blending. examples: flush (flash + blush) beefburger (beef + hamburger) eurasia (europe + asia)...
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Blending
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Blending
Examples: flush (flash + blush) beefburger (beef + hamburger) Eurasia (Europe + Asia) Blending is the formation of new words b
y combining parts of two words or a word plus a part of another word or vice versa.
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Blending
Names of such words: blends pormanteau words
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Blending
Patterns of blending 1. head + tail autocide (automobile + suicide) 撞车自
杀 motel (motor + hotel) 汽车旅馆 cremains (cremate + remains) 骨灰
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Blending
2. head + head comsat (communications + satellite) 通讯卫星 Amerind (American + Indian) 美印地安
人 sitcom (situation + comedy) 情景喜剧 fansub (fanatic + subtitle) 影迷字幕
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Blending
3. head + word medicare (medical + care) 医疗照顾制
度 telequiz (telephone + quiz) 电话测试 autocamp (automobile + camp) 汽车
野营
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Blending 4. word + tail netizen (net + citizen) 网民 lunarnaut (lunar + astronaut) 登月宇航员 bookmobile (book + automobile)
流动书店 workfare (work + welfare) 劳动福利
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Blending
autocide (automobile + suicide) 撞车自杀 sitcom (situation + comedy) 情景喜剧 autocamp (automobile + camp) 汽车野营 workfare (work + welfare) 劳动福利 All the examples are nouns.
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Blending
A few verbs: guestimate (guess + estimate) 估猜 breathalyse (breath + analyse)
对呼吸测酒分析
Words of such are less than formal.
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Clipping
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Clipping
Definition plane (aeroplane) exam (examination) taxi (taximeter cabriolet) Clipping is to shorten a word by cutting a
part off the original and using what remains instead.
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Clipping Types of clipping: 1. Front clipping quake (earthquake) scope (telescope) 2. Back clipping memo (memorandum) disco (discotheque)
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Clipping
3. Front and back clipping flu (influenza) fridge (refrigerater) 4. Phrase clipping pub (public house) zoo (zoological garden)
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Clipping
Changes: fridge (refrigerator) bike (bicycle) coke (cocoa cola) telly (television) pram (perambulator)
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Clipping
The changes are made to conform to the English ways of spelling and pronunciation.
Such words are informal, generally used in conversations.
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Acronymy
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Acronymy Definition: Acronymy is the process of forming new
words by joining initial letters from names of social and political organizations or technical terms.
Words made as such are initialisms (alphabetism)or acronyms.
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Acronymy Initialisms Initialisms pronounced letter by letter A.D. (Anno Domini) B.C. (Before Christ) VOA (Voice of America) WTO (World Trade Organization)
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Acronymy Exceptions: TV (television) TB (tuberculosis) ID (identification card/ identity card)
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Acronymy Acronyms Acronyms pronounced as normal
words AIDS (acquired immune deficiency
syndrome) CORE (Congress of Racial Equality) One letter from each of the words.
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Acronymy WAVES (Women Appointed for Voluntary
Emergency Service) TOEFL (teaching of English as a foreign
language) laser (lightwave amplification by
stimulated emission of radiation)
radar (radio detecting and ranging)
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Acronymy Taking one or more letters from one wor
d and leaving out others. Hybrid words: G-man (Government man) D-Day (Decimalization Day) V-Day (Victory Day) Acronymy is very productive.
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Sound Reduplication
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Sound Reduplication
Examples: goody-goody 好好先生 willy-nilly 乱七八糟 / 不管怎样 shilly-shally 优柔寡断 Sound reduplication is a repetition of a w
ord form with a little or no change.
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Sound Reduplication
Four types of reduplication: 1. Words imitating natural sounds (equal
to onomatopeic words) tick-tuck 滴答滴答 ha ha ha 哈哈哈 bow-wow 汪汪汪 cock-a-doodle-doo 喔喔喔
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Sound Reduplication
2. words suggesting alternating movements
ping-pang 乒乓 seesaw 跷跷板 / 上下起伏 flip-flop 啪嗒啪嗒
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Sound Reduplication
3. Words suggesting ‘instability, non-sense, insincerity, vacillation’, etc.
fingle-fangle 标新立异 miz-maze 迷津 / 头脑混乱 higgledy-piggledy 杂乱无章 dilly-dally 三心二意 / 浪费时
间
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Sound Reduplication
4. Words for intensifying teeny-weeny 小小的 tip-top 顶尖的 / 出色的 super-duper 了不起 / 出色
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Sound Reduplication
汉语重叠 1. AABB 热热闹闹 哭哭啼啼 吃吃喝喝 2. ABB/BBA 红希希 黑乎乎 梆梆硬 滚滚圆 3. ABAB 哗啦哗啦 讨论讨论
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Sound Reduplication
4. A 里 AB 俗里俗气 傻里傻气 莽里莽撞 5. AA 个个 张张 迢迢 堂堂 声声 项项 想想 看看 走走 读读 问问 写写
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Backformation
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Backformation
Examples: editor edit butler butle laser lase diagnosis diagnose Backformation is to make new words by r
emoving the so-called suffixes.
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Backformation
Source words for backformation: 1. Abstract nouns enthusiasm enthuse donation donate emotion emote
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Backformation
2. Human nouns sculptor sculpt author auth loafer loaf
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Backformation
3. Adjectives drowsy drowse lazy laze
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Backformation
4. Compound nouns and others merrymaking merry-make eavesdropping eavesdrop mass-production mass-produce
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Backformation
Almost all the back-formed words are verbs.
They are all informal.
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Commonization of Proper Nouns
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Commonization Definition Commonizaton is formation of new word
s by changing proper names into common words.
banting = reducing weight by going on a diet 节食减肥疗法
Banting = a doctor who developed this cure, hence his name
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Commonization Types of proper names: 1. Names of people ampere French physicist Ampere farad British physicist Faraday ohm German physicist Ohm volt Italian physicist Volta watt Scottish inventor Watt
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Commonization protean Proteus, a sea deity
with the power to assume different forms
meaning: able to assume different forms or characters; versatile
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Commonization quixotic Don Quixote in the novel
Don Quixote de la Mancha by Cervantés
meaning: extravagantly romantic, idealistic, chivalr
ous
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Commonization bobby Sir Robert Peel, founder of
London police in early 19th century
meaning: policeman (BrE)
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Commonization 2. Names of places china from China meaning: porcelain champagne from Champagne in France meaning: wine (of that name) rugby from a British Rugby School meaning: ball game of rugby
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Commonization 3. Names of books utopia from Sir Thomas More's boo
k Utopia meaning: an imaginary perfect society odyssey from Homer's epic
The Odyssey meaning: a long journey full of
hardships
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Commonization 4. Tradenames nylon 尼龙 ( 音译 ) orlon 奥纶 ( 音译 ) dacron 的确良 ( 音译 ) rayon 人造丝 ( 义译 ) frisbee 飞碟 ( 义译 )
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Commonization Form and part of speech: boycott (n & v) 19th century
Landlord Captain Boycott
meaning: refusal or refuse to do business with
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Commonization cabal (n & v) Clifford, Ashley,
Buckingham, Arlington, laude
rdale (British Ministers)
meaning: clique or make secret plans for political acti
on
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Commonization Adding suffixes adjective suffix: -ic, -an, -al, -ist, -ese,
-ish, -esque Examples: colossal, irenic, stentorian,
Micawberish, picaresque Noun suffix: -ism, -(i)ne, -age, -ade, -ia,
-ity, -ry Examples: solecism, morphine, sabotag
e, pasquinade, magnolia
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