bose-einstein condensation, negative temperatures and the dispute between boltzmann e gibbs entropy
TRANSCRIPT
Bose-Einstein CondensationNegative Temperatures
and theDispute between
Boltzmann e GibbsEntropy R. Franzosi
QSTAR CNR-INO
Dept. of Physics Siena University December 21 2016
Bose Einstein condensationin a gas of bosonic
Bose Einstein condensationin a gas of bosonic quantum
Bose Einstein condensationin a gas of bosonic quantum
Bose Einstein condensationin a gas of bosonic quantum
Bose Einstein condensationin a gas of bosonic quantum
identical: particles
Bose Einstein condensationin a gas of bosonic quantum
identical: particles
Bose Einstein condensationin a gas of bosonic quantum
identical: particles
Bose Einstein condensationin a gas of bosonic quantum
identical: particles
Bose Einstein condensationin a gas of bosonic quantum
identical: particles
Bose Einstein condensationin a gas of bosonic quantum
identical: particles
Bose Einstein condensationin a gas of bosonic quantum
identical: particles
Bose Einstein condensationin a gas of bosonic quantum
identical: particles
Bose Einstein condensationin a gas of bosonic quantum
identical: particles
Bose Einstein condensationin a gas of bosonic quantum
identical: particles
Bose Einstein condensationin a gas of bosonic quantum
identical: particles
Bose Einstein condensationin a gas of bosonic quantum
identical: particles
Bose Einstein condensationin a gas of bosonic quantum
identical: particles
Bose Einstein condensationin a gas of bosonic quantum
identical: particles
Bose Einstein condensationin a gas of bosonic quantum
identical: particles
Energy
Pop
ulat
ion
per
ener
gy s
tate
T=Tc
Bose-Einstein distribution
Bose Einstein condensationin a gas of bosonic quantum
identical: particles
Bose Einstein condensationin a gas of bosonic quantum
identical: particles
Energy
Pop
ulat
ion
per
ener
gy s
tate
Bose-Einstein distribution
T<TcCondensate!
Bose Einstein condensationin a gas of bosonic quantum
identical: particles
Bose Einstein condensationin a gas of bosonic quantum
identical: particles
Energy
Pop
ulat
ion
per
ener
gy s
tate
Bose-Einstein distribution
T<Tc Condensate!
Bose Einstein condensationin a gas of bosonic quantum
identical: particles
Energy
Pop
ulat
ion
per
ener
gy s
tate
Bose-Einstein distribution
T<Tc Condensate!
Bose-Einstein condensates in optical lattices
Laser Beam Laser Beam
H=∫ d r ψ†(r)[−
ℏ2
2 m ∇ 2+Vext (r)] ψ (r)+4π ℏ2 as
2 m ∫ d r ψ†(r) ψ
†(r) ψ (r) ψ (r)
H=∑ j=1
M
[ Λ2 n j( n j−1)+ξ j n j]
[ a j , ak† ]=δ j , k
−12∑ j=1
M−1
( a j† a j+1+h . c .)
n j= a j† a j
N=∑ jn j
[ H , N ]=0
H=∑ j=1
M
[ Λ2 (N−1)∣ z j ∣4+ϵ j∣ z j∣
2]
N=∑ n j
−12∑ j=1
M
[z j* z j+1+c. c .]
n j=|z j|2
{z j* , z k}=iδ jk
{H , N}=0
R. Franzosi, V. Penna and R. Zecchina, “Quantum Dynamics of coupled Bosonic Wells within the Bose-Hubbard Picture”, Int. Jour. of Mod. Phys. B Vol. 14, No. 9 (2000) 943-961
Localized States via Boundary Dissipation
id
d τz j=Λ|z j|
2 z j−12 (z j+1+z j−1) − i γ z j (δ j ,1+δ j , M)
Output Coupler Output
Coupler
BEC
OutputOutput
Effect of the Boundary Dissipation
Localized solutions Long-lived solutions:
Breathers States - static or moving
j j j
(a) (b) (c)
Figs. Time evolution of the atomic density. Panel (c) is the continuation of (b).
R. Livi, R. Franzosi and G.-L. Oppo, “Selflocalization of Bose-Einstein condensates in optical lattices via boundary dissipation”, Phys. Rev. Lett. 97, 060401 (2006)R. Franzosi, R. Livi and G.-L. Oppo, “Probing the dynamics of Bose-Einstein condensates via boundary dissipation”, Journal of Physics B 40, 1195 (2007)
Discrete Breathers: Long-Living Localized Excitations
The sink that does not drain
Water
u( x , τ )=v (x )e−i E τ
v ( x )⇒ e−|x|for x⇒±∞
BEC
Thermodynamic Phase DiagramSingle Static Breather State
Ground state
Thermodynamic Phase DiagramSingle Static Breather State
Ground state
C
Thermodynamic Phase DiagramSingle Static Breather State
Ground state
C
Thermodynamic Phase DiagramSingle Static Breather State
Ground state
C
Thermodynamic Phase DiagramSingle Static Breather State
Ground state
C
Thermodynamic Phase DiagramSingle Static Breather State
Ground state
C
Thermodynamic Phase DiagramSingle Static Breather State
Ground state
C
Thermodynamic Phase DiagramSingle Static Breather State
Ground state
C
Recent work
Recent work
and counting ...
Boltzmann # microstates at energy density h
Gibbs # microstates up to energy density h
Boltzmann vs Gibbs
The winner is … Boltzmann
The winner is … Boltzmanninequivalence of the Gibbs MC picture for high energies (bG = 0, bB < 0)
P Buonsante, RF, A Smerzi, Annals of Physics 2016
The winner is … Boltzmanninequivalence of the Gibbs MC picture for high energies (bG = 0, bB < 0)
P Buonsante, RF, A Smerzi, Annals of Physics 2016
The winner is … Boltzmanninequivalence of the Gibbs MC picture for high energies (bG = 0, bB < 0)
P Buonsante, RF, A Smerzi, Annals of Physics 2016
phase transitions – “standard BEC” (extended state)
The winner is … Boltzmanninequivalence of the Gibbs MC picture for high energies (bG = 0, bB < 0)
P Buonsante, RF, A Smerzi, Annals of Physics 2016
phase transitions – “standard BEC” (extended state)
3D lattice, cubic nonlinearity, self-focusing case:
The winner is … Boltzmanninequivalence of the Gibbs MC picture for high energies (bG = 0, bB < 0)
P Buonsante, RF, A Smerzi, Annals of Physics 2016
phase transitions – “standard BEC” (extended state)
3D lattice, cubic nonlinearity, self-focusing case:
P Buonsante, RF, A Smerzi, arXiv:1506.01933
Conclusions
Conclusions
Conclusions
The Boltzmann's epitaph is correct!