born april 1858 jewish section of epinal, france family: close-knit not wealthy but respected hey...
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Born April 1858
Jewish section of Epinal, France
Family: Close-knit
Not wealthy but respected
Hey Hey Durkheim
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kgA41FMY0oQhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SxVImdGYu3IFunctionalism
1887 first faculty appointment1st Sociology course
Chair: Dept. of Social Sciences 1896-1902 (University of Bordeaux)
Married, 2 children (Son, Andre died in WWI)
Died at 59
Rapid industrializationConflict: Workers and Owners
Paris Commune (1871)Workers seized Paris
Established egalitarian republic
Government destroyed commune
Killed 20,000 working-class people
History of Political InstabilityMonarchy of Louis XVI
French Revolution (1789)
Dictatorship of Napoleon I (1799-1815)
Restoration of Bourbon monarchy
Bourbons overthrown (1830)
Durkheim lived in 3rd RepublicPeople had lost moral unity
Remnants of previous governmentsPeople supported:
DemocracyMonarchySocialism
1) InstabilityEconomicPolitical
2) ViolenceWorkers & employersBetween nationsAnti-Semitism
3) DecadenceSelf-centeredNo sense of community
Purpose of Sociology=Explain how to make modern society work
Develop positivist laws
Solve problems
Address moral crises
Create stability
Morality composed-3 elements:
1. Discipline (Constrains egoistic impulses)
2. Attachment (Voluntarily join groups)
3. Autonomy (Individual responsibility)
EducationProvides children with moral
tools
Occupational associations Adults acquire morals
KantMorality without divinity Sense of duty
Saint-SimonSociology->Moral lawsHold society together
ComteSocial stability & change
SpencerSocial evolution
Social SolidarityDynamic DensitySocial FactsCollective ConsciousnessCollective RepresentationsSocial CurrentsSociety as a distinct social realityIndividual as Dualistic
A set of norms, values, and morals that hold a certain group of people together
“The ties that bind”
Social context: Growing individualismSocial dislocationMoral diversification
1) Mechanical SolidarityNon-industrial societiesMinimal division of laborFew occupationsSimilarity bound people together
2) Organic SolidarityMore advanced societies (industrial)
Increased division of labor Many occupationsDifference & Interdependencycreate solidarity
“Ways of acting, thinking, & feeling, external to the individual & endowed with the power of coercion, by reason of which they control him.”
Independent of any single individual
Only explained by other social facts
1. Material factsSocial structures
Economy, Family, Social class
Morphological Facts Form and Structure
Population size and densityGeographical location
2. Nonmaterial factsNorms
Values
Collective representations
Collective consciousness
3. Social currents Not as clearly formedExamples:
Enthusiasm in crowdsIndignation in crowdsDepression in particular social groups
Totality of beliefs & sentiments common to average member of society
Exists before individuals
Survives individuals
Experienced as external forceShapes behavior
Varies from society to societyBased on division of labor
1. Volume=# of people involved
2. Intensity=How deeply belief felt
3. Rigidity=Clarity of definition
4. Content=Form
Volume=Most people involved
Intensity=Felt deeply about it
Rigidity=Clearly defined
Content=Religious & economic
Volume=Large # but smaller % of population
Intensity=Less deeply felt
Rigidity=Broadly defined
Content=Personal
Society=distinct form of social reality
Not reduced to biology or psychology
Not mere sum of its parts
Individual and Social
Individual part
Inborn
Self-centered
Social Part -> Socialization Altruistic
Group oriented
Needs nurturing & developing
Lack of regulation Division of laborOverspecializationInability to adjustLack of regular contact
Norms (Behavior expectations)Confused Unclear or Not present
Modern individualsWeak bonds
Social regulation breakdown
Ineffective control on individual desires & interests
Individuals on their own
Human’s dual nature-> Breakdown of moralsIncreasing devianceSocial unrest UnhappinessStress
Suicide rates are social facts
4 types of suicide:1. Egoistic2. Altruistic3. Anomic4. Fatalistic
Durkheim defined suicide as:
“death resulting directly or indirectly from a positive or negative act of the victim himself, which he knows will produce this result.”
Low social integrationLow group solidarity Depend on selfExcessive individualism
Vulnerable groups:Urban dwellersIndustrial workersProtestantsUnmarried men
High social integrationHigh social integrationExcessive integration Excessive integration Completely Completely absorbed by groupabsorbed by groupDutyDuty to commit suicide for to commit suicide for groupgroup
Examples:Examples:Hara-Kiri Hara-Kiri Modern society—ArmyModern society—Army
Low social regulationBreakdown of moral communityNo rules or vague rules
Examples:AdolescentsWhite men
Excessive social regulationToo tightly controlledFew choices
Examples:SlavesMarried women--Divorce not available
Institutionalized SociologyTaught first class
Sociologists -> Social facts
Conducted research
Standard for research style & presentation
Literature reviewTheoretical contextTestable hypothesesUse of statisticsImplications of findings