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- A SUPER COMPUTER TECHNOLOGY

By:-Prabhjot DuaCS- Final Year



I ntroduction

The word "supercomputer" entered the mainstreamlexicon in 1996 and 1997 when I BM's Deep Bluesupercomputer challenged the world chess champion intwo tournaments broadcast around the world.

Since then, I BM has been busy improving itssupercomputer technology and tackling much deeperproblems.

Their latest project, code named Blue Gene, is poised toshatter all records for computer and networkperformance.



W hat is a Super Computer?

A supercomputer is a computer that is at the frontline of current processing capacity, particularly speed of calculation.

Today, supercomputers are typically one-of-a-kind customdesigns produced by "traditional" companies suchas Cray, I BM and Hewlett-Packard, who had purchased manyof the 1980s companies to gain their experience.



W hy we need Super

Computers?Supercomputers are very useful in highly calculation-intensive tasks such as

Problems involving quantum physics,

W eather forecasting,Climate research,Molecular modeling (computing the structures and

properties of chemical compounds,biological macromolecules, polymers, and

crystals),Physical simulations (such as simulation of airplanes

in wind tunnels, simulation of the detonationof nuclear weapons, and research into nuclear fusion).



Also, they are useful for a particular class of problems,known as Grand Challenge problems, full solution for suchproblems require semi-infinite computing resources.

W hy we need Super

Computers?



N ASA¶s Linux-based Super Computer



W hy Supercomputers are Fast

Several elements of a supercomputer contribute to itshigh level of performance:

N umerous high-performance processors (CPUs) for

parallel processingSpecially-designed high-speed internal networksSpecially-designed or tuned operating systems



W hat is Blue gene?

Bl ue Gene is a computer architecture project designedto produce several supercomputers that are designed toreach operating speeds in the PFLOPS (petaFLOPS =10 15 ) range, and currently reaching sustained speeds of nearly 500 TFLOPS (teraFLOPS = 10 12 ).

I t is a cooperative project among I BM(particularly I BMRochester and the Thomas J. W atson Research Center),

the Lawrence LivermoreN

ational Laboratory, the UnitedStates Department of Energy (which is partially fundingthe project), and academia.

* Computer architecture is the conceptua l design and fundamenta l operationa l structure of a computer system.

* FLOPS (or f l ops or f l op/s) is an acronym meaning FLoatingpoint Operations Per Second.



W hy Blue Gene?

Blue Gene is an I BM Research project dedicated toexploring thefrontiers in supercomputing:

- in computer architecture,- in the software required to program and controlmassively parallel systems, and

- in the use of computation to advance the understandingof important biological processes such as proteinfolding.

Learning more about biomolecular mechanisms isexpected to give medical researchers betterunderstanding of diseases, as well as potential cures.



W hy the name Blue gene?

³Blue´ - The corporate color of I BM

³Gene´ - The intended use of the Blue Gene clusters was

for Computational biology.



There are four Blue Gene projects in development:- Blue Gene/L,- Blue Gene/C,

- Blue Gene/P, and- Blue Gene/Q.

Blue Gene Projects



Blue Gene/L

The first computer in the Blue Gene series, is Bl ueGene/L.I t is developed through a partnership with LawrenceLivermore N ational Laboratory (LL N L).

The term Blue Gene/L sometimes refers to the computerinstalled at LL N L; and sometimes refers to the architectureof that computer.

As of N ovember 2006, there are 27 computers onthe Top500 list using the Blue Gene/L architecture.



Blue Gene/L Super Computer



History of Blue gene/LI n December 1999, I BM announced a $100 million researchinitiative for a five-year effort to build a massively parallelcomputer, to be applied to the study of biomolecularphenomena.

The project has two main goals:- to advance understanding of the biomolecularmechanisms via large-scale simulation, and- to explore novel ideas in massively parallel

machine architecture and software

* Para ll e l computing is a form of computation in which manyca l cu l ations are carried out simu l taneous l y,



I n N ovember 2001, Lawrence Livermore N ationalLaboratory joined I BM as a research partner for Blue Gene.

Blue Gene/L is also the first supercomputer ever to runover 100 TFLOPS sustained on a real world application.This achievement won the 2005 Gordon Bell Prize.

I n N ovember 2007, the LL N L Blue Gene/L remained at the

number one spot as the world's fastest supercomputer.

History of Blue gene/L



16

2.8/5.6 GF/s

2 processors

2 chips

5.6/11.2 GF/s1.0 GB

32 chips16 compute, 0-2 IO cards

90/180 GF/s16 GB

32 node cards

1,024 chips

2.8/5.6 TF/s512 GB

64 Racks65,536 chips

180/360 TF/s32 TB

Rack

System

Node card

Compute node

Chip

Blue Gene/LOverview

S calable from 1 rack to 64 racks

Rack has 2048 processors with 512 MB or 1GB DRAM/node

N ovember 2006 Top500 List www.top500.org

2 in Top10 (#1 and #3)9 in Top3016 in Top10027 overall in Top150



Blue Gene/L Architecture

Each compute node has two 700MHz PowerPC 440embedded processors

Each of the dual processors on the compute node has two"floating point units (FPU)," engines for performingmathematical calculations.

The dual FPUs give each Blue Gene/L node a theoretical

peak performance of 5.6GFLOPS (gigaFLOPS).



Blue Gene/L Architecture

Compute nodes are packaged two per compute card, with16 compute cards plus up to 2 I /O nodes per node board.

There are 32 node boards per cabinet/rack.

By integration of all essential sub-systems on a singlechip, each Compute or I /O node dissipates low power(about 17 watts, including DRAMs).



One Blue Gene/L nodeboard



Blue Gene/C (Cyclops64)

Blue Gene/C (now renamed to Cyclops64) is a sister-project to Blue Gene/L.

I t is a massively parallel, supercomputer-on-a-chip cellular architecture.

The Cyclops64 project aims to create thefirst "s upercomputer on a chip " .



Blue Gene/C (Cyclops64)

Cyclops64 exposes much of the underlying hardware tothe programmer, allowing the programmer to write veryhigh performance, finely tuned software.

One negative consequence is that efficientlyprogramming Cyclops64 is difficult.

The theoretical peak performance of a Cyclops64 chip is

80 gigaflops



Blue Gene/P

On June 26, 2007, I BM unveiled Bl ue Gene/P , thesecond generation of the Blue Gene supercomputer.

Designed to run continuously at 1PFLOPS (petaFLOPS), itcan be configured to reach speeds in excess of 3 PFLOPS.

I t is at least seven times more energy efficient than anyother supercomputer, accomplished by using many small,

low-power chips connected through five specializednetworks.



Blue Gene/P Architecture

Four 850 MHz PowerPC 450 processors are integrated oneach Blue Gene/P chip.

The 1-PFLOPS Blue Gene/P configuration is a 294,912-processor, 72-rack system harnessed to a high-speed,optical network.

Blue Gene/P can be scaled to an 884,736-processor, 216-

rack cluster to achieve 3-PFLOPS performance.

A standard Blue Gene/P configuration will house 4,096processors per rack.



Blue Gene/Q

The last known supercomputer design in the Blue Geneseries, Bl ue Gene/Q is aimed to reach 20 Petaflops inthe 2011 time frame.

I t will continue to expand and enhance the Blue Gene/Land /P architectures with higher frequency at muchimproved performance per watt.



Conclusion

President Obama recognized I BM and its Blue Genefamily of supercomputers with the N ational Medal of Technology and I nnovation.

The influence of the Blue Gene supercomputer's energy-efficient design and computing model can be seen todayacross the I nformation Technology industry.

Today, 18 of the top 20 most energy efficientsupercomputers in the world are built on I BM highperformance computing technology.



Conclusion

Blue Gene has some unusual features, but I BM has triedas much as possible to anchor the system to moremainstream technology.

Blue Gene would influence the way in which mainstreamcomputers of the future are built.

Staying on the beaten path is the best way to take

advantage of technology that's improving fastest, and italso makes it easier to create products out of the BlueGene research.



Thank U !!

blue gene sm

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