blue gene abstract

8/2/2019 Blue Gene abstract

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ABSTRACT

Blue Gene is a massively parallel system

being developed at the IBM T. J. Watson

Research Center. With its 4 million-way

parallelism and 1 Petaflop peak

performance, Blue Gene is a unique

environment for research in parallel

processing. Full exploitation of the

machines capability requires 100-way

shared memory parallelism inside a single-

chip multiprocessor node and message-

passing across 30,000 nodes. Newprogramming models, languages,

compilers, and libraries will need to be

investigated and developed for Blue Gene,

therefore offering the opportunity to break

new ground in those areas.

BLUE GENE IN DETAIL

Blue Gene is a computer

architecture project designed to

produce several supercomputers,

designed to reach operating

speeds in the PFLOPS

(petaFLOPS) range, and currently

reaching sustained speeds of

nearly 500TFLOPS (teraFLOPS). Itis a cooperative project among

IBM (particularly IBM Rochester

and theThomas J. Watson

Research Center), the Lawrence

Livermore National Laboratory,

the United States Department of

Energy (which is partially funding

the project), and academia.

The project was awarded theNational

Medal of Technology and Innovation by

U.S. PresidentBarack Obamaon

September 18, 2009. The president

bestowed the award on October 7, 2009.

WHAT IS BLUE GENE?

A massively parallel

supercomputer using tens of

thousands of embedded PowerPC

processors supporting a large

memory space.

With standard compilers

and message passing environment.

A Blue Gene supercomputer

WHY THE NAME BLUE

GENE?

Blue: The corporate color of

IBM.

Gene: The intended use of the

Blue Gene clusters
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Computational biology,

specifically, protein folding.

HISTORY OF BLUE GENE

Dec99, IBM Research announced

$100M US effort to build a

Petaflop scale supercomputer.

Two goals of The Blue Gene

project :

Massively parallel machine

architecture and software

Bio-Molecular Simulation

advance orders of

magnitude

November 2001, Partnership with

Lawrence Livermore National

Laboratory (LLNL)

BLUE GENE PROJECT

Four Blue Gene projects :

BlueGene/L

BlueGene/C

BlueGene/P

BlueGene/Q

BLUE GENE/L

The first computer in the Blue Gene series,

Blue Gene/L, developed through a

partnership with Lawrence Livermore

National Laboratory (LLNL), originally

had a theoretical peak performance of 360

TFLOPS, and scored over 280 TFLOPS

sustained on the Linpack benchmark. After

an upgrade in 2007 the performance

increased to 478 TFLOPS sustained and

596 TFLOPS peak.

A Blue Gene/L cabinet

The termBlue Gene/L sometimes refers to

the computer installed at LLNL; and

sometimes refers to the architecture of that

computer. As of November 2006, there are

27 computers on the Top500 list using the

Blue Gene/L architecture. All these

computers are listed as having architecture

ofeServer Blue Gene Solution

.
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The above block scheme of theBlue Gene/LASICincluding dual PowerPC 440 cores.

In December 1999, IBM announced a

$100 million research initiative for a five-

year effort to build a massivelyparallel

computer, to be applied to the study of

biomolecular phenomena such asprotein

folding. The project has two main goals: to

advance our understanding of the

mechanisms behind protein folding via

large-scale simulation, and to explore

novel ideas in massively parallel machine

architecture and software. This project

should enable biomolecular simulations

that are orders of magnitude larger than

current technology permits. Major areas of

investigation include: how to use this

novel platform to effectively meet its

scientific goals, how to make such

massively parallel machines more usable,

and how to achieve performance targets at

a reasonable cost, through novel machinearchitectures. The design is built largely

around the previous QCDSP and QCDOC

supercomputers.

In November 2001, Lawrence Livermore

National Laboratoryjoined IBM as a

research partner for Blue Gene.

On September 29, 2004, IBM announced

that a Blue Gene/L prototype at IBM

Rochester(Minnesota) had overtaken

NEC'sEarth Simulatoras the fastest

computer in the world, with a speed of36.01 TFLOPS on theLinpack

benchmark, beating Earth Simulator's

35.86 TFLOPS. This was achieved with an

8-cabinetsystem, with each cabinet

holding 1,024 compute nodes. Upon

doubling this configuration to 16 cabinets,

the machine reached a speed of 70.72

TFLOPS by November 2004, taking first

place in the Top500list.

On March 24, 2005, the US Department of

Energy announced that the Blue Gene/L

installation at LLNL broke its speed

record, reaching 135.5 TFLOPS. This feat

was possible because of doubling the

number of cabinets to 32.

On the Top500 list, Blue Gene/L

installations across several sites worldwide

took 3 out of the 10 top positions, and 13

out of the top 64. Three racks of Blue

Gene/L are housed at theSan Diego
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Supercomputer Centerand are available

foracademic research.

On October 27, 2005, LLNL and IBM

announced that Blue Gene/L had once

again broken its speed record, reaching

280.6 TFLOPS on Linpack, upon reaching

its final configuration of 65,536 "compute

nodes" (i.e., 216 nodes) and an additional

1024 "I/O nodes" in 64 air-cooled

cabinets. The LLNL Blue Gene/L uses

Lustre to access multiple filesystems in the

600TB-1PB range.

Blue Gene/L is also the first

supercomputer ever to run over 100

TFLOPS sustained on a real world

application, namely a three-dimensional

molecular dynamics code (ddcMD),

simulating solidification (nucleation and

growth processes) of molten metal under

high pressure and temperature conditions.

This achievement won the 2005 Gordon

Bell Prize.

On June 22, 2006,NNSA and IBM

announced that Blue Gene/L has achieved

207.3 TFLOPS on a quantum chemical

application (Qbox). On November 14,

2006, at Supercomputing 2006, Blue

Gene/L was awarded the winning prize in

all HPC Challenge Classes of awards. A

team from the IBM Almaden Research

Centerand the University of Nevadaon

April 27, 2007 ran an artificial neural

networkalmost half as complex as the

brain of a mouse for the equivalent of a

second (the network was run at 1/10 of

normal speed for 10 seconds).

In November 2007, the LLNL Blue

Gene/L remained at the number one spot

as the world's fastest supercomputer. It had

been upgraded since the previous

measurement, and was then almost three

times as fast as the second fastest, a Blue

Gene/P system.

On June 18, 2008, the new Top500 List

marked the first time a Blue Gene system

was not the leader in the Top500 since it

had assumed that position, being topped by

IBM's Cell-basedRoadrunnersystem

which was the only system to surpass the

mythical petaflops mark. Top500

announced that the Cray XT5 Jaguar

housed at OCLF is currently the fastest

supercomputer in the world for open

science.
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MAJOR FEATURES

The Blue Gene/L supercomputer is unique

in the following aspects:

Trading the speed of processors for

lower power consumption.

Dual processors per node with two

working modes: co-processor (1

user process/node: computation

and communication work is shared

by two processors) and virtual

node (2 user processes/node)

System-on-a-chip design

A large number of nodes (scalable

in increments of 1024 up to at least

65,536)

Three-dimensional torus

interconnect with auxiliarynetworks for global

communications, I/O, and

management

Lightweight OS per node for

minimum system overhead

(computational noise)

ARCHITECTURE

One Blue Gene/L node board

A schematic overview of a Blue

Gene/L supercomputer

Each Compute or I/O node is a single

ASIC with associatedDRAM memory

chips. The ASIC integrates two 700 MHz

PowerPC 440 embedded processors, each

with a double-pipeline-double-precisionFloating Point Unit(FPU), a cache sub-

system with built-in DRAM controller and

the logic to support multiple

communication sub-systems. The dual

FPUs give each Blue Gene/L node a

theoretical peak performance of 5.6

GFLOPS (gigaFLOPS). Node CPUs are

not cache coherent with one another.

Compute nodes are packaged two per

compute card, with 16 compute cards plus

up to 2 I/O nodes per node board. There

are 32 node boards per cabinet/rack. By

integration of all essential sub-systems on

a single chip, each Compute or I/O node

dissipates low power (about 17 watts,

including DRAMs). This allows very

aggressive packaging of up to 1024

compute nodes plus additional I/O nodes

in the standard 19" cabinet, within

reasonable limits of electrical power

supply and air cooling. The performancemetrics in terms ofFLOPS per watt,
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FLOPS per m2 of floorspace and FLOPS

per unit cost allow scaling up to very high

performance.

Each Blue Gene/L node is attached to

three parallel communications networks: a

3Dtoroidal networkfor peer-to-peer

communication between compute nodes, a

collective networkfor collective

communication, and a global interrupt

network for fast barriers. The I/O nodes,

which run the Linuxoperating system,

provide communication with the world via

anEthernet network. The I/O nodes also

handle the filesystem operations on behalf

of the compute nodes. Finally, a separate

and private Ethernetnetwork provides

access to any node for configuration,

booting and diagnostics.

Blue Gene/L compute nodes use a minimal

operating system supporting a single user

program. Only a subset ofPOSIX calls are

supported, and only one process may be

run at a time. Programmers need to

implement green threads in order to

simulate local concurrency.

Application development is usually

performed in C, C++, or Fortran using

MPI for communication. However, some

scripting languages such as Ruby have

been ported to the compute nodes.

To allow multiple programs to run

concurrently, a Blue Gene/L system can be

partitioned into electronically isolated sets

of nodes. The number of nodes in a

partition must be a positive integerpower

of 2, and must contain at least 25 = 32

nodes. The maximum partition is all nodes

in the computer. To run a program on Blue

Gene/L, a partition of the computer must

first be reserved. The program is then run

on all the nodes within the partition, and

no other program may access nodes within

the partition while it is in use. Upon

completion, the partition nodes are

released for future programs to use.

With so many nodes, component failures

are inevitable. The system is able to

electrically isolate faulty hardware to

allow the machine to continue to run.

BLUE GENE/C

Blue Gene/C (now renamed to Cyclops64)

is a sister-project to Blue Gene/L. It is a

massively parallel, supercomputer-on-a-

chip cellular architecture. It was slated for

release in early 2007 but has been delayed.
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IBM Blue Gene/C Supercomputer

BLUE GENE/P

On June 26, 2007, IBM unveiled Blue

Gene/P, the second generation of the Blue

Gene supercomputer. Designed to run

continuously at 1 PFLOPS (petaFLOPS),

it can be configured to reach speeds in

excess of 3 PFLOPS. Furthermore, it is at

least seven times more energy efficient

than any other supercomputer,

accomplished by using many small, low-

power chips connected through five

specialized networks. Four 850 MHz

PowerPC 450 processors are integrated on

each Blue Gene/P chip. The 1-PFLOPS

Blue Gene/P configuration is a 294,912-

processor, 72-rack system harnessed to a

high-speed, optical network. Blue Gene/P

can be scaled to an 884,736-processor,

216-rack cluster to achieve 3-PFLOPS

performance. A standard Blue Gene/P

configuration will house 4,096 processors

per rack.

Blue Gene/P node card

On November 12, 2007, the first system,

JUGENE, with 65536 processors is

running in the Jlich Research Centre in

Germanywith a performance of 167

TFLOPS. It is the fastest supercomputer in

Europe and the sixth fastest in the world.

The first laboratory in the United States to

receive the Blue Gene/P wasArgonne

National Laboratory. The first racks of the

Blue Gene/P shipped in fall 2007. The first

installment was a 111-teraflops system,

which has approximately 32,000

processors, and was operational for the US

research community in spring 2008. The

full Intrepid system is ranked #3 on the

June 2008 Top 500 list. Another Blue

Gene/P has been installed on September 9,

2008 in Sofia, the capital ofBulgaria, and

is operated bythe Bulgarian Academy of

Sciences and theSofia University.
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In February 2009 it was announced that

JUGENE will be upgraded to reach

petaflops performance in June 2009,

making it the firstpetascale supercomputer

in Europe. The new configuration has

started at April 6, the system will go into

production end of June 2009. The new

configuration will include 294 912

processor cores, 144 terabyte memory, 6

petabyte storage in 72 racks. The new

configuaration will incorporate a new

water cooling system that will reduce the

cooling cost substantially.

WEB-SCALE PLATFORM:

The IBM Kittyhawkproject team has

ported Linux to the compute nodes and

demonstrated generic Web 2.0 workloadsrunning at scale on a Blue Gene/P. Their

paper published in the ACM Operating

Systems Review describes a kernel driver

that tunnels Ethernet over the tree network,

which results in all-to-all TCP/IP

connectivity. Running standard Linux

software like MySQL, their performance

results onSpecJBB rank among the

highest on record.

BLUE GENE/Q

The last known supercomputer design in

the Blue Gene series, Blue Gene/Q is

aimed to reach 20 Petaflopsin the 2011

time frame. It will continue to expand and

enhance the Blue Gene/L and /P

architectures with higher frequency at

much improvedperformance per watt.

Blue Gene/Q will have a similar number of

nodes but many more cores per node.

Exactly how many cores per chip the

BG/Q will have is currently somewhat

unclear, but 8 or even 16 is possible, with

1 GB of memory per core.

The archetypal Blue Gene/Q system called

Sequoiawill be installed at Lawrence

Livermore National Laboratory in 2011 as

a part of the Advanced Simulation and

Computing Program running nuclear

simulations and advanced scientific

research. It will consist of 98,304 compute

nodes comprising 1.6 million processor

cores and 1.6 PB memory in 96 racks

covering an area of about 3000square feet,

drawing 6 megawattsof power.

IBM Blue Gene/Q Super

Computer
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blue gene abstract

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