Body SystemsThe Foundations

Hierarchy of the Body

• Smallest unit = atom. • Grouped atoms = molecules• Multiple molecules = organelles• Organelles = system of cells• Cell cluster = tissues/organs• Organ systems = organism

Organ System

Cells

Tissue

Organelle

Molecule

Organism

Atom

Organ

Overview of Cell & Cell Membrane

• Outside = Plasma Membrane• Inside = Cytoplasm• Fluid = Cytosol • Nucleus = Genetic Center• Cytoskeleton = Maintain Shape• Mitochondria = Energy• Ribosome's = Proteins• Lysosomes = digestive enzymes

KaryoplasmMitochondrionChromatin

Nucleolus

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

Nucleus

GolgiApparatus

Phagocytic Vesicle

Peroxisome

Lysosome

Free Ribosome

Centrioles

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum Cytoplasm

Plasma Membrane

Cytoskeleton

Glands

• Several types in the human body• Exocrine glands secrete products into tubes/ducts• Endocrine glands secrete products into spaces between cells

• Picked up by blood/lymph system• Have impact on target tissues

• Unicellular or Multi-Cellular

Exocrine Gland Endocrine Gland

Epithelia

• Make up organs and binding material in body• Four types:

• Single layer flattened cells-simple squamous• Single layer cube cells-simple cuboidal• Single layer long columnar cells-simple columnar • Multiple layers of flattened cells-

• Transitional • Stratified squamous

Simple Cubodial

Simple Squamous

Stratified Squamous

Transitional Simple Columnar

Connective Tissue

• Varied group of associated tissues• Cells, fibers, matrix

• Tissues that belong to connective tissue:• Loose connective tissue• Collagenous fibers• Elastic fibers• Reticular fibers

• Tissues:• Dense regular• Dense irregular• Elastic fibers• Reticular fibers• Adipose tissue

Collagenous fiber

Fibrocyte

Elastic Fiber

Matrix

Collagenous fiber

Collagenous fiber

Elastic fiber

Elastic Connective Tissue

Reticular Connective Tissue

Reticular Fibers

Loose Connective

Dense irregular connectiveAdipocyte

Regular connective

Collagenous fiber

Adipose Tissue

Connective Tissue Continued

• Cartilage:• Hyaline cartilage• Fibro cartilage• Elastic cartilage

• Bone cells = osteocytes• Matrix in blood:

• Plasma/Erythrocytes/Leukocytes

LeukocytesBlood

Matrix

Plasma

Bone

Osteocyte

Erythrocyte Platelet

Muscle and Nervous Tissue

• Muscle Tissues:• Skeletal tissue• Cardiac muscle• Smooth Muscle• Nervous Tissue

Cell

Cardiac MuscleSkeletal Muscle

Intercalated discNucleiNucleiStriations

Cell

Nuclei

Smooth Muscle

Nerve Cell Body

Glial Cells

Dendrites

Nervous Tissue

NucleusAxon

• Parts:• Bones• Ligaments • Tendons• Joints• Connective Tissue• Cartilage

Skeletal System

• Functions• Frame work• Allows movement• Supports and protects organs• Storage system • Produce cells (blood/immune)

Skeletal System

Skeletal System

• A joint is the point at which two bones meet• Types of joints:

• Hinge• Gliding• Rotating• Condyloid • Ball and socket• Saddle

Synovial Joints

Gliding

Saddle

Hinge

Condyloid

Rotating

Ball & Socket

Skeletal System

Compact Bone

Skeletal SystemCervical Vertebrae

Thoracic Vertebrae

Lumbar Vertebrae

SacrumCoccyx

Skeletal Systema. True Ribs

b. False Ribs

c. Costal Cartilage

d. Floating Ribs

Clavicle

Metacarpals

Carpals

UlnaRadius

Humerus

Scapulae

Phalanges

Skeletal Muscle

Os Coxae

Femur

Patella

Tibia

Fibula

TarsalsMetatarsals

Phalanges

• Fracture• Dislocation• Sprain• Overuse• Sclerosis • Osteoporosis

Common Skeletal Problems

Think, Pair, Share•Evaluate the intricacy of a bone and how it is constantly changing due to its environment.

• What are the benefits of physical activity on bones and what type of activity do bones benefit from?

Muscular System• Functions

• Tissues work with skeletal system for movement• Voluntary action• Maintain posture and stabilize joints• Contract/isometric/isotonic • Flexion/Extension/Hyper extension • Provides heat

Muscular System

Flexor/Extensor Carpi

Biceps

Quadriceps

Tibialis Anterior

Deltoid

Trapezius

Frontalis

Flexor/Extensor DigitorumRectus Abdominis

External Internal Oblique

Diaphragm

Pectoralis

External/Internal Intercostals

Muscular System

Teres Minor Infraspinatus

Trapezius

Latissimus Dorsi

Rhomboid Major

Triceps

Gluteus Maximus

Hamstrings

Gastrocnemius

Teres Major

Rhomboid Minor

Muscular SystemParts

• Approximately 650 muscles• Individual bundles

• Enclosed by sarcolemma • Sarcomere

• Actin and myosin

• Neuromuscular junction• Sliding Filament Theory

• Muscle fibers- endomysium- myofibrils - myofilaments• Actin and Myosin interact with sarcomere bounded by z line

• ATP = breakdown of glucose during cellular respiration

Muscular System

Muscular System

Muscular System• Problems

• Strain• Muscle Cramp• Muscle Dystrophy

• Type 1 & 2 Fibers

Think, Pair, Share•Recall the complexity of the sliding filament theory and how actin and myosin work together in order to create a muscle contraction.

• Discuss and provide an analogy to explain how a muscle receives an impulse from the brain to the muscle in order to perform a contraction.

Circulatory System

• Functions• Distribute nutrients• Transport wastes• Distribute hormones• Regulate body temperature

• Transport• Oxygen• Carbon Dioxide • Nutrients• H20• Hormones• Waste Products

• Immune Response• WBC

Circulatory System

Internal Jugular Vein

Common carotid artery

Superior vena cava

Brachial artery

Inferior vena cava

Aortic arch

Heart

Pulmonary trunk

Aorta

Femoral vein

Femoral artery

Circulatory System

• Parts• Aorta• L/R Atrium• L/R Ventricle • Pulmonary • Arteries• Capillaries• Veins • Red Blood Cells• White blood Cells• Plasma• Platelets

Circulatory System

• Blood Flow• Cardiac Cycle• Systolic –pressure at contraction (less than 120)• Diastolic– pressure at rest (less than 80)

• Two Major Circulations• Pulmonary Circulation• Systemic Circulation

Circulatory System

1. Vena cava2. Right atrium3. Right ventricle4. Pulmonary Arteries5. Lungs

Blood’s Path Through the Heart - Deoxygenated

Circulatory System

6. Lungs7. Pulmonary Veins8. Left atrium9. Left ventricle10. Aorta11. Body

Blood’s Path Through the Heart - Oxygenated

Circulatory System

Superior Vena Cava

Pulmonary artery

Pulmonary vein

Pulmonary Capillary Bed

Right atrium

Right ventricle

Inferior vena cava

Vein

Venule

Aorta

Left atrium

Left Ventricle

Pulmonary Capillary Bed

Descending aorta

artery

Arteriole

Circulatory System

• Problems• Heart Disease• Heart attack• Stroke• Arrhythmias• Hypertension • Anemia• Arteriosclerosis

• Repair• Angioplasty• Bypass Surgery• Stents• Heart Transplants• Pacemakers

Circulatory System

• Interesting Facts• The average size of a human heart is about the size of your fist• Blood is mostly made of salt• There are 5 liters of blood in an adult• Plasma makes up 55% of blood• Blood types are : A, B AB, or O• Blood replaced by transfusion• Cardiac muscle does not tire out

Think, Pair, Share•Heart disease is the number one killer in the United States.

• What are some strategies and life style factors that can help increase our heart’s health and longevity?

Functions

• Ingest food• Break down food • Move through digestive tract• Absorb digested food , nutrients and fluid• Eliminates waste materials

Digestive System• Parts of the Gastrointestinal Tract

• Mouth• Pharynx• Esophagus• Stomach• Small intestine• Large Intestine• Rectum

Digestive System

• Accessory Organs• Liver

• cleans• Pancreas

• Insulin• Salivary Glands

• enzymes• Gall bladder

• bile

• Appendix• No use

Digestive System

Mouth

a. Alimentary canal

Esophagus

Gall Bladder

Stomach

Small Intestine

Large Intestine

Acessory organs

Rectum

Anus

Salivary glands

Liver

Pancreas

Digestive System• Process

1. Ingestion2. Movement3. Mechanical and Chemical Digestion4. Absorption5. Elimination

Digestive SystemBest Practices:• Nutrient Dense- High nutrients compared to

calories • Stay away from

• excessive calories/fats/oils• clear of alcohol

• Lots of:• Fruits, fiber, water, whole grains, lean meats

Think, Pair, Share

•What we put into our bodies matter for today and tomorrow.

• List two foods/drinks that can be good for your health and two foods/drinks that can be bad for your health

Digestive System• Problems

• Ulcers• Reflux• Gallstones• Lactose Intolerance • Diverticulitis • Inflammatory Bowl Disease (Crohn’s)• Celiac Disease• Constipation • Irritable Bowel Syndrome • Bloating• Diarrhea

• Gallstones• Liver

• filters/detoxifies/proteins/metabolize• Issues: edema, bleeding, jaundice, gallstones,

• Function• Release hormones

• Control functions • Development• Growth

• Hormones are messenger• Act on target cells• Programmed response to molecular triggers

The Endocrine System

• Parts• Pineal gland• Thyroid gland• Parathyroid glands• Pituitary gland• Adrenal: 2 glands

• Cortex• Medulla

• Endocrine cells in other organs• Pancreas• Thymus• Gonads• Hypothalamus

The Endocrine SystemPineal Body

Hypothalamus

Pituitary

Parathyroid

Thyroid

Adrenal

Pancreas

Ovary

Testis

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The Endocrine System

• Modes of transportation • Humoral• Neural• Hormonal

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The Endocrine System

• Hormones• TSH: thyroid-stimulating hormone• ACTH: adrenocorticotropic hormone• FSH: follicle-stimulating hormone• LH: luteinizing hormone• GH: growth hormone• PRL: prolactin• MSH: melanocyte-stimulating hormone• ADH: antidiuretic hormone• Oxytocin

The Endocrine System• Problems

• Goiter• Graves • Giantism• Acromeagaly• Pituitary dwarfs• Diabetes inspidius• Diabetes

The Lymph System

ArterioleVenule

Thoracic Duct

Cisterna Chyli

Spleen

Lymphatic

Lymph Nodes

Lymph Capillaries

The Lymph System

• Lymphatic system• Defense system

• Filters and drains• Antibodies• Produce WBC• Collects, distributes fluids and nutrients

The Lymph System

• Open system• Lymphatic vessels• Propulsion system• Lymph • Lymph vessels• Lymph Nodes• Filters bacteria • Fights pathogens