsea garciae Litsea
Litsea glaucescens Mexican Bay
Luffa cylindrica Luffa
Lycopersicon cheesmanii Galapagos Island Tomato
Lycopersicon esculentum Tomato
Lycopersicon melanocarpa Tomato
Lycopersicon skorospelka
M
Scientific/Latin Name Common Name
Macadamia integrifolia Smooth Shelled Macadamia Nut
Macadamia tetraphylla Rough Shelled Macadamia Nut
Mahonia nevinii Nevin's Barberry
Malpighia glabra Acerola
Malpighia mexicana
Malus pumila Apple
Mammea americana Mamey Apple
Mammea silvestre
Mangifera caesia Jack
Mangifera caloneura
Mangifera casturi
Mangifera cochinchenesis
Mangifera foetida Horse Mango
Mangifera indica Mango
Mangifera ordata
Mangifera pajang Membangan
Mangifera pentrandra
Mangifera quadrifida Asam Kambang
Mangifera sylvatica
Mangifera torquenda Lamantan
Manilkara bidentata Ausubo
Manilkara huberi Massaranduba
Manilkara kauki
Manilkara zapota Sapodilla
Marliera edulis Cambuca
Maruitia flexuosa Moriche Palm
Matisia cordata South American Sapote
Melicoccus bijugatus Mamoncillo
Mimusops elengi Kabiki
Monodora myristica Calabash Nutmeg
Morinda citrifolia Noni
Moringa oleifera Drumstick Tree, Horseradish Tree
Morus macroura Himalayan Mulberry
Morus nigra Black Mulberry
Mouriri guianensis
Mouriri pusa Puca
Murraya koenigii Curry Leaf
Musa velutina Pink Fruited Banana
Musa yunnanensis Yunnan Banana
Mycianthes pungens Guabiyu
Myrciaria aureana White Jaboticaba
Myrciaria cauliflora Jaboticaba
Myrciaria dubia Camu-camu
Myrciaria floribunda Rumberry
Myrciaria glomerata
Myrciaria oblongata Sour Jaboticaba
Myrciaria jaboticaba
Myrciaria paraensis
Myrciaria tenella Cambui
Myrciaria vexator Blue Grape, False Jaboticaba
Myristica fatua Wild Nutmeg, False Nutmeg
Myristica fragrans Nutmeg
Myrtus communis Myrtle
N
Scientific/Latin Name Common Name
Nephelium cuspidatum Giant Rambutan
Nephelium echinulatum
Nephelium lappaceum Rambutan
Nephelium maingayi Nude Rambutan
Nephelium mutabile Pulasan
Nephelium uncinatum Hooked Rambutan
Nephelium xerospermoides Hairless Rambutan
O
Scientific/Latin Name Common Name
Oncoba spinosa Fried Egg Tree
Opuntia ficus-india Prickly Pear, Indian Fig
P
Scientific/Latin Name Common Name
Pachira aquatica Malabar Chestnut
Pachira insignis Guiana Chestnut
Pandanus tectorius Screw Pine
Parartocarpus venenosus
Parkia biglobosa
Parkia speciosa
Parkia javanica Sataw
Parmentiera cereifera Candle Stick Tree
Parmentiera edulis Guajilote
Passiflora actinia
Passiflora alata Fragrant Granadilla
Passiflora antioquiensis Banana Passion Fruit
Passiflora caerulea Blue Passion Flower
Passiflora caudata
Passiflora coccinea Red Granadilla
Passiflora edulis Passion Fruit
Passiflora edulis var. flavicarpa Lilikoi
Passiflora foetida Wild Water Lemon
Passiflora gibertii
Passiflora herbertiana Native Passion Fruit
Passiflora incarnata Maypop
Passiflora laurifolia Water Lemon
Passiflora loefgrenii Garlic Passion Fruit
Passiflora ligularis Sweet Granadilla
Passiflora macrophylla Tree Passion Flower
Passiflora maliformis Sweet Calabash
Passiflora mollissima Banana Passion Fruit
Passiflora nitida Bell Apple
Passiflora parritae
Passiflora parritae x exoniensis
Passiflora platyloba Montesa Granadilla
Passiflora popenovii Quijos Granadilla
Passiflora quadrangularis Giant Granadilla
Passiflora serrato
Passiflora setacea Sururuca
Passiflora sidaefolia
Passiflora subpeltata White Passion Flower
Passiflora vitifolia Grape-Leaved Passion Fruit
Passiflora x 'Incense' Passiflora Incense
Patinoa almirajo Almirajo
Paullinia cupana Guarana
Peritassa campestris
Persea americana Avocado
Phyllanthus acidus Otaheite Gooseberry
Phyllanthus emblica Emblic
Physalis angulata Mullaca
Physalis cotztomatl Costomatl
Physalis ixocarpa Tomatillo
Physalis minima Sunberry
Physalis peruviana Cape Gooseberry
Physalis pruinosa Ground Cherry
Piper nigrum Pepper
Pithecellobium dulce Manila Tamarind
Platonia insignis Bacuri
Pometia pinnata Fijian Longan
Poncirus trifoliata Trifoliate Orange
Poraqueiba sericea Umari
Porcelia macrocarpa Monkey Banana
Posoqueria latifolia Needle Flower Tree
Pouroma cercopiaefolia Amazon Tree Grape
Pouteria bullata Abiurana
Pouteria campechiana Canistel
Pouteria caimito Abiu
Pouteria gardneriana Abuai
Pouteria hypoglauca Cinnamon Apple
Pouteria lucuma Lucuma
Pouteria multifloraBully Tree, Chocky Apple, Broadleaved Lucuma
Pouteria nawe
Pouteria pachycalyx Bapeba
Pouteria pariry Frutao
Pouteria ramiflora Macaranduba
Pouteria sapota Mamey Sapote
Pouteria torta Curiola
Pouteria ucuqui Ucuqui
Pouteria venosa Aboirana
Pouteria viridis Green Sapote
Prunus lyonii Catalina Island Cherry
Prunus salicifolia Capulin Cherry
Psidium acutangulum Para Guava
Psidium cattleianum Strawberry Guava
Psidium cattleianum lucidumLemon Guava, Yellow Strawberry Guava
Psidium copacabanensis Copacabana Guava
Psidium firmum Savanna Guava
Psidium friedrichsthalianum Cas Guava
Psidium guajava Guava
Psidium guineense Brazilian Guava
Psidium molle Guisaro
Psidium montanum Mountain Guava
Psidium rufum Purple Guava
Psidium sartorianum Sartre Guava, Arrayan
Punica granatum Pomegranate
Q
Scientific/Latin Name Common Name
Quararibea cordata South American Sapote
Quararibea funebris Rosita de Cacao
R
Scientific/Latin Name Common Name
Randia aculeata White Indigoberry
Randia fitzalanii Yellow Mangosteen, Native Gardenia
Randia formosa Blackberry Jam Fruit
Rheedia brasiliensis Bakupari
Rheedia macrophylla Charichuela, Bakuripari
Rheedia madruno Madrono
Rhus integrifolia Lemonade Berry
Rollinia deliciosa
Rollinia mucosa Biriba
Rollinia sylvatica
S
Scientific/Latin Name Common Name
Sacrocephalus xanthoxylon Ndea
Samanea saman Monkey Pod, Rain Tree
Sandoricum borneensis
Sandoricum koetjape Santol
Saurauia madrensis Saurauia
Sclerocarya birrea Marula
Selenicereus megalanthus Yellow Pitaya
Serenoa repens Saw Palmetto
Sicana odorifera Cassabanana
Sideroxylon foetidissimum Mastic
Sideroxylon obtusifolium Jungleplum
Simmondsia chinensis Jojoba
Solanum burbankii Wonderberry
Solanum caripense Tzimbalo
Solanum macrocarpon Gbogname
Solanum melanocerasium Garden Huckleberry
Solanum muricatum Pepino
Solanum quitoense Naranjilla
Solanum lycocarpum Fruit for Wolves, Fruta-de-Lobo
Solanum pseudolulo Pseudolulo
Solanum sessiliflorum Cocona
Solanum uporo Cannibal's Tomato
Spondias axillaris Himalayan Ambarella
Spondias dulcis Ambarella
Spondias macrocarpa Round Mombin
Spondias mombin Yellow Mombin
Spondias pinnata Malaysian Mombin
Spondias purpurea Purple Mombin, Red Mombin
Spondias tuberosa Brazil Plum, Imbu
Spondias venulosa Coarse Mombin
Stelechocarpus burahol Kepel
Syagrus oleracea Bitter Coconut
Syagrus vagans Wandering Palm
Synsepalum dulcificum Miracle Fruit
Synsepalum subcordatum Giant Miracle Fruit
Syzygium aqueum Water Apple
Syzygium aromaticum Clove
Syzygium cordatum Water Berry
Syzygium cumini Java Plum
Syzygium curranii Lipote
Syzygium forte White Apple
Syzygium grande Sea Apple
Syzygium jambos Rose Apple
Syzygium malaccense Mountain Apple
Syzygium oleosum Blue Lilly Pilly
Syzygium paniculatum Brush Cherry
Syzygium pycnanthum Wild Rose Apple
Syzygium samarangense Java Apple, Wax Jambu
Syzygium suborbiculare Lady Apple
Syzygium versteegii
T
Scientific/Latin Name Common Name
Talisia esculenta Belizian Genip
Tamarindus indica Tamarind
Terminalia catappa Tropical Almond
Terminalia kaernbachii Okari Nut
Theobroma angustifolum
Theobroma bicolor Mocambo
Theobroma cacao Cacao
Theobroma glauca
Theobroma grandiflorum Cupuassu
Theobroma obovatum
Theobroma speciosum Cacaui
Theobroma subincanum Cupui
Treculia africana African Breadfruit
Triphasia trifolia Limeberry
U
Scientific/Latin Name Common Name
Ugni molinae Chilean Guava
Ugni myricoides Black Chilean Guava
V
Scientific/Latin Name Common Name
Vaccinium consanguineum Costa Rican Blueberry
Vaccinium gaultheriifolium Chinese Blueberry
Vanilla planifolia Vanilla
Vitis californica California Wild Grape
W
Scientific/Latin Name Common Name
Willughbeia angustifolia Pitabu
Willughbeia coriacea
Willughbeia elmerii
Willughbeia sarawakensis
Withania somnifera Ashwagandha
X
Scientific/Latin Name Common Name
Ximenia americana Sea Lemon
Xylopia aromatica Monkey Pepper
Z
Scientific/Latin Name Common Name
Zizyphus joazeiro Jua
Zizyphus jujube Jujube
Zizyphus mauritiana Indian Jujube