7/24/2019 Black Sea Piracy -TALANTA.pdf

1/8

PROCEEDINGS

OF

THE

DUTCH ARCHAEOLOGICAL

AND

HISTORICAL

SOCIETY

VOLUMES

Editors:

R.F.

DOCTER,

J.P.

STRONK, and

M.D.

de

WEERD

The

Black

Sea

Reeion

in

the

Greek,

Roman.

and

Bvzantine

Periods

Edited

by:

G.R.

Tsetskhladze

&

J.G.

de

Boer

CONTENTS

Tsetskhladze, G.R.

(UK),

Black Sea

Piracy-; Doonan, O., and Smat1,

D.

(USA),

Gema

Dere,

Roman and Bl-zantine Settlement

in Sinop Province,

Turkey; Summerer,

L.,

and

Atasoy, S.

(Turkey),

Amazonendarstellungen

auf

Miinzen und Tbrrakotten von

Amistts; Kakhidze, A.

(Georgia),

Specimens

rf

Classical

Bronze Toreutics

.from

Pichvnari

(Georgitt);

Ballesteros-

Pastor, L.

(Spain),

Phamaces

I of Pontus and the

Kingdom of Pergamum;

Kuznetsov, V.D.

(Russia),

Phanagoria

and its Metropoils;

t

Vinogradov, YG.,

(Russia),

The Visit of an Euboean

to

Phanagoria; Sokolova, O.Y.,

(Russia),

New

Material

frutm

the Excavation of

Nymphaeum;

Saprykin,

S.

(Russia),

Bosporus on the Verge

rf

the

Christian

Era

(Outlines

of Economic

Development);Popova,

E.A.,

and

Kovalenko, S.A.

(Russia),

A New Relief with Heracles in

the

North-Western Crimea;

Treister,

M.Y

(Russia),

Finds of

Metal Elements of Roman

Military

Costume

and Hors-harness

in the

North

Pontic Area; Zrtbar, VM.

(Ukraine),

and Pillinger, R.

(Austria),

New

Tombs with Ear\,- Christian

Murals

from

the

Necropolis oJ Thuric Chersonesus

(Preliminary

Nore); Romancuk,

A.

(Russia),

Chersonesos

im

Frtih-

und

Mittelb,-zantinischer

Zeit; Bravo,

R.

(Poland),

Deur Ostraka

Magiques d'Olbia Pontique

et

Quelques

Donndes

Nouvelles

sur les Procldds de

la Magic Destuctive;

Dupont,

P.

(France),

Hdraklis

et

le

Keros

de Troie sur un

Vase

Nord-lonien d Figures

Noires de Bdrd1an?:

Lungu, V.

(Romania),

lz

Tbmbe d'un

"HPQZ

et I'Organisation de la

Ndcropole d'une Citl

Mily'sienne du Pont

E*rin:

le

Tumulus T-A95 d'Orgamy';

f R6dulescu, A., Buzoianu,

L., Btrrbulescu, M., and Georgescu,

N.

(Romania),

AlbeSti

(Departement

de Constanza), Site

FortiJil Creco-lndigine; Stoyanov,

T.

(Bulgaria),

The

Getic Capital

at Sboryanovo

(North-Eastern

Bulgaria);Gergov, G.

(Bulgaria),

Archaeological

Evidence of Dune

Formation on the West

Pontic

Coast

in the

4th-3rd

Centuries

BC; de Boer, J.G., and Stronk,

J.P.

(The

Netherlands),

Ti'o

Greek

"Emporia"

South

oJ

Apollonia

Pontica?; Abramzon,

M.G.

(Russia),

The

'Coronation

Coin'

of the Thracian

King

Rhoemetalces III: Bouzek, J.

(Czech

Rep.), The

First Thracian Urban and

Rural Dn-ellings,

and Stonecutting

Techniques; Archibald,

Z.H.

(UK),

The Odrysian

River Port near Vetren,

Bulgaria, and the

Pistiros Inscription;

Tonkova, M.

(Bulgaria),

Classical

Jewellery

in

Thrace:

Origins and

Development,

Archaeological Contexts;Woudhuizen,

F.C.

(The

Netherlands), I/re

Earliest

Inscription

from

Thrace; Book

Reviews

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their

captives

fbr

ransom,

infbrming

their

relatives

after they

have

put

out

to

sea"

(Strabo

11.2.12.

Cf.Tacitus,

Hist.3.47;Aristotle,

polit.8.

l33gb;

Diod.

)O

)ir

The

Heniochi

and

probably

the

Soanes

(Strabo

11.2.

19) gave

rhe

Greeks

liv-

ing in

the

city

of

Dioscurias

and its

chrtra

a

very

rough

time.

Excavation

of

this

par-t

of colchis

has

yielded

an

exceptionally

high

number

of

weapons

(of

both

Greek and local production),

evidence

of the hostile

relationship

between

the

Greeks

and the Heniochi

(voronov

1915:

l99l).

These

tribes

used

even

to

attack

coastal

cities

(Plin.,

NH

6.

15.

16).

An

important

indication

comes

from

the bronze

inscription

(beginning

of

the

3rd century

BC) from

Eshera

(part

of

the

chora

of

Dioscurias) (Shamba

1980,

5-5; Kaukhchishvili

1985;

vinogra-

dov 1997,

596-601). The

inscription

is

highly

fiagmented,

which

makes

ir

impossible

to form

any

clear idea

of

its

content,

but

the

several

surviving

words

are

sufficient

to

show

that

this is

some

particularly

imporlant

docu-

ment,

such

as a

decree

or historical

chronicle,

concemed

with

some

military

events

(vinogradov

1991,596-601).

It

is

very

difficult

to

gain

a

firm

impres-

sion

of

the

events

described

but, if we

take

M.p.

Inadze's

speculation

(based

on the surviving

words:

"military

fbrce

or

troops"; "poti's"; "Kingdom

or

queen";

and

the

general

historical

situation

in

that

part

of

the Black

Sea)

as

one

possible

theory,

it may

be concluded,

with

our

present

state

of knowledge,

that

"the

Eshera

inscription

is

an oflicial

... agreement

concluded

on

the

one

hand

by

Dioscurias (Eshera)

and on

the other

by

cities

of

the

Southem

Black

Sea

(Herakleia)

and the

Pontic

Kingdom.

The

reason

fbr

the

people

of Eshera

concluding

such

an agreement

would

have

been

to

safeguard

the

city

[Dioscuriasl

against

furrher

raids

by

pirate

tribes

with

the

military

help

of the

above-mentioned

authorities

..."

(Inadze

1988,

158).

In

other

words,

the

Greeks

of Dioscurias

and its

c'hora

(Eshera)

were

obliged

to

seek

military

help

from

outside

colchis

itself

against

the

pirates (Heniochi

and

Soanesj.

Moreover,

in

this

parl

of

Pontus

the

control

of

piracy

is

usually

considered

to

have

been

a

prime

function of

the

Roman

garisons

established

along

the

east-

em

coast

of

the

Black

Sea under

the Principate

(Braund

1994,

Ij

l-l-).

other

parts

of

the Black

Sea

were

unsaf-e

too.

piracy

posed

a

considerable

threat

to

merchants,

but,

as

a means

of

accumulating

wealth,

piracy

and

trade

actually

had

a

considerable

amount

in

common.

The

Taurian

tribes

in

the

Crimea

and

the Thracians

developed

an

organised

system

of wrecking

ships for

plunder

(Diod.

20.

25 Xen.,

Anab.

1.

5.

12).

So widespread

did

this

beiome

that

the Romans

were

obliged

to establish penalties

against

wreckers

(ormerod

1924,

70- l).

Illyrian

pirates

were

another

source

of

trouble

in

the

Black

Sea

(Ormerod

1924,22,

144,149,

178,

187).

Polybius

states

rhat.....

the

Illyrians

had

always

been

in

the habit

of

pillaging,

because,

owing

to the

extent

of

their

sea-board

and

owing

to

the

principal

cities

being

in

the interior,

help

against

their

raids

was

distant

and

slow in

arriving;

so

that they

could

always

overrun

and

pfunder

those countries

unmolested"

(2.5).

The island

of

Leuce at

the

mouth

of the

Danube

was

occupied

by

pirates

(Ormerod

1924,23).

t2

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of

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an

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TI

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tr

A

IT

rt

tl

t

d

is

I1

V

p

ti

b

p

2

v

v

S

t

k

t

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7/8

had

been

seeking

to

satisfy

their

own

needs

through

plunder;

this

the

rulers

had

resisted.

In

the

Hellenistic

period

the

narure

or

piricy

graiually

changed;

it

became

more

concerned

with

supprying

the

Medite'inean

demand

for

slaves,

and

rulers

startecl

making

arrangements

with

the pirates

through

which

the slave trade became one

of

their

sources

of

income.

It

is

also

essential to

remember

that kings

and generals

often

used

piratical

activity

to

help

finance

their

wars.

This

practice

started

in

the

5th

century

BC

and

continued

into

the

Hellenistic

period.

For

example,

philip

II

of Micedon

used

the proceeds

of

piracy

to

finance

the

building

of his

nivy.

Anorher

way

in

whichpiracy

was

e_ncouraged

lay

in

the

custom

of

reprisals

against

on

"nl-y

1de

Souza

iggs).

one principal

motive

for

piracy

had

always

been

to

take

captives

for

sale

into

slavery (Garlan

1987;

1988).

However,

it is

unlikery

that

rhe

numbers

cap-

tured

by

the

local

people

and

tribes

of

pontus

would

have

had

a large

impact

upon

the

slave-trading

system

of

the

Greek

world

in

general.

The

laigest

ien_

tres

of

piracy

were

crete

and

ciricia.

The

number

of

sraves

from

the

Black

Sea

was

small.

Thus

pontus

was

not

a

major

source

of

slaves

in

the

ancient

world

(Finley

1962

Blavatskr

i

I

954;

Braund/Tsetskhlad

ze

19g9;

Cecchladze

1990;

Isaac

1986,145-6;

erc.).

BrsLtocnlpuy

Asheri,D'

19913:

TheAchaeansandtheHeniochi.ReflectionsontheoriginsandHistoryof

a

Greek

Rhetorical

ropos,

in:

Tsetskhradze,

G.R.

(ed.),

The

Greek

corinisation

tl

rhe

Brat.k

s,:t,.A::r:..Hisrot'itur

Interpretatiotl

or Archaeorog;-,

sturrgarr

tii.r,orio

gi"rerschrifren

llt).

lt]-'r-56.

Blavatskii,

v'D.

I954:

Slavery

and

its

Sources

in

the

Ancienr

States

of the

Norrhern

Black

Sea.

Sot'etskaya

Arkheologiya,20.

3

I

_-56

(in

Russian).

Brrund.

D.C.

lq94:

Ct'orgi,t

itt

Antittttir\.,Orlbrd.

Braund,

D.C./G.R.

Tsetskhradze

isxg:

rhe

Exporr

of

Slaves

fiom

corchis,

Cras.ricor

Quarterlr,

39

(

l

),

l

l,l-2-5.

Casson,

L.

1991:

The

Arcient

Mariners,

princeton

(2nd

ed.).

Cecch.ladze (Tsetskhladze),

G.R.

1990:

Zu

den

kolchischen

Sklaven

in

der griechrschen

welt,

Klio,72,

15l-9.

Cook.

R.M.,rP.

Dupont

1998:

East

Greek

potter.t:,

London_New

york.

de

Souza.

P. 1995:

Greek

piracy,

in:

powelr,

A.

(ed.),

The

Greek

worrtr,London,

r7g-gg.

o'nt:l

Y;';.tn62:

The

Black

Sea

and

Danubian

Regions

and

rhe

Slave

Trade

in

Anriquiry,

K11o,

Tr

r.

-,I

-7.

Garlan.

Y. 1987:

war,

piracy

and

Slavery

in

the

Greek

world,

in:

Finrey,

M.r.

(ed.),Ctassicat

S/.rlen.

London.

7-2 l.

Garlan,

Y.G.

1988:

Slat,ery

in

Ant,ient

Greet:e,Ithaca-London.

Garlan,

YG

(ed.)

1999:

Production

et

Commex'e

des Amphores

Anciertnes

en Mer

Noire,

Aix-

en-rrovcncc.

Inadze.

M.P

1988:

Towards

an

Interpretation

of

the

Greek

Inscription

from

Eshera,

in:

Cout:usian-Near

Eastern

Coltet.tioi,

g,

l.1g_5g (in

Russian).

lsaac,

B.

1986

The Greek settrentents

in

Thrat:e

uniit

th,

Mut.edonian Conquest,Leiden.

Kaukhchishvili,

T.s.

1985:

Thg

Grgek

Inscriprion

fiom

the

ciry-sire

of

Eshera,

tn:

Inves_

tigations

oJ

Sourc:e

Marerial.s

-

19g2,

Tbilisi.

2lg_23

(inRusslan).

t4

K,

K

Or

Pr

SI

Ts

Ts

Ts

Ts

Vi

Vc

Vc

Vc

G

Br

U

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