borges, © 2002-2005 university of wisconsin – agronomy environmental and crop management...

Borges, © 2002-2005University of Wisconsin – Agronomy

Environmental and Crop Management Differences Between Brazilian and

American Soybean Production

Dr. Roger BorgesUWEX Soybean Specialist

1


Evolution of Soybean Asian Rust Distribution in Brazil

Sorce: http://soybeanrust.zedxinc.com/2


Latin America’sPrevalent

Winds Directions in March

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Borges, © 2002-2005University of Wisconsin – AgronomyRUST DISTRIBUTION 2003/04 – July 7, 2004

MT

GO

BOLIVIASonora, MS

S. G. D’Oeste, MS

Ponta Porã

Vilhena, RO

Boa Vista, Roraima

Paragominas, PA, April, 2004

EQUATOR

Conc. Das Alagoas,Planura,

Frutal... MG

Paranapanema,

Taquarituba... SP

Canoinhas,

Papanduva... SC

Balsas, MAPA

TO

PI

MA

BA

SP

PR

SC

RS

MS

Argentina: April 23, 2004

Misiones, Formosa, Santiago del Estero

Santarem, PA, May,2004

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CLIMATE COMPARISON

Arkansas Wisconsin

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Goias –Brazil

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Arkansas Wisconsin

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Goias –Brazil

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CLIMATE COMPARISON

Arkansas Wisconsin

Growing Season Total = 19 in

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Growing Season Total = 18.6 in

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Goias –Brazil

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Arkansas Wisconsin


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Growing Season Total = 18.6 in

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Critical window for rust!

Critical window for rust?

Critical window for rust?

11


ROW SPACING & PLANT POPULATION

Row Spacing 16 to 20 inches

Plant Population 100 to 130 thousand plants per acre

Source: 2005. EMBRAPA. Tecnologias de Producao de Soja para a Regiao Central do Brasil.

13


Extended period of sowing makes rust control difficult

Tapurah, Mato Grosso, Feb. 23, 2004

Vegetative

Pod filling

Harvesting

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Borges, © 2002-2005University of Wisconsin – AgronomyPalmeira, PR – March 31, 2004

Early planting

Late planting

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SOYBEAN RUST COST - BRAZIL 2003

Soybean area affected: 80% = 37 million acres

Average of 1 spray / growing season

Fungicide price change in West of Bahia: exchangeDec. 2002: $ 22.41 – $ 25.86/L 3.73 R/$Feb./Mar. 2003: $ 41.30 – $ 44.83/L 3.47 R/$

Average cost of 1 spray/ac = $ 11.54

Control cost = $ 426 million Yield loss = $ 737 million

TOTAL = 1.64 BILLION DOLLARS

* Source: Embrapa 200317


SOYBEAN RUST COST – BRAZIL 2004

Soybean area affected: 70% = 37 million acres

Average of 1.5 spraying / growing season

Fungicide price change in the state of goias: exchangeDec. 2003: $ 40.31/l 2.93 r/$Feb. 2004: $ 58.00/l (+43.88%) 2.91 r/$

Average cost on 1 spray/ac = $14.5

Control cost = $ 860 million Yield loss = $ 1.225 billion

TOTAL COST = $2.085 BILLION DOLLARS

* Source: CONAB – April/200418


MAIN CHALLENGES IN RUST CONTROL IN BRAZIL

Contínuous presence of the fungus in the field; Difficulty in identifying the fungus at early stage; Confusion with other foliar diseases: brown spot, bacterial pustule,

bacterial blight, etc; Difficulty for spraying under excessive rain; Long sowing period: September to January; Shortage of fungicide supply; Reduced spraying capability for large acreage; Large areas for short spraying time under rainy condition; Lack of detailed information on systemic activity and performance of

fungicides under diverse condition.

19


Cruzaltinha, RS - April 26 2002 * Fonte: COSTAMILAN & BERTAGNOLLI, Fitopatol. bras. 27(Suplemento): S100. 2002

TREATEDUNTREATED

BRS 154BRS 153

23.3 bu/a *48% loss

44.9 bu/a *

44.7 bu/a* 34.5 bu/a*23% loss

PARTIAL GENETIC RESISTANCE

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Primavera do Leste, MT – Feb. 21 2003

SprayedSprayed

Not Sprayed

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Roda Velha, BA - March 8, 2003

TREATED

UNTREATED: 6 bu/a

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UNSPRAYED

Primavera do Leste, MT - February 21, 200423


EFFECT OF RUST ON WEIGHT AND VOLUME OF 500 GRAINS BETWEEN SPRAYED AND UNSPRAYED FIELDS

71,2 g 42,3 g

Weight difference of 500 grains:

40,6%

SPRAYED UNSPRAYED

Faz. Strasse, São Desidério, BA - March 12, 200424


SPEED OF LESION

DEVELOPMENT AND

SPORULATION IN BRAZIL

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5th DAY FROM FIRST EXPOSURE

EXPOSURE DATE: Sep. 26, 2003 Photo: Oct. 1, 2003: 5 DAE26


9th DAY FROM FIRST EXPOSURE



25 DAYS FROM FIRST EXPOSURE



HOW SOON CAN IT HIT??30


SPRAYING TECHNOLOGY

Source: Jornal da Coopavel. December 2004.

Increase volume according to Leaf Area Index Typically 15 to 25 gal/ac

Droplet 0.008 to 0.016 inches in Diameter

Minimum 190 to 250 droplets per square inches

Tips: Single or Twin Flat Fan

Observe weather condition:Relative humidity not lower than 55 %Temperature not higher than 86 0FWind speed: avoid spraying under still or high wind

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WHEN TO SPRAY DEPENDS ON:

Plant development stage

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First detection of rust in the region, or in a particular field

Climatic condition

Size of field to be sprayed / spraying capability

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First detection of rust in the region, or in a particular field

Climatic condition

Size of field to be sprayed / spraying capability

Efficacy of fungicide at hand

Foliar disease / insect complex ...

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Stage R1 – Beginning Flower

54 DAP ?One open flower at anynode on the main stem

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Stage R2 – Full Flower

56 DAP ?Open flower at one of the two uppermost developed nodes on the main stem

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Stage R3 – Beginning Pod

One pod at least 3/16 in long at one of the four uppermost fully developed node on the main stem

62 DAP ?

41


Stage R4 – Full Pod

74 DAP ?

One pod at least 3/4 in long at one of the four uppermost fully developed node on the main stem

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Stage R5 – Beginning to Seed

84 DAP ?

Seed 1/8 inch long at one of the four uppermost fully developed node on the main stem

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Stage R6 – Full Seed

95 DAP ?

One green seed that fills the pod cavity at one the four uppermost fully developed node on the main stem

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Stage R7 – Beginning Maturity

95 DAP ?

One pod in the main stem that has reached mature color

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Question? Comments?

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CROP MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES TO CONTROL RUST IN WISCONSIN

Dr. Roger BorgesUWEX Soybean Specialist

1


Plant acreage compatible to spraying capability/availability!

Use early maturing cultivars and plant early?

Consider spraying needs when deciding on row spacing and plant population.

Avoid extending dew time with irrigation!

Scout for rust continuously!

CROP MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES TO CONTROL RUST IN WISCONSIN

2


CENTRAL PIVOT IRRIGATED SECOND PLANTING, 40-DAYS OLD SOYBEANS, IN CENTRAL BRAZIL.

Primavera do Leste, Mato Grosso, July 1, 20033


SECOND CROP IN SOUTHERN BRAZIL.Campo Mourão, Paraná, May 5, 2004

Controlled lesions

Ressurgence?

4


Acknowledged Contributions

Yorinori Tadashi – EmbrapaGlen L. Hartman – USDA/UIUCX.B. Yang - Iowa State University

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borges, © 2002-2005 university of wisconsin – agronomy environmental and crop management...

Documents

growing season total

brazil sorce

soybean area

american soybean production

rust control difficult

season fungicide price

control cost

average cost