DEPARTMENT OF CO SERVATION 23i

PHYSICAL CHAR CTFRISTIC OF NO l V BED

No IV coal bed is not pcrsi lent in its OCCIlll nee anu its exu t outlines have not be~ detelmined It is heiJlg most acti ely mined in a stri p about four miles wide tending from slightly nOlth and w t of the town of Clinton to Terre H aute On th west edg of thi area it plits in to h 0 benches both of vhicll ar too thin to be worked ~ t pr esent and to the east it ap~alently gets too dirty to Olk It aritmiddots a little less than 4 feet in thiclrne~s a t th norUt end to about 5 t ~ feet at tIle south end In some places it contains a l1lunb of clay veins while in others it is pr actically free f rom th m eTe i ah a usually a thin dir t band about 2 feet from th floolmiddot The roof is a dark gray shale which makes a good p in the rooU1~ but fal ls COllshy

siderably on the entries and the fioor i a h Id sandy hale The cod from thts bed is considered much bett than o V oal a nd a 1ltu e quantity is shipped north to the plants of th nited Sta t s Steel 0 shy

poration Owing to the small area of known coal a numbel of min will have exhausted their holdings- on this bed ithin five years al d most of them will have all of No IV coal worked out within the ne t ten years provided that new aleas a re not developed by drilling The e facts made it mOle than IveI inexcuable fOl any of the co li La lIe umHce~sarily left und rground

CHARACTERISTICS Ole 0 V COAL BED

r o V bed i thi cker than No IV around Clinton but thinner It Terre Haute Its roof is very characteristic and COil is ts of a havd gray shale or hardpan in which are embedded a larg mm1ber of ha d boulders These boulder ar e sometimes 3 01 4 f et long and 18 in h 5

in diameter Elnd proj ct down from the roof from a few inch to 4 inches They somelim s fall but usua ll rema in hangmg in the roOlI s They are embedded in the hardpan which is t h imm diate roof lIe

this hard r stratum may be only a few inches thick or may be 2 or 3 feet thick Where the hardpan is thin the weight of the bouide s sometimes pulls it down pogting the shale formation which lies imm 1shyiately above the hardpan W1lenever thi happens the shale above is very hard to hold and co nsequently whether t he roof is good or n t depends upon whether t he llardpan containing the boulder s i thick)l thin As a lul tlle roof can be considered ood The floor of No V bed con ists of fireclay for a few inch s up to 2 or 3 feet then a harder stratum of clay or shale TO V bed does not contail Ia veins but contains lenses of sulphur irregularly dist ributed thTough the eo II

METHOD OF MINING

All of the coal beds are mined b the same system-namely rooJnshyand-pillar N early a ll of the mines start ut with stra ight r oom-a lt1 shypillar method but as soon s BU cient development 1S att a in d me st of them adopt panels Entries are all d en nan w-that is fr m 8 to 10 feet wide averaging nearer 10 f eet They are driven on a pshyproximately 30-ft centers and are projected by bauieT pillars 40 to

336 YEAle B K

toO feet wide l~ooms 111C n arl all ri d n 11 13 to j-fL llll tL t a ud lre supposed to be 21 t o 2 1 f ct wid bu~ will n cIage from 2 to 2( feet wide I ving pi ll ar t hat will a ntp not (Iver 10 fee t Roomshynecks a re driv l a bout LO fee t wide f r 12 f(~t and are thell idened at 45 degr r osscuts arc dliven eyer 4) f eet whi ch the wliter understands to be required by th I ndiana law

This distance part of t he crosscuts is absolutely u llnece~ middot ry cj ther in gaseous or non-gaseous mines It 10 not a r k a n pmmiddotticulur hardship where the pillars are not being drawn as IS the ca~e a t J re ent in Indiana but if the pillars were mined as the~ should be ~o m a ny crosscuts would be a hardsh ip F or satisfactol pillar el l wing wider pillars must be left in the dvance york and the crosscuts t h rough t he pillars should not be wide Till would m eal1 that the 01 en ltor would have to pay yanla e for crosscut eve Ly 45 feet and hi s ex penses would be increlllied t o t he a mount of th e yllrda ge paid

Whil e it can generally be s tated that no pillars are drawn the re are a few mines which g et what the can or the 1 00lll pill a r s When the Iooms m e driven up the pillars are extr c tecl until th e roof tartgt to fall 01 until the miners are driven out hy queezp

LOSSES OF COAL

The lo ss of (oal a rises pri ncip II tmiddotom th faet that the entry pilla]s are lost and nea rly a ll th room pill a rs T here a re al so I eJtaill areas where the roof if n~ly t ender in both beds a ncl Ilw ny lOOIIl ~ ajf~

lost before they are driven throug h the full distanc Some )f the mines use undercutting mach ines an d leave a lit tle coal in the lottom but because t he machi ne mines do not lepre~e nt half the tonnage and only a few of them leave the bottom coa l t he pcrcenta e lost IS leiS than 05 per cent

The alllount of coal 10 t in the pillars hgule 15 of th e a erage and if to thi s be a dded 3 ~ for loss in handling a nd prepara tio nd 1 Ic fol reservations it wou ld lea e a net bull middotttmiddotaction of 61 A and where some of the pillars a1 dr awn thi s would be incr Ilgtcd ploportio la t y However there a rQ a nu mber of places as befo re sta led whel e conshysiderable area s of coal 3 1 lost by bad LOOf The Wabnh Rive) flow t1n-ough the fi eld and under the r iver bottoms t here i sometime seepshyage In fact No V coa l 11 cu t out by the rive) bed in mo t llaces No IV bed which lies 100 01 12i f eet lower is being mined under the river in the usual mannel w ith the xccptiol that s lightly larger pillars eLl e left and non III them 3 1 e rnbbed A Iso a stated before No IV bEd get s dirty towa1O til eat Hnd a t he wO lh ing~ go in that di rection they frequ en tly en owIter ba J roof lem illg a r ca s of unmined coal whi ch may 01 mel not b of suffic ient ize to W UIa nt mining in th e futur In othel words there is cOll ~iderable coal f t on account of bad roof conditions on the east edge of N o 1 COt I anr where No V coal approa he_ th e Tiver bottom If it is ill larg e a r ea it can be recovered in the f uture jf not it 10 I s t It is lIafe to sa y that at lea st 3 ~ of the t otal cost is hvt in these a rea beyond the posibility of recovery

- - - - --

DEPARTlIIE NT OF CO Jo~ TID) ~1 37

Thcn arc v ly few accura te ligu res available 011 lIe act ual 1Il shy

lllltage of extraction allrl v e lll l Jlh ninJ leI meuu rpment were rr ane of the maps of one coal com pan y which in addition to ome other ( ata finally secured thrO some li g ht on the actmJ Ierovpry These fi Jlle are given in Table F

TABLE F--PI~RC lNTAGl OF EXTItACllON IN THE CII

)line I Bcd __N_T(_ __

~ on HI I I

1 une grollp

11 one ~roup

~

If IV IV V V V V y V V III

Period fo r Tonnlte Tons Ie Thicltn EI11 ctiou I or bcd rd per ceut -J-----f------ - shy

1 1 11- 1231 21 27a 5 6 71 315 51I 1830 4~UUp to 3tll 22 fili -I 50 all 1 130 tore to fMi -I=)8~ 13- 12 3119

2 )26 0amp51( 10- 121l21 507 4H S5 5 tl 502 113Up to 123119 2 102 4~~ 37

3 181 tons to 3( 11- 1231 Il drrc ( t II 4~- 40 4111 ol8 I 4H 4670ltOP 1918-5 192 1

I 110Up 10 1 27Ill 2R7 41 46 a HI t136 ~ 4 ~J 61 120-127 21

Up to 12 31 11 1f1~ J4 26 1 4 ~ H Up to 12jll 1Q 1-1711 711 5Ha 5J 25

I] Maps TJianimelcred by C J bull Allen -lti il(ll rcroery exclutJ i lll I~o at prMcnt ldt uue lo a faulty lfe3 a nd 8~~ 1 [ t due to bad top and water

(()uditiOlJIL L--Aho Ut ~ ~en (~onsiderlmiddotd I t Hot fllf from Ilhlit ill 1lT(a9~ but mao ue TQ(joYCTC(lla tcr it eo would

hring eUtllrticm up to 4-llt ~o 1 hNt figurt-l at I 70a t onJ4 1o 1ife-- foo t7 11Tld ~r o Y bed 3t 1770 tatm

Other information secured was us followgt Tht chief engineer for one lol11pany ~tlt1ted that its mine t would Hv(raglt 6) lt extraction b sed on planimetel measuJ(ments ancl tonnages He used a thickness IIi 4 feet 7 inches for both No IV and V beds which wns considered t ) be omewhat less thun the actual thickness thplthy takinp carc of t he impUlities in the scmlL

The chief engineer for other interets stated that in hi s judgn ent based on calculations made some time ag-o their extraction from )oth No IV and V bed i about no I 1lOm the Min hall bed about 53 and f rom No III bed 43 per cent

A firm of minlng engineer who have the engineering work fOl about 50 mines gave one in -tance where a 2OOO-ton m ine workiI g 4 feet 8 inches of No IV coal actually showed a production of 3000 tons to the acre which would he an extrUlt lion of 47 ~ ft This mine had not lo~t many la rge areas when the calculations were made but later lost about 25 aeres in one place One of tho e mines ha d been getting a Jout 6)( from No IV bed but they wele then uettin into a little bad top They had had good top under the Waba h river

Another fi Im informed me that Olle large mine in No IV be I in this field showed a recovery of only 45 from a ctual meauren1lnts The above information taken in conjunction with the oreg-oing t lble how~ some VCIy inteleting condi tions a nd would prove thorou ~hly

what well-informed mining men know-th at is st that th e 10 of coal in the past hn been tremendous a nd secondly that irreg ular working- time means the loss oi a grea t neal of (loa It woulll be noticed that No IV bed shows a genel-ully hilther extra tion than No V whereas from physical conditions No V should how up equall a s well or better than No IV The reason for this is that ~ o V co II is

~2-1I4502

-jaB YEAR BOOK

l111ch less desirable on the Illlt rkct and when buin s i poor the No V mines will be idle while the No IV min(s m e workin~

As to the actual figure to be a rlf)pted i n the report it a I be readil seen that they wiil val with N1 Ch p r iod (If operati n nd by adopting the figures of 59 in No IV bed and 54 in No bed I have assumed neither the won t nor the bes t conriitions and have also assumed that 2 01 3 a dditional tonnage will be recovered from baTicr pillars after the advan e work is completed

LOSS I OVERLYIXl BEDii

Owing to the fact that the halc ovcllying both beds will not 5 u nd over wide areas squeezes are not common in t hi s field althouC h a few have been noter in both beds No V b d is from 100 to 125 eet above No IV and in som e mines has been wOIked prior to No IV At other min(s No IV is now being worked and No is u n tou( hedT

and at still othel mines both bed~ are being worked At one mine j mt west of Tene Haute No IV bed wa worked and a numbcl of loom pillars pulled while No V beel was being worked through an th r min e direetly overhead The entries in No V bed wt re liriven dirt ct l ovcr the entries in No IV and when the pillan we I pulled in No I bull the rooms ovegtrlying in No V ellopped in a body without a ely se1 ious caving of the roof but the entries in TO V bed ca vecl c r badly Ai a result of this experience they have let the No IV wOlkin gs get ahead and are (hiving entries in No V over the emb of the rooms in No IV and have experienced no particulal (rouble exc pt a littl e b ro]ltcn g n unci wher( they have to c1riv through ti le eoal lying OY(1 the entlie l of Xo IV beel While therc has undoubtedly been some oal lo st in No V bed it is the writers op in ion that the amount being lost at t he present timp is not gTeat

AVOIDAELB 10SSES

Only a smull part of the stilface has palticulal aluL~ fol farll ing and there is nothing in th e physica l condi til)n~ in the coa l hed to prevent high recovery The only obstacle to drawing pilla rs i- the OCCUlTencc of water-heari ng strata overlying the coal The river botshytoms are apploxill1atel~ a mile wiele ami there is a g reat tienl of a nd and gravel in this area Apparently al~o there ae some ~ ~lI1d nd Qmvel de]Josits away from the river plobabl r caused by g la iHI HC iOIl Undoubtedly these conditions will prevent plll aj drawing over -) It of the ar(a but over how much then) are not sufficient data to han I to decide A 90 extraction (ould be obtained where wa t does not i tershyfere and where water would be a menace 60 can be n~eov ed If one third of No IV b~d must have pillars left in it the average extraction would be 80 a nd if one fifth of TO V bed would hav to be eft the ayelage extraction would be 84 and the figure of avoidable 10 Ee shown give a 79 extraction for No IV beel and 81 ]JC1 cent fOl No V There were no geologie maps a ilable but th best informa tion indicated that No V bed does not tend under the river hottom1 tf) any gTeat extent tnd conseltluently mOle of it c()uld hI lecnvelld

D EPARTltlIgtNT OF CONSIgtKVA TION 33J

SUilIARY O COAL LOSSES IN CLINTON-BRAZIL DISTRICT

Pll~entalrc of total market lble coal lost in I1rro worket

Total Avoidl1bl San for 106Jl 10811 loss

Goal left 3S roof and bottom coal Pmction of 1 Coni lost in room anijlY and panel pillars ~1 26 CoM lost in oil or ga8-w(l1 pillllrs None Cal lust under buildi Jl (f railroadbull and boundaries Coal l o~t in ha ndlin l lnd [l lepRraticn undclKT)und and

sur rocc C(lnl I ()~t due to rolls thin 01 ditty areas and streams

rrotal loss per cent bullbull bullbullbull 26

C )AL LOSSES IN THE ULLIVAN-LINTON FIELD INDIANA

1 n trodul--tio n

This field consists of Sullivan and Glcene Countli Accordin l~ to the report of the State Industrial Board for the year ended Septenlbel 0 1)21 t here were 44 mines in Sullivan County wi th a total proucshytion of 3172- 53 tons and 25 mines in Greene County with a produc tion of 1873299 tons In studying this field the writer made thr e trips under round and secured data on 20 mines having a total produc tion of approximately 3000000 tons

There are foul beds of coal being worked in this district as follcws

COAL FIELDS IS THE SULLlVA N-LINlOl FIELD

Bcd 0 IhiokD8Iil Feet Mine Production 1 008 r~- 4 80000II H~ tv (j 181 3 1~ to 6H 2777000

4 to 81-3 Il 875000 n to 6 16 680000

There are al so 17 mines given in the report referred to above wlich are unclassified as t o bed

As will be noted beds n umber IV V and VI are the impol ant producers and frOJll information gathered at this time it appears hat Ro me of the mines in No VI bed have ceased ope rutions since 1921 so that N o I and No V are by far the most impOltan t p roducer at p re ent No is al 0 known as the Glendora in place wh ere it has different ph sica) chaTactelit ics as will be more full explained I iter in this report

CHARACTERISTICS OF NO IV BED

1 o IV bed is fro 3 to 6 fee t in thickness a nd will probl bly a erage 5 feet 3 inches It has a coer of from 211 to 311 feet in StdshyJivan County a veraging about 285 -feet while in Greene County the cover is from 36 to 160 feet averaging 100 feet making the gem 1al average approximately 200 feet There is a fairly persIstent dirt tam occurring just below the middle of the bcd whi ch is very thin to 4 inches or more Th roof consists of shale 01 sancl-shal bull with sc meshy

340 Y EAn BOOK

times th in layers of sandstone and shal e interbedded It breaks ~ holt

and requi r es a great many timbers and j not so good as the rof of No IV farther north in t c CHnton field It has a fileelay lottolll which usually however contains some s~lmJ mukwg a hard floor

SECTIO Of MINE MAP sul livan Co Indiana

Showmt co lost account of orretui(gtrSPOC 118 end directIOn of room

~ Coel t nat will be extrected Coal Lost In part orn whole

CHARACTERISTICS OF NO V AND GLENDORA BEDS

As before stated No V bed has different ph sical characte is tics in differ ent parts of the fi eld Over a large part it is the same as in the Clinton field to t he north and the Knox County field to the south -that is it has the hardpan loof contain ing boulders immediately over the coal and has a clay fto r The area of the Glendora ii supshy

ilEP TMElNT Of ON ERVATlON

poilted to be where the No V bed us laid down in an irregular yshy~haped swamp and it is about 30 feet below the level of the reguJ l

No V bed lmt the oul is usuall continuous from No dipping arou nd the sides of H1 so-called swamp down to the Gl ndo ra coal The Gl( nshydora (QuI is brighter in rolor frequently thicker amI h ii none of t he

SECTION Of MINE MAP Sullivan Co Ind iana

Sno~ co1 logtt account of trreular ~In$ and d -ectlOn of r ooms

~CoOl thetwili be extrected In part orin whole

r iI JJ

Coel lost- Virain Coal

roof cha racteristicgt of No V as it i8 found away from this swaJllp Where examined the loof of t he Glendora bed consisted of a shale I nd Jequircs considerable timbering The fiool is of cia The impuri ies in o and G1 e11 d n~ beel consist (If irregula rly-rli t ributed sulph ur lenses

342 Y EAR BOOK

CHARACTERISTICS OF NO VI BED

Where studied No VI bed a (Uaged 5 f eet of coal with two -inch dirt ba nds about 6 inches apar t near th center of the bed and another I-inch dirt band 4 inches abo e the floor It also cmtaills a great many clay veins or so-called horseba k The loof is -1 groy shale or slate which holds up well in most plac s but occasiollally i t becomes very tender The floor is a hard clay

METHOD OF MI~ ING

The method of mining is uniform regardless of the bed being worked and consists of room-an d-pillar mining with n o Sy S1 ematic pillar-t1rawing Sometimes panels are u sed am som t imes s lnight room-anel-pillm One mine visited in No IV bed used hiple-cross entri s liliven on 24-foot centels two of the entries being 12 feet wi( e and one- the haula geway- being 9 feet wiele The proleL entries ele 12 feet wide on 24-foot centers the Closscuts 10 feet wiele every 45 feet There were 21 rooms on each panel entry each being 2gt feet wi( e and till room-pillars were 11 feet wide Room cr(ls~cn t were g feet wide anel the room-necks wrre 10 f eet wide by 12 f et long The mine visi ted in No VI bed employed straight room-and-pillar method~ with ent ies 12 feet wide on 80-foot cent ers The room were 2 feet wide on l3-foot centers a nd 200 feet long Room-necks wer 10 feet wille for 12 feet then widened and th egt room CTOSScu ts were 8 feet wide

The only attempts made at recovery of pillar a re when the room are completed and th roof st ill st nding the inside ends of the pillar are worked back until falls of roof 01 Q squeeze cause t he worllt to be abandoned In some mines this undoubtedly inc le~lses the perce netage uf extraction somewhat but over the entire field t he coal from pillar will amount to but very lit tle of the total

LOSSES OF COAL

The principal loss is in the pillars and lllele is a ver y slignt los~ in some mines where the bottom coal lef t under the cuttin g nl chines is not taken up There is also some loss due to the thin lucas I round the basin where No V bed pitches down a nd becomes the GlendoH bed Some faultin g h known to have occurred but no evidence was s ~cured to indicat tlla t the 10 s of coal from thi s ourc was prj ciabh

In f urther reference to the thin area it W QS noted in Oil( mine neat Duggel that on the we~t ide thele is a ancl-rock roll which comes down flom the roof and cuts t he bed do w to ai 3 feet in t hickshyn ess Th is is one kind of a t hin a rea hut it ap parently wa large ( nough and sufficiently close to the surface so tha t it could be mined n tIlt future This mine also has a consider able area of coal under about 30 feet of cover where the roof i t oo tendel f or it to be wor ked but this coal can probltbl be worked by team-shovel in the fuh1l and should no t be considered as lost In the mines of a company near rasonshyville t hey have what is called jack which come into the r middotg-ular coal bed on the bottom nnd gets as thiek as 3 feet leavi ng 30 inc l e 0

DlJp R1MSNT OF CONSFR~ TTON

coal on top of it This j (1 is sairl to be cannel coal and as ther h l large area thereof it COll lel he miJ11d in the future althou gh it is middotf t at PI sent

ACTUAL EXTRACTIO N

The largest operating company in the district has for several yeLls carefully calculated the extractioll in a ll of its mines i n No IV b ll

In s tudying the method of ca lculatin r ex traction i us found that 1he su perintendent uses the same method as the writer for this investigati lJl exccpt that he uses only 1613 tons to the acre-foot whereas the wri er has beeen using 1700 tons for No IV beel of Indiana which would be a clifference of over 5 per cent However there is a considerable thikshyness of dht in No IV bed which would neady make up tllis difference so the companys figures can be consider ed as only 1 or 2 per cent 00

high They are as follows

COAL EXTRACTED AT FOUR ~INF3 OF ALARm OPERATOH

-Coal PeriodEIllll rtion When Cover

No Op13 11c11 Feet Per CentFeet -

tL5 421fl-31l20 ~ 10 lOCH 13 200 St A 311 20-4620

6t 2 41021 1 22J 567 4720- n92llG~8 Oct 11118 214 60 ~ 5 2 1 1 221

81 19-3~12 1middotJ449 ) 1I IIi Aug bull 1919 1U 21-11 2219 42f20-51621 67igt27 1912 lJ64 fi 5 1GZ l 1 (22 ~O SI

Opeuinc-up period

This company sta tes that its r eservations will be I ss thl n 1 )IeI cent and tha t it m ine= out the cual nder the rail ro cis leaving only the usual pilla r s to hold up the surface

At another min of the first company mentioned in No IV bed he writer planimeter d the workings and found 102 acres t have bl en worked over since the date of opening in 191) Th bed i 5 f~et

thiek from wh ich should be subhucted 2 inches for the regular dirt hands leaving 5 feet 4 inches of coal 507898 tons wcre produced f1 Jm thi s arca making an extraction of 52 per cent H owevcr on account of the size of the mine about 4 acres should be taken out for the sh 1ft bottom and 3 small areas near the shuft that may later be recoven~d which gives an extra ction of 54 pel cent not considering the c ay veins They would probably cau se an increase of the apparent extllCshytion to 57 per cent of tile net cleml coal

A large producer in N o IV bed near JasonviIle has 5 feet of el( an coal plus 1 to 2 inches of dirt bane From planimeteri ng the ma11 I found 11481 acres to have been w ked out of which nearlv 5 ac es is in the shaft bottom making 110 acres net area worked which males 11l tOllS milled per acre or an extraction of 60 per cenL

Taking these figures into co icleration al so the po sibili ty of a slightly higher recove y in the GIendoTa bed and a lower recovelY in

344 Y ER BOOK

the small min the writel believe that th bull middottractlOn wi ll be a bout )7 per cent--that is a Jo~s of J ~ pt- ((n l ~uhtl i inet IS hown 11 the attached table_

A OIDABLL L OiFS

Most of the surface overlying the conI is r ili ng and uld b damshyaged very little in value if all of the coa l 10 aCtractcltl rhere may be some water in th overlying lra ta hu t no evidel ce was ound to indicate that it would have t be cons idered a a ouJ(c of hind ran gt

to pulling pillars In t he writ r g opinion un extract ion of nt lea_-t 87 per cent should be made from this fi pld wh irh melln that the p l e~ent

avoidable loss is gO 1)e1 cent

1OS8pound IN QVERI n N G B8U

A very small quantity of roal is co n$ from bed benea h OthCl

unwolked beds and even where such is 01 a e lh onl 10 middotmeler present methods would be around t he oog-c of an llrea a ffected by a squeeze and while there is po slbly a very slight 1o due t the conshyditions it can ploba bl be neglected

SOll llJRY OF COAL LOSSES IN nLll -LINTON FlFLI

lltrcening C loUd nnrk _tab h ~oJll tort in III bull w orl Imiddotd

Tota l v ii tlrtb c

Rmson fo loss 10 11S

Cnl left middot roof and bottom coa l bull _ _ 0 1

Coal lost in room enlIT a nd Dunel p illn middot all Coal lost in oil lr g-as-w ll p illars No m Cont IOIR under bllildin~I r ail roads a na lI otll1cl ~ dcs 03

Coal lo~t in handlinq and prepa ration II n tlJ1 l ilrOUnt nnd SUl-tace ~ bull bull bullbull bull bullbull bull ~ ~

Coal lost due t o rolls t hin ur d t1y ~ rea) find Ft leame 11

Total loos per cent _ bull _ 0 oal lost annually clue to t1eEt ruction b)- mini n in

Inwc( bed~ Slight loslt

COAL LOSSES IN THE K NOX COUNTY FIELD INDIA NA

In loductiO1t

This field includes Knox and D vi s c untie Accor ding [gt the report of the State Indu st r ial Boarel fo r tlle ear tmded Sc tembl I 1 f) 1921 Knox County produced 3264090 ton and nItVle~ C unty 27()U tons According to this f e a rt Knox COln t~ h ad 10 mine in No V bed thre in No VI bed an d one in N o IV bed whi le llavie~s County had one mine in No IV bed tluee in TO V bed and thlee unclasl ified Approximately 90 per cent of the producti n omes from N V bed and for that reason it was the onl one considered in makinf t he investigation Th bed Tuns flom fill to 71~ feet in thfckn 55 avershyaging 6 feet 8 inches It has a cover r anging fJom 43 to 420 fee t

DEPARTMENT (W C O Im ATlU~

averag ing 70 feet in 1)UVl6 OUIlty and 250 feet in Knox COUI ty or a gen raJ average of 160 feet In investigating thi~ field two un( ershyground b middotillS vere mnde und infonm ltion w as secu red 011 four mine~ producing nearly 20000 0 ton of coa l

CHARACTER[STICS UF NO V BEIJ

No I bed in thii field ha ~ thl typical roof cOll s iting of a s t rat um of a -caller hUl ri nil imm diatel over the coal and in which a r c Imshybedded lar C bouillers Ot niggel-heuds The fi oor i~ a hard clay ith sometimes m impure 01 dirty coal to 14 inches thi ck lying immedia ely above i t- t hllt i b tweltn t he cl ay and the marketa ble coal At Jne m ine vi si ted th 1e is no lcgulaT band of inlpulitie but at the other there is a bund of did about on f oot f1 111 the top of the bed ] hi band woulLl )anglt h om 4 to 12 inches in thickness and when it reaches its grcatet thicknes consi t of interbedded thin layers of coal and di rt

In gtome place t h boul rtetl ill the roof ure a bsent g iving a sm(oth 100f which is not as strong us where the boulders are present III ~enerul it llIay b aid tha t the rOQ f is very good and owing to the good tl i knps of the bed m a ke conrii t ions excellent for large tonna ei

an d the lar~et fJloducerlt in the S tate a ] in t his fieIr

Jl1ETlTOD OF MINI G

The room-and- pilla) panel sy3te of mining is employed with 18 to 1O rooms un a pand cutiy At O1e mine where the covel is 300 feet the rooms a rc 13 feet wide 0 11 53-foot centcl~ and 2-iO feet l(ng T he room Clos cut arC 18 feet wid and the necks arc 14 feet ide for 12 f eel tllen w iclen (ld The baldel-pillal~ average about 80 eet wide and t he fire-pillal Jrmiddotf bet ~een the end of the rooms is 20 ec t

wide TIlC ent ries UI( 12 feet wide OJ1 ))-foot center with entr) cr )S~shy

cuts 12 feet wide In nnothel mine with a covcr of 420 feet the 10 )U1S

are 0 fpe t wide 011 5J-foot centers and a re 230 fect long The c1 )SSshy

evts Hr ] 8 feet W1UC un(l the re arc I8 room~ tu each panel entry rhe ballier-pilhl1s Q 75 f et wide and there is a 20-1oot fire-pillal oeshytwecn the end of L1e rooms The ent ries are 12 feet wide un 40- oot cellters wi th 12-foot ent ry crose ~

LOSSE OF COAL

No a ctul1 dllta Were secu r ed on t he losses of coal in this field but it igti beli eved that on account of the generally good roof and hard floOl the extraction will lJe higher t ha n it is in the other Indiana field to the north There i 11 co miiderabIe loss in the gob in the rooms but this is prHcticalIy th A only losgt of I n importance with the c ceptio I of thut lost i11 the Ji1I11r 0 11 e o f t he room-pillars U( e t raded but II uull ) it is nnl~ a small purt of t hem as no ~ystematic ]JiI1nr dnn jngshyis p racticed Some co I j left in th e flnolmiddot where the unuelcut ing machines do not gd do w1 Ullto t he cla As befol( stltlted thele is orne dirty coal in the fl oor and here this is present the cutting is usually

Y EAR BOOK

done in it The loss in marketa ble bottom coal will probably not be over 1 per cen t

Based OJ1 the actual dimensions of the working place ancl as mming that all the room-pillars will be r ecovered 40 fe t back fr om th~ ends the loss in each panel at the mine first mentioned will be 32 pO cen t The loss in the main entry-pillar will b 3 per cen t of the total a nd if we allow 1 pel ecnt 10 t in bottom coal and 4 pel cent for handling and prepar ation the total loss is 40 per cent However in the riters judgment some of the barrier n el entry-pillars will be lecoven c1 and as they amount to approximat ly 1 1 pel cent of the total it is la i e to say that 6 PCl cent additional coal will be lccoyeled from them m ak ingshythe net loss 34 per cent Calculations on the same basiti for the second mine mentioned give a loss of 40 per eent so that the average llss foJ the field has been taken as 37 per cent as these two m ines a ll large producers (the first one having p roduced 5379840 tons of coal to date) and are saiel to lepleSen t the average for the fi eld

A VOIDABLE LOSSES

There iflt considerable good fanning land in tl1is dishict tut the country is r olling so pulling pillars could not do it any damage Some solid coal would have to be left under farmhou~es but in the Titers judgment 90 per cent of th coal could be taken out making the lresent avoidable loss 27 per cent

SUMMARY OF LOSS~S I] KNOX COUNTY

lcnengtlge ot ~otal marketable coal lOdt in area wo oked

T ota l A voids nle R eason for loss 10s8 10

Coal [eft ns Oof and bottom coal bull bull bull bull bull bull 1 Coal lost in roum en try and panel pil Is bull ~ bullbullbullbull bull bull 32 27 Coul lost in oil 01 WlS-well pillals one Coal iost undel buildin~~~ lU lroads n n d boundurics lmiddotmctic n of 1 Cnal IOli t in haJldling and prcparation un derground and

sUl face

Cual 1m due to Iolls thin 01 dirty ar S and stremiddotams FnlctiolJ of 1

Total loss p e r cent bullbullbullbull bull 37 27

COAL LOSSES IN SOUTHERN INDIANA INCLUDING THE PRINCETON-AYRESHIRE BOONVILLE AND EVANS

VILLE-NEWBURG FIELD S

Intoduction

Th se fields have been considered in one lepo11 101 the eaSOn that the tonnage i~ somewha t Il1Hll and practically all of the mines arc working the same heel T he se reI I fi -Ids include Gibson Pike Warrick Vanderburg and Spencer counties whose production accordshying to the Indiana Industr ia l Bo rd i bullhown in Table 8

JI lodllcti(m

This field includes Knox and Da c s c()unt i s Accor ding 0 the Ieport of the State Ind str ial Boa rd f Ol the year ended Sep 11 el lO 1)21 Knox County ploduced 325J Ono t ns nnd ])nviess ounty 2 )7624 tons According to this report Kno x County had 10 min~ in Q

bed three in No VI bed an d on in N o ] V bet while Daviess oun ty had one mine in No IV bed thlee in 1 o V bed ami three uncillf sifted Approcimat ly 90 per cent of t he plocl uc 11 omes rom No berl and for that reason it was the only one considered In nmking the investigation This bed r uns from 5 to 7 ~~ feet ill thickness avershyaging 6 feet 8 inches It h l a cover ranging 1lom 4~ to 42i feet

D EPARTMENT OF C ONSERVATION

TABLE 8-COAL PRODUCT[O~ OF SOUTHERN INDIAbull bull t IN 1921

1_ T~m MinesCaunty Bed

fiGibson 1 9

mI~6ii ~ Pike 1

U ndasai6ed bull m~ ~C

4 14WorriJlk ~O I~ bull bull bull bullbull 3 ~~~e~rg~ N~~ ~ 2

42Total

I 62ft-40

1011691

9152lI 1

~60 3b l 10501

2 823 84l

CHARACTERISTICS OF NO V BED

No V bed is from 51h to 6 1h feet in Gibson County averaging 5 feet 11 inches and has a cover of 125 to 440 feet averaging 280 fet III Pike County t he coal is f r om 4 feet 8 inches to 8 fee t thick a I r shyaging 6 feet and has a cover of a f ew feet up to 110 feet averagi 19 50 feet In War rick County the thickness is from 4 to 13 feet avelugi 19 4 feet and the cover is from a few f eet to 196 feet averaging 90 feet In Vander burg Cou ty the coal is 4 feet thick with a co er averaging 260 fe t

T he roof in some of the mines is the typical No V roof containi 19 large bou dere and making a good roof for mining operations in aU cr places it is a smooth gray shale roof requiring many timbers and in still other mines the roof is a sandy shale or sandstone but ncvcrthellss weak The floor is fireclay with occasionally some dirly coal or 0 shy

called rash between the fu e day ami the marketable coal No reguar baIlds of impurities were noted but th r e are lenses f sulphur cattel ed irregularly t hrough the c al

METHODS OF MINING

Doth tIaight room-and-pillar an d panel methods of lU llling are used with probably the former predominating In studying this isshytrict four p roperties were vi lted-namely t wo along the western ile where the coal is under deeper cove r and two along the eastern e( ge of the field where the cov 1 is shallow One trip underground was nIa Ie One compa ny has a cover of from 30 to 130 feet and is mining to 7 feet of coal They use straight room-and-pillar method with ~oshyf oot rooms 200 feet long I uving p illars about 9 feet wide and no attempt is made to pull any pillars The mines a re near the line )eshytween Gibson and P ike Counties The roof stands well in the entries but requir es lots of timber ing in the rooms

A company in Warrick County west of Boonville is mining 3 f eet 10 inches to G feet 6 inches of coal under 130 feet of cover They have the typical No V roof and a trip underground was made a t thi tWoe The rooms averag 2 feet in width with a H)-foot r oom-pillar ]he straight room-Bnd-pillar method is used with room 200 to 300 feet 10rIg The crosscuts are 12 feet wide and the room-necks are 12 teet wide for 12 feet and are then widened out

348 YEAR BOOK

A company in Vtmderburg Coun y has a 4-foot b under- 25 feet of covel and i using the panel BY tern of mining with 20 100m- to a panel entry the panels being 700 to 1000 fet t in ide of entries The rooms are 24 feet wide on 40-fo t centers allCl 3511 fee long The roomshynecks a re 8 fe t wide for 12 fret while the elltrle are 7 feel wid

SECTION OF MINE MAP Werrtck Co Indlelna

5hoWIIIS p lo(s nO t troe-ted

~Coal ftltwlll be extracted Cool Lost In port or In wholll

DEPARTMENT OF CO-SERV- TION

on 57-foot centers T he panel barriel pillaIs are 60 feet wide lhe roof is said to be very tend

A company in Gibsoll County where they al~ mining- feet of Cllal

under 400 feet of cover uses the straight room-an ti -pillar m UlOd a nd the rooms are 25 to 30 feet wide on 43-f oot centers Room-neck~ i re 10 feet wide for 12 feet The roof is said to be very weak an (shyquil es a gleat deal of timbering

LOSSES OF COAL

This is of (oUlse a gleat 10 s of coal in the pillar ~ whieh are Idt There is ao eonsidenlble loss caused by the coal stilking to the imshypurities which is thrown back into the gob No evidenc( was found of any appreciable amount of coal bein) left on account of thin or el i middotty areas although two of the compani had abandoned certain portions of thei propcImiddotty where the coal hid become low but from the condishytions this coal cannot be consideTed as lost at thi time Where he covcr is small considerable coal is being left but thi can be reeoe ed with stearn-shovels in the future

ACT U L EXTRACTIOgt

None of the companies opemting the mines vi ~ it d had any figu es available on the percentage of pxtrHction but thre m a ps were secu ed which have been planimetered and the 1 a checked a gainst the tommgc hoi~ted One company with a tender roof and 400 fe t of COVC I has worked out H)6 acres since 1 11 when the mine was ope ned The C Jal i ~ 5 feet thick and there should be 8850 tons to the a erp but oIly )~l4939 tom have beell hoisted from this illca which works out a t 4 70 tons to the acre 01 an extraction of 54 pel cent onsidelable C )pound11

was left alolIg the boundaries of the property amounting- to nearly 1 per cent ltwel about i pel cent has been left under the IniiIoari gi lce the railroad company plohihitCd them from minillg In y morl coal un lei lw rig-ht of way

At the mine of another company with a gtood roof a nd 110 feet of cover the area worked out from October 23 1918 to eptumbgtr fl 1( 20 wus planimeteJcd showing 21 acres from which 15223) tons of coal las produced The bed is 5]12 feet thick which indicates an extraction of 74 pel cent Thi s may be considered a the absolute maxiIlIum reshycovery because it does not inelude any losses e middotcppt n the pillan lnd in the gob Some areas were noted on the map where considerable lOal was left between the ends of apPloaching rooms a nd some coal is _ o~t

in the main entry pillar but none of this is ineluded in the ab lVe middotalculation It is probable that the ex traction at thi s mine will hwshyeveI be better than (5 pel cent taking all 10es into cOIl icielatioll

At the minc of a company in Vanderburg County l 0 oflicial stated that the extraction is 55 pel cent and while they have not planimeteled their map they have made very carefu1 estimates

The mine of a company at Oakland City 01 ened in 191 produced 2032000 tons up to the date of their lnst map in 1922 The coal a er shyages G112 feet and by planimeterin g it w as found that t h e a rea worl(ed out wa 342 acres which indicates an extraction of (lO7 per cent

350 YE4R BOOK

Taking these figures as a guide and also considering gene1 1 inshyformation secured regardillg other mines from those familia r wit h tlw district the TTiter has estimated tlle extralttion to be 0 per cent whi ch means a loss of 40 per cent which has been subdivirted as shown tID the accompanying t able

AVOIDABLE LOSSES

There is considerable good faTm ing coun try il l th ese dis trict but a very small area is level most of it being rolling None of the ope ators expressed any fear of la wsuits resulting from sur fnce subsidenc but undoubtedly if the pillars were being e middottracted SOllle conflicts ould Ulise with the surface owners especially close to the city of E vallsville in Vanderburg County On the other hand this coal beiTlg only about 4 feet thick and ther e being an excellent local mll rket for lmnp conI could probably be worked advantageousl by longwall methods T nklllg this fact into consideration together wi th the small tonn age clming from under available and level surface it is believed that n tot ll exshytraction of 85 per cent for the field shoul d be secured which vould mean a present a voidable 10 S of 25 pel cent

SUMiIlARY OF COAL LOSSlS IN HOllTHER IN[tl AlA

Peretn tzge of to ta l marl ctnult~ coal los t in a rea VorllJu

TotnJ AvoidLI~

R eason for loss 105lt

onl cft a s roar and bot tom conI Coal lost in room cntlmiddoty and vn nrl p illn bull 26 Coal lost in oil 01 gas-well p il lars bullbullbullbullbull Coal lost under buildin gs ra il roads md boundaries Coal lost in h a ndling- a nd p rcv ara tion undel~ lo und a nd

s u rface bull bull bull bull bullbullbullbull bull bull 4 Coal IOl t due to r olls t hin or lirty arCW an d lttrerune bull

Total 10 per cent bullbullbullbull bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull 40 25

APPENDIX C-COAL LO SSES IN INDIANA

Genel-al U lII7IWY

Indiana produces f rom 17 to 30 million tons of coal per ar nUII1 the total in 1921 being slightly over 20 million ton (20300000) In mining this latter quantity an average of 42 per cent is loo t an ar lOunt equal to 14700UOO tons Of th ese losses a n average of 35 per CI1t is due to entry and room pillars being lost Two main coal beds ar being worked in these districts and whire the loof is tender and w t b C(gtIshy

tain area it js estimated that the los in pillars should not av ruge above 8 per cent The other losses are comparatively low and a re more or less unavoidable If the average total loss is 42 per cent and the estimated average a voidable loss i 27 per cen t (3 per cent to tal pillar loss-8 per cent unavoidable loss therein) I the unHvoidabh loss would be 15 per cent (42-27) and t he percentage f middottraction S lould be 5 per cent instead of 59 p r cen t as at present The losses il the past a re admittedly high but ar being reduced by bet ter methods

336 YEAle B K

toO feet wide l~ooms 111C n arl all ri d n 11 13 to j-fL llll tL t a ud lre supposed to be 21 t o 2 1 f ct wid bu~ will n cIage from 2 to 2( feet wide I ving pi ll ar t hat will a ntp not (Iver 10 fee t Roomshynecks a re driv l a bout LO fee t wide f r 12 f(~t and are thell idened at 45 degr r osscuts arc dliven eyer 4) f eet whi ch the wliter understands to be required by th I ndiana law

This distance part of t he crosscuts is absolutely u llnece~ middot ry cj ther in gaseous or non-gaseous mines It 10 not a r k a n pmmiddotticulur hardship where the pillars are not being drawn as IS the ca~e a t J re ent in Indiana but if the pillars were mined as the~ should be ~o m a ny crosscuts would be a hardsh ip F or satisfactol pillar el l wing wider pillars must be left in the dvance york and the crosscuts t h rough t he pillars should not be wide Till would m eal1 that the 01 en ltor would have to pay yanla e for crosscut eve Ly 45 feet and hi s ex penses would be increlllied t o t he a mount of th e yllrda ge paid

Whil e it can generally be s tated that no pillars are drawn the re are a few mines which g et what the can or the 1 00lll pill a r s When the Iooms m e driven up the pillars are extr c tecl until th e roof tartgt to fall 01 until the miners are driven out hy queezp

LOSSES OF COAL

The lo ss of (oal a rises pri ncip II tmiddotom th faet that the entry pilla]s are lost and nea rly a ll th room pill a rs T here a re al so I eJtaill areas where the roof if n~ly t ender in both beds a ncl Ilw ny lOOIIl ~ ajf~

lost before they are driven throug h the full distanc Some )f the mines use undercutting mach ines an d leave a lit tle coal in the lottom but because t he machi ne mines do not lepre~e nt half the tonnage and only a few of them leave the bottom coa l t he pcrcenta e lost IS leiS than 05 per cent

The alllount of coal 10 t in the pillars hgule 15 of th e a erage and if to thi s be a dded 3 ~ for loss in handling a nd prepara tio nd 1 Ic fol reservations it wou ld lea e a net bull middotttmiddotaction of 61 A and where some of the pillars a1 dr awn thi s would be incr Ilgtcd ploportio la t y However there a rQ a nu mber of places as befo re sta led whel e conshysiderable area s of coal 3 1 lost by bad LOOf The Wabnh Rive) flow t1n-ough the fi eld and under the r iver bottoms t here i sometime seepshyage In fact No V coa l 11 cu t out by the rive) bed in mo t llaces No IV bed which lies 100 01 12i f eet lower is being mined under the river in the usual mannel w ith the xccptiol that s lightly larger pillars eLl e left and non III them 3 1 e rnbbed A Iso a stated before No IV bEd get s dirty towa1O til eat Hnd a t he wO lh ing~ go in that di rection they frequ en tly en owIter ba J roof lem illg a r ca s of unmined coal whi ch may 01 mel not b of suffic ient ize to W UIa nt mining in th e futur In othel words there is cOll ~iderable coal f t on account of bad roof conditions on the east edge of N o 1 COt I anr where No V coal approa he_ th e Tiver bottom If it is ill larg e a r ea it can be recovered in the f uture jf not it 10 I s t It is lIafe to sa y that at lea st 3 ~ of the t otal cost is hvt in these a rea beyond the posibility of recovery

- - - - --

DEPARTlIIE NT OF CO Jo~ TID) ~1 37

Thcn arc v ly few accura te ligu res available 011 lIe act ual 1Il shy

lllltage of extraction allrl v e lll l Jlh ninJ leI meuu rpment were rr ane of the maps of one coal com pan y which in addition to ome other ( ata finally secured thrO some li g ht on the actmJ Ierovpry These fi Jlle are given in Table F

TABLE F--PI~RC lNTAGl OF EXTItACllON IN THE CII

)line I Bcd __N_T(_ __

~ on HI I I

1 une grollp

11 one ~roup

~

If IV IV V V V V y V V III

Period fo r Tonnlte Tons Ie Thicltn EI11 ctiou I or bcd rd per ceut -J-----f------ - shy

1 1 11- 1231 21 27a 5 6 71 315 51I 1830 4~UUp to 3tll 22 fili -I 50 all 1 130 tore to fMi -I=)8~ 13- 12 3119

2 )26 0amp51( 10- 121l21 507 4H S5 5 tl 502 113Up to 123119 2 102 4~~ 37

3 181 tons to 3( 11- 1231 Il drrc ( t II 4~- 40 4111 ol8 I 4H 4670ltOP 1918-5 192 1

I 110Up 10 1 27Ill 2R7 41 46 a HI t136 ~ 4 ~J 61 120-127 21

Up to 12 31 11 1f1~ J4 26 1 4 ~ H Up to 12jll 1Q 1-1711 711 5Ha 5J 25

I] Maps TJianimelcred by C J bull Allen -lti il(ll rcroery exclutJ i lll I~o at prMcnt ldt uue lo a faulty lfe3 a nd 8~~ 1 [ t due to bad top and water

(()uditiOlJIL L--Aho Ut ~ ~en (~onsiderlmiddotd I t Hot fllf from Ilhlit ill 1lT(a9~ but mao ue TQ(joYCTC(lla tcr it eo would

hring eUtllrticm up to 4-llt ~o 1 hNt figurt-l at I 70a t onJ4 1o 1ife-- foo t7 11Tld ~r o Y bed 3t 1770 tatm

Other information secured was us followgt Tht chief engineer for one lol11pany ~tlt1ted that its mine t would Hv(raglt 6) lt extraction b sed on planimetel measuJ(ments ancl tonnages He used a thickness IIi 4 feet 7 inches for both No IV and V beds which wns considered t ) be omewhat less thun the actual thickness thplthy takinp carc of t he impUlities in the scmlL

The chief engineer for other interets stated that in hi s judgn ent based on calculations made some time ag-o their extraction from )oth No IV and V bed i about no I 1lOm the Min hall bed about 53 and f rom No III bed 43 per cent

A firm of minlng engineer who have the engineering work fOl about 50 mines gave one in -tance where a 2OOO-ton m ine workiI g 4 feet 8 inches of No IV coal actually showed a production of 3000 tons to the acre which would he an extrUlt lion of 47 ~ ft This mine had not lo~t many la rge areas when the calculations were made but later lost about 25 aeres in one place One of tho e mines ha d been getting a Jout 6)( from No IV bed but they wele then uettin into a little bad top They had had good top under the Waba h river

Another fi Im informed me that Olle large mine in No IV be I in this field showed a recovery of only 45 from a ctual meauren1lnts The above information taken in conjunction with the oreg-oing t lble how~ some VCIy inteleting condi tions a nd would prove thorou ~hly

what well-informed mining men know-th at is st that th e 10 of coal in the past hn been tremendous a nd secondly that irreg ular working- time means the loss oi a grea t neal of (loa It woulll be noticed that No IV bed shows a genel-ully hilther extra tion than No V whereas from physical conditions No V should how up equall a s well or better than No IV The reason for this is that ~ o V co II is

~2-1I4502

-jaB YEAR BOOK

l111ch less desirable on the Illlt rkct and when buin s i poor the No V mines will be idle while the No IV min(s m e workin~

As to the actual figure to be a rlf)pted i n the report it a I be readil seen that they wiil val with N1 Ch p r iod (If operati n nd by adopting the figures of 59 in No IV bed and 54 in No bed I have assumed neither the won t nor the bes t conriitions and have also assumed that 2 01 3 a dditional tonnage will be recovered from baTicr pillars after the advan e work is completed

LOSS I OVERLYIXl BEDii

Owing to the fact that the halc ovcllying both beds will not 5 u nd over wide areas squeezes are not common in t hi s field althouC h a few have been noter in both beds No V b d is from 100 to 125 eet above No IV and in som e mines has been wOIked prior to No IV At other min(s No IV is now being worked and No is u n tou( hedT

and at still othel mines both bed~ are being worked At one mine j mt west of Tene Haute No IV bed wa worked and a numbcl of loom pillars pulled while No V beel was being worked through an th r min e direetly overhead The entries in No V bed wt re liriven dirt ct l ovcr the entries in No IV and when the pillan we I pulled in No I bull the rooms ovegtrlying in No V ellopped in a body without a ely se1 ious caving of the roof but the entries in TO V bed ca vecl c r badly Ai a result of this experience they have let the No IV wOlkin gs get ahead and are (hiving entries in No V over the emb of the rooms in No IV and have experienced no particulal (rouble exc pt a littl e b ro]ltcn g n unci wher( they have to c1riv through ti le eoal lying OY(1 the entlie l of Xo IV beel While therc has undoubtedly been some oal lo st in No V bed it is the writers op in ion that the amount being lost at t he present timp is not gTeat

AVOIDAELB 10SSES

Only a smull part of the stilface has palticulal aluL~ fol farll ing and there is nothing in th e physica l condi til)n~ in the coa l hed to prevent high recovery The only obstacle to drawing pilla rs i- the OCCUlTencc of water-heari ng strata overlying the coal The river botshytoms are apploxill1atel~ a mile wiele ami there is a g reat tienl of a nd and gravel in this area Apparently al~o there ae some ~ ~lI1d nd Qmvel de]Josits away from the river plobabl r caused by g la iHI HC iOIl Undoubtedly these conditions will prevent plll aj drawing over -) It of the ar(a but over how much then) are not sufficient data to han I to decide A 90 extraction (ould be obtained where wa t does not i tershyfere and where water would be a menace 60 can be n~eov ed If one third of No IV b~d must have pillars left in it the average extraction would be 80 a nd if one fifth of TO V bed would hav to be eft the ayelage extraction would be 84 and the figure of avoidable 10 Ee shown give a 79 extraction for No IV beel and 81 ]JC1 cent fOl No V There were no geologie maps a ilable but th best informa tion indicated that No V bed does not tend under the river hottom1 tf) any gTeat extent tnd conseltluently mOle of it c()uld hI lecnvelld

D EPARTltlIgtNT OF CONSIgtKVA TION 33J

SUilIARY O COAL LOSSES IN CLINTON-BRAZIL DISTRICT

Pll~entalrc of total market lble coal lost in I1rro worket

Total Avoidl1bl San for 106Jl 10811 loss

Goal left 3S roof and bottom coal Pmction of 1 Coni lost in room anijlY and panel pillars ~1 26 CoM lost in oil or ga8-w(l1 pillllrs None Cal lust under buildi Jl (f railroadbull and boundaries Coal l o~t in ha ndlin l lnd [l lepRraticn undclKT)und and

sur rocc C(lnl I ()~t due to rolls thin 01 ditty areas and streams

rrotal loss per cent bullbull bullbullbull 26

C )AL LOSSES IN THE ULLIVAN-LINTON FIELD INDIANA

1 n trodul--tio n

This field consists of Sullivan and Glcene Countli Accordin l~ to the report of the State Industrial Board for the year ended Septenlbel 0 1)21 t here were 44 mines in Sullivan County wi th a total proucshytion of 3172- 53 tons and 25 mines in Greene County with a produc tion of 1873299 tons In studying this field the writer made thr e trips under round and secured data on 20 mines having a total produc tion of approximately 3000000 tons

There are foul beds of coal being worked in this district as follcws

COAL FIELDS IS THE SULLlVA N-LINlOl FIELD

Bcd 0 IhiokD8Iil Feet Mine Production 1 008 r~- 4 80000II H~ tv (j 181 3 1~ to 6H 2777000

4 to 81-3 Il 875000 n to 6 16 680000

There are al so 17 mines given in the report referred to above wlich are unclassified as t o bed

As will be noted beds n umber IV V and VI are the impol ant producers and frOJll information gathered at this time it appears hat Ro me of the mines in No VI bed have ceased ope rutions since 1921 so that N o I and No V are by far the most impOltan t p roducer at p re ent No is al 0 known as the Glendora in place wh ere it has different ph sica) chaTactelit ics as will be more full explained I iter in this report

CHARACTERISTICS OF NO IV BED

1 o IV bed is fro 3 to 6 fee t in thickness a nd will probl bly a erage 5 feet 3 inches It has a coer of from 211 to 311 feet in StdshyJivan County a veraging about 285 -feet while in Greene County the cover is from 36 to 160 feet averaging 100 feet making the gem 1al average approximately 200 feet There is a fairly persIstent dirt tam occurring just below the middle of the bcd whi ch is very thin to 4 inches or more Th roof consists of shale 01 sancl-shal bull with sc meshy

340 Y EAn BOOK

times th in layers of sandstone and shal e interbedded It breaks ~ holt

and requi r es a great many timbers and j not so good as the rof of No IV farther north in t c CHnton field It has a fileelay lottolll which usually however contains some s~lmJ mukwg a hard floor

SECTIO Of MINE MAP sul livan Co Indiana

Showmt co lost account of orretui(gtrSPOC 118 end directIOn of room

~ Coel t nat will be extrected Coal Lost In part orn whole

CHARACTERISTICS OF NO V AND GLENDORA BEDS

As before stated No V bed has different ph sical characte is tics in differ ent parts of the fi eld Over a large part it is the same as in the Clinton field to t he north and the Knox County field to the south -that is it has the hardpan loof contain ing boulders immediately over the coal and has a clay fto r The area of the Glendora ii supshy

ilEP TMElNT Of ON ERVATlON

poilted to be where the No V bed us laid down in an irregular yshy~haped swamp and it is about 30 feet below the level of the reguJ l

No V bed lmt the oul is usuall continuous from No dipping arou nd the sides of H1 so-called swamp down to the Gl ndo ra coal The Gl( nshydora (QuI is brighter in rolor frequently thicker amI h ii none of t he

SECTION Of MINE MAP Sullivan Co Ind iana

Sno~ co1 logtt account of trreular ~In$ and d -ectlOn of r ooms

~CoOl thetwili be extrected In part orin whole

r iI JJ

Coel lost- Virain Coal

roof cha racteristicgt of No V as it i8 found away from this swaJllp Where examined the loof of t he Glendora bed consisted of a shale I nd Jequircs considerable timbering The fiool is of cia The impuri ies in o and G1 e11 d n~ beel consist (If irregula rly-rli t ributed sulph ur lenses

342 Y EAR BOOK

CHARACTERISTICS OF NO VI BED

Where studied No VI bed a (Uaged 5 f eet of coal with two -inch dirt ba nds about 6 inches apar t near th center of the bed and another I-inch dirt band 4 inches abo e the floor It also cmtaills a great many clay veins or so-called horseba k The loof is -1 groy shale or slate which holds up well in most plac s but occasiollally i t becomes very tender The floor is a hard clay

METHOD OF MI~ ING

The method of mining is uniform regardless of the bed being worked and consists of room-an d-pillar mining with n o Sy S1 ematic pillar-t1rawing Sometimes panels are u sed am som t imes s lnight room-anel-pillm One mine visited in No IV bed used hiple-cross entri s liliven on 24-foot centels two of the entries being 12 feet wi( e and one- the haula geway- being 9 feet wiele The proleL entries ele 12 feet wide on 24-foot centers the Closscuts 10 feet wiele every 45 feet There were 21 rooms on each panel entry each being 2gt feet wi( e and till room-pillars were 11 feet wide Room cr(ls~cn t were g feet wide anel the room-necks wrre 10 f eet wide by 12 f et long The mine visi ted in No VI bed employed straight room-and-pillar method~ with ent ies 12 feet wide on 80-foot cent ers The room were 2 feet wide on l3-foot centers a nd 200 feet long Room-necks wer 10 feet wille for 12 feet then widened and th egt room CTOSScu ts were 8 feet wide

The only attempts made at recovery of pillar a re when the room are completed and th roof st ill st nding the inside ends of the pillar are worked back until falls of roof 01 Q squeeze cause t he worllt to be abandoned In some mines this undoubtedly inc le~lses the perce netage uf extraction somewhat but over the entire field t he coal from pillar will amount to but very lit tle of the total

LOSSES OF COAL

The principal loss is in the pillars and lllele is a ver y slignt los~ in some mines where the bottom coal lef t under the cuttin g nl chines is not taken up There is also some loss due to the thin lucas I round the basin where No V bed pitches down a nd becomes the GlendoH bed Some faultin g h known to have occurred but no evidence was s ~cured to indicat tlla t the 10 s of coal from thi s ourc was prj ciabh

In f urther reference to the thin area it W QS noted in Oil( mine neat Duggel that on the we~t ide thele is a ancl-rock roll which comes down flom the roof and cuts t he bed do w to ai 3 feet in t hickshyn ess Th is is one kind of a t hin a rea hut it ap parently wa large ( nough and sufficiently close to the surface so tha t it could be mined n tIlt future This mine also has a consider able area of coal under about 30 feet of cover where the roof i t oo tendel f or it to be wor ked but this coal can probltbl be worked by team-shovel in the fuh1l and should no t be considered as lost In the mines of a company near rasonshyville t hey have what is called jack which come into the r middotg-ular coal bed on the bottom nnd gets as thiek as 3 feet leavi ng 30 inc l e 0

DlJp R1MSNT OF CONSFR~ TTON

coal on top of it This j (1 is sairl to be cannel coal and as ther h l large area thereof it COll lel he miJ11d in the future althou gh it is middotf t at PI sent

ACTUAL EXTRACTIO N

The largest operating company in the district has for several yeLls carefully calculated the extractioll in a ll of its mines i n No IV b ll

In s tudying the method of ca lculatin r ex traction i us found that 1he su perintendent uses the same method as the writer for this investigati lJl exccpt that he uses only 1613 tons to the acre-foot whereas the wri er has beeen using 1700 tons for No IV beel of Indiana which would be a clifference of over 5 per cent However there is a considerable thikshyness of dht in No IV bed which would neady make up tllis difference so the companys figures can be consider ed as only 1 or 2 per cent 00

high They are as follows

COAL EXTRACTED AT FOUR ~INF3 OF ALARm OPERATOH

-Coal PeriodEIllll rtion When Cover

No Op13 11c11 Feet Per CentFeet -

tL5 421fl-31l20 ~ 10 lOCH 13 200 St A 311 20-4620

6t 2 41021 1 22J 567 4720- n92llG~8 Oct 11118 214 60 ~ 5 2 1 1 221

81 19-3~12 1middotJ449 ) 1I IIi Aug bull 1919 1U 21-11 2219 42f20-51621 67igt27 1912 lJ64 fi 5 1GZ l 1 (22 ~O SI

Opeuinc-up period

This company sta tes that its r eservations will be I ss thl n 1 )IeI cent and tha t it m ine= out the cual nder the rail ro cis leaving only the usual pilla r s to hold up the surface

At another min of the first company mentioned in No IV bed he writer planimeter d the workings and found 102 acres t have bl en worked over since the date of opening in 191) Th bed i 5 f~et

thiek from wh ich should be subhucted 2 inches for the regular dirt hands leaving 5 feet 4 inches of coal 507898 tons wcre produced f1 Jm thi s arca making an extraction of 52 per cent H owevcr on account of the size of the mine about 4 acres should be taken out for the sh 1ft bottom and 3 small areas near the shuft that may later be recoven~d which gives an extra ction of 54 pel cent not considering the c ay veins They would probably cau se an increase of the apparent extllCshytion to 57 per cent of tile net cleml coal

A large producer in N o IV bed near JasonviIle has 5 feet of el( an coal plus 1 to 2 inches of dirt bane From planimeteri ng the ma11 I found 11481 acres to have been w ked out of which nearlv 5 ac es is in the shaft bottom making 110 acres net area worked which males 11l tOllS milled per acre or an extraction of 60 per cenL

Taking these figures into co icleration al so the po sibili ty of a slightly higher recove y in the GIendoTa bed and a lower recovelY in

344 Y ER BOOK

the small min the writel believe that th bull middottractlOn wi ll be a bout )7 per cent--that is a Jo~s of J ~ pt- ((n l ~uhtl i inet IS hown 11 the attached table_

A OIDABLL L OiFS

Most of the surface overlying the conI is r ili ng and uld b damshyaged very little in value if all of the coa l 10 aCtractcltl rhere may be some water in th overlying lra ta hu t no evidel ce was ound to indicate that it would have t be cons idered a a ouJ(c of hind ran gt

to pulling pillars In t he writ r g opinion un extract ion of nt lea_-t 87 per cent should be made from this fi pld wh irh melln that the p l e~ent

avoidable loss is gO 1)e1 cent

1OS8pound IN QVERI n N G B8U

A very small quantity of roal is co n$ from bed benea h OthCl

unwolked beds and even where such is 01 a e lh onl 10 middotmeler present methods would be around t he oog-c of an llrea a ffected by a squeeze and while there is po slbly a very slight 1o due t the conshyditions it can ploba bl be neglected

SOll llJRY OF COAL LOSSES IN nLll -LINTON FlFLI

lltrcening C loUd nnrk _tab h ~oJll tort in III bull w orl Imiddotd

Tota l v ii tlrtb c

Rmson fo loss 10 11S

Cnl left middot roof and bottom coa l bull _ _ 0 1

Coal lost in room enlIT a nd Dunel p illn middot all Coal lost in oil lr g-as-w ll p illars No m Cont IOIR under bllildin~I r ail roads a na lI otll1cl ~ dcs 03

Coal lo~t in handlinq and prepa ration II n tlJ1 l ilrOUnt nnd SUl-tace ~ bull bull bullbull bull bullbull bull ~ ~

Coal lost due t o rolls t hin ur d t1y ~ rea) find Ft leame 11

Total loos per cent _ bull _ 0 oal lost annually clue to t1eEt ruction b)- mini n in

Inwc( bed~ Slight loslt

COAL LOSSES IN THE K NOX COUNTY FIELD INDIA NA

In loductiO1t

This field includes Knox and D vi s c untie Accor ding [gt the report of the State Indu st r ial Boarel fo r tlle ear tmded Sc tembl I 1 f) 1921 Knox County produced 3264090 ton and nItVle~ C unty 27()U tons According to this f e a rt Knox COln t~ h ad 10 mine in No V bed thre in No VI bed an d one in N o IV bed whi le llavie~s County had one mine in No IV bed tluee in TO V bed and thlee unclasl ified Approximately 90 per cent of the producti n omes from N V bed and for that reason it was the onl one considered in makinf t he investigation Th bed Tuns flom fill to 71~ feet in thfckn 55 avershyaging 6 feet 8 inches It has a cover r anging fJom 43 to 420 fee t

DEPARTMENT (W C O Im ATlU~

averag ing 70 feet in 1)UVl6 OUIlty and 250 feet in Knox COUI ty or a gen raJ average of 160 feet In investigating thi~ field two un( ershyground b middotillS vere mnde und infonm ltion w as secu red 011 four mine~ producing nearly 20000 0 ton of coa l

CHARACTER[STICS UF NO V BEIJ

No I bed in thii field ha ~ thl typical roof cOll s iting of a s t rat um of a -caller hUl ri nil imm diatel over the coal and in which a r c Imshybedded lar C bouillers Ot niggel-heuds The fi oor i~ a hard clay ith sometimes m impure 01 dirty coal to 14 inches thi ck lying immedia ely above i t- t hllt i b tweltn t he cl ay and the marketa ble coal At Jne m ine vi si ted th 1e is no lcgulaT band of inlpulitie but at the other there is a bund of did about on f oot f1 111 the top of the bed ] hi band woulLl )anglt h om 4 to 12 inches in thickness and when it reaches its grcatet thicknes consi t of interbedded thin layers of coal and di rt

In gtome place t h boul rtetl ill the roof ure a bsent g iving a sm(oth 100f which is not as strong us where the boulders are present III ~enerul it llIay b aid tha t the rOQ f is very good and owing to the good tl i knps of the bed m a ke conrii t ions excellent for large tonna ei

an d the lar~et fJloducerlt in the S tate a ] in t his fieIr

Jl1ETlTOD OF MINI G

The room-and- pilla) panel sy3te of mining is employed with 18 to 1O rooms un a pand cutiy At O1e mine where the covel is 300 feet the rooms a rc 13 feet wide 0 11 53-foot centcl~ and 2-iO feet l(ng T he room Clos cut arC 18 feet wid and the necks arc 14 feet ide for 12 f eel tllen w iclen (ld The baldel-pillal~ average about 80 eet wide and t he fire-pillal Jrmiddotf bet ~een the end of the rooms is 20 ec t

wide TIlC ent ries UI( 12 feet wide OJ1 ))-foot center with entr) cr )S~shy

cuts 12 feet wide In nnothel mine with a covcr of 420 feet the 10 )U1S

are 0 fpe t wide 011 5J-foot centers and a re 230 fect long The c1 )SSshy

evts Hr ] 8 feet W1UC un(l the re arc I8 room~ tu each panel entry rhe ballier-pilhl1s Q 75 f et wide and there is a 20-1oot fire-pillal oeshytwecn the end of L1e rooms The ent ries are 12 feet wide un 40- oot cellters wi th 12-foot ent ry crose ~

LOSSE OF COAL

No a ctul1 dllta Were secu r ed on t he losses of coal in this field but it igti beli eved that on account of the generally good roof and hard floOl the extraction will lJe higher t ha n it is in the other Indiana field to the north There i 11 co miiderabIe loss in the gob in the rooms but this is prHcticalIy th A only losgt of I n importance with the c ceptio I of thut lost i11 the Ji1I11r 0 11 e o f t he room-pillars U( e t raded but II uull ) it is nnl~ a small purt of t hem as no ~ystematic ]JiI1nr dnn jngshyis p racticed Some co I j left in th e flnolmiddot where the unuelcut ing machines do not gd do w1 Ullto t he cla As befol( stltlted thele is orne dirty coal in the fl oor and here this is present the cutting is usually

Y EAR BOOK

done in it The loss in marketa ble bottom coal will probably not be over 1 per cen t

Based OJ1 the actual dimensions of the working place ancl as mming that all the room-pillars will be r ecovered 40 fe t back fr om th~ ends the loss in each panel at the mine first mentioned will be 32 pO cen t The loss in the main entry-pillar will b 3 per cen t of the total a nd if we allow 1 pel ecnt 10 t in bottom coal and 4 pel cent for handling and prepar ation the total loss is 40 per cent However in the riters judgment some of the barrier n el entry-pillars will be lecoven c1 and as they amount to approximat ly 1 1 pel cent of the total it is la i e to say that 6 PCl cent additional coal will be lccoyeled from them m ak ingshythe net loss 34 per cent Calculations on the same basiti for the second mine mentioned give a loss of 40 per eent so that the average llss foJ the field has been taken as 37 per cent as these two m ines a ll large producers (the first one having p roduced 5379840 tons of coal to date) and are saiel to lepleSen t the average for the fi eld

A VOIDABLE LOSSES

There iflt considerable good fanning land in tl1is dishict tut the country is r olling so pulling pillars could not do it any damage Some solid coal would have to be left under farmhou~es but in the Titers judgment 90 per cent of th coal could be taken out making the lresent avoidable loss 27 per cent

SUMMARY OF LOSS~S I] KNOX COUNTY

lcnengtlge ot ~otal marketable coal lOdt in area wo oked

T ota l A voids nle R eason for loss 10s8 10

Coal [eft ns Oof and bottom coal bull bull bull bull bull bull 1 Coal lost in roum en try and panel pil Is bull ~ bullbullbullbull bull bull 32 27 Coul lost in oil 01 WlS-well pillals one Coal iost undel buildin~~~ lU lroads n n d boundurics lmiddotmctic n of 1 Cnal IOli t in haJldling and prcparation un derground and

sUl face

Cual 1m due to Iolls thin 01 dirty ar S and stremiddotams FnlctiolJ of 1

Total loss p e r cent bullbullbullbull bull 37 27

COAL LOSSES IN SOUTHERN INDIANA INCLUDING THE PRINCETON-AYRESHIRE BOONVILLE AND EVANS

VILLE-NEWBURG FIELD S

Intoduction

Th se fields have been considered in one lepo11 101 the eaSOn that the tonnage i~ somewha t Il1Hll and practically all of the mines arc working the same heel T he se reI I fi -Ids include Gibson Pike Warrick Vanderburg and Spencer counties whose production accordshying to the Indiana Industr ia l Bo rd i bullhown in Table 8

JI lodllcti(m

This field includes Knox and Da c s c()unt i s Accor ding 0 the Ieport of the State Ind str ial Boa rd f Ol the year ended Sep 11 el lO 1)21 Knox County ploduced 325J Ono t ns nnd ])nviess ounty 2 )7624 tons According to this report Kno x County had 10 min~ in Q

bed three in No VI bed an d on in N o ] V bet while Daviess oun ty had one mine in No IV bed thlee in 1 o V bed ami three uncillf sifted Approcimat ly 90 per cent of t he plocl uc 11 omes rom No berl and for that reason it was the only one considered In nmking the investigation This bed r uns from 5 to 7 ~~ feet ill thickness avershyaging 6 feet 8 inches It h l a cover ranging 1lom 4~ to 42i feet

D EPARTMENT OF C ONSERVATION

TABLE 8-COAL PRODUCT[O~ OF SOUTHERN INDIAbull bull t IN 1921

1_ T~m MinesCaunty Bed

fiGibson 1 9

mI~6ii ~ Pike 1

U ndasai6ed bull m~ ~C

4 14WorriJlk ~O I~ bull bull bull bullbull 3 ~~~e~rg~ N~~ ~ 2

42Total

I 62ft-40

1011691

9152lI 1

~60 3b l 10501

2 823 84l

CHARACTERISTICS OF NO V BED

No V bed is from 51h to 6 1h feet in Gibson County averaging 5 feet 11 inches and has a cover of 125 to 440 feet averaging 280 fet III Pike County t he coal is f r om 4 feet 8 inches to 8 fee t thick a I r shyaging 6 feet and has a cover of a f ew feet up to 110 feet averagi 19 50 feet In War rick County the thickness is from 4 to 13 feet avelugi 19 4 feet and the cover is from a few f eet to 196 feet averaging 90 feet In Vander burg Cou ty the coal is 4 feet thick with a co er averaging 260 fe t

T he roof in some of the mines is the typical No V roof containi 19 large bou dere and making a good roof for mining operations in aU cr places it is a smooth gray shale roof requiring many timbers and in still other mines the roof is a sandy shale or sandstone but ncvcrthellss weak The floor is fireclay with occasionally some dirly coal or 0 shy

called rash between the fu e day ami the marketable coal No reguar baIlds of impurities were noted but th r e are lenses f sulphur cattel ed irregularly t hrough the c al

METHODS OF MINING

Doth tIaight room-and-pillar an d panel methods of lU llling are used with probably the former predominating In studying this isshytrict four p roperties were vi lted-namely t wo along the western ile where the coal is under deeper cove r and two along the eastern e( ge of the field where the cov 1 is shallow One trip underground was nIa Ie One compa ny has a cover of from 30 to 130 feet and is mining to 7 feet of coal They use straight room-and-pillar method with ~oshyf oot rooms 200 feet long I uving p illars about 9 feet wide and no attempt is made to pull any pillars The mines a re near the line )eshytween Gibson and P ike Counties The roof stands well in the entries but requir es lots of timber ing in the rooms

A company in Warrick County west of Boonville is mining 3 f eet 10 inches to G feet 6 inches of coal under 130 feet of cover They have the typical No V roof and a trip underground was made a t thi tWoe The rooms averag 2 feet in width with a H)-foot r oom-pillar ]he straight room-Bnd-pillar method is used with room 200 to 300 feet 10rIg The crosscuts are 12 feet wide and the room-necks are 12 teet wide for 12 feet and are then widened out

348 YEAR BOOK

A company in Vtmderburg Coun y has a 4-foot b under- 25 feet of covel and i using the panel BY tern of mining with 20 100m- to a panel entry the panels being 700 to 1000 fet t in ide of entries The rooms are 24 feet wide on 40-fo t centers allCl 3511 fee long The roomshynecks a re 8 fe t wide for 12 fret while the elltrle are 7 feel wid

SECTION OF MINE MAP Werrtck Co Indlelna

5hoWIIIS p lo(s nO t troe-ted

~Coal ftltwlll be extracted Cool Lost In port or In wholll

DEPARTMENT OF CO-SERV- TION

on 57-foot centers T he panel barriel pillaIs are 60 feet wide lhe roof is said to be very tend

A company in Gibsoll County where they al~ mining- feet of Cllal

under 400 feet of cover uses the straight room-an ti -pillar m UlOd a nd the rooms are 25 to 30 feet wide on 43-f oot centers Room-neck~ i re 10 feet wide for 12 feet The roof is said to be very weak an (shyquil es a gleat deal of timbering

LOSSES OF COAL

This is of (oUlse a gleat 10 s of coal in the pillar ~ whieh are Idt There is ao eonsidenlble loss caused by the coal stilking to the imshypurities which is thrown back into the gob No evidenc( was found of any appreciable amount of coal bein) left on account of thin or el i middotty areas although two of the compani had abandoned certain portions of thei propcImiddotty where the coal hid become low but from the condishytions this coal cannot be consideTed as lost at thi time Where he covcr is small considerable coal is being left but thi can be reeoe ed with stearn-shovels in the future

ACT U L EXTRACTIOgt

None of the companies opemting the mines vi ~ it d had any figu es available on the percentage of pxtrHction but thre m a ps were secu ed which have been planimetered and the 1 a checked a gainst the tommgc hoi~ted One company with a tender roof and 400 fe t of COVC I has worked out H)6 acres since 1 11 when the mine was ope ned The C Jal i ~ 5 feet thick and there should be 8850 tons to the a erp but oIly )~l4939 tom have beell hoisted from this illca which works out a t 4 70 tons to the acre 01 an extraction of 54 pel cent onsidelable C )pound11

was left alolIg the boundaries of the property amounting- to nearly 1 per cent ltwel about i pel cent has been left under the IniiIoari gi lce the railroad company plohihitCd them from minillg In y morl coal un lei lw rig-ht of way

At the mine of another company with a gtood roof a nd 110 feet of cover the area worked out from October 23 1918 to eptumbgtr fl 1( 20 wus planimeteJcd showing 21 acres from which 15223) tons of coal las produced The bed is 5]12 feet thick which indicates an extraction of 74 pel cent Thi s may be considered a the absolute maxiIlIum reshycovery because it does not inelude any losses e middotcppt n the pillan lnd in the gob Some areas were noted on the map where considerable lOal was left between the ends of apPloaching rooms a nd some coal is _ o~t

in the main entry pillar but none of this is ineluded in the ab lVe middotalculation It is probable that the ex traction at thi s mine will hwshyeveI be better than (5 pel cent taking all 10es into cOIl icielatioll

At the minc of a company in Vanderburg County l 0 oflicial stated that the extraction is 55 pel cent and while they have not planimeteled their map they have made very carefu1 estimates

The mine of a company at Oakland City 01 ened in 191 produced 2032000 tons up to the date of their lnst map in 1922 The coal a er shyages G112 feet and by planimeterin g it w as found that t h e a rea worl(ed out wa 342 acres which indicates an extraction of (lO7 per cent

350 YE4R BOOK

Taking these figures as a guide and also considering gene1 1 inshyformation secured regardillg other mines from those familia r wit h tlw district the TTiter has estimated tlle extralttion to be 0 per cent whi ch means a loss of 40 per cent which has been subdivirted as shown tID the accompanying t able

AVOIDABLE LOSSES

There is considerable good faTm ing coun try il l th ese dis trict but a very small area is level most of it being rolling None of the ope ators expressed any fear of la wsuits resulting from sur fnce subsidenc but undoubtedly if the pillars were being e middottracted SOllle conflicts ould Ulise with the surface owners especially close to the city of E vallsville in Vanderburg County On the other hand this coal beiTlg only about 4 feet thick and ther e being an excellent local mll rket for lmnp conI could probably be worked advantageousl by longwall methods T nklllg this fact into consideration together wi th the small tonn age clming from under available and level surface it is believed that n tot ll exshytraction of 85 per cent for the field shoul d be secured which vould mean a present a voidable 10 S of 25 pel cent

SUMiIlARY OF COAL LOSSlS IN HOllTHER IN[tl AlA

Peretn tzge of to ta l marl ctnult~ coal los t in a rea VorllJu

TotnJ AvoidLI~

R eason for loss 105lt

onl cft a s roar and bot tom conI Coal lost in room cntlmiddoty and vn nrl p illn bull 26 Coal lost in oil 01 gas-well p il lars bullbullbullbullbull Coal lost under buildin gs ra il roads md boundaries Coal lost in h a ndling- a nd p rcv ara tion undel~ lo und a nd

s u rface bull bull bull bull bullbullbullbull bull bull 4 Coal IOl t due to r olls t hin or lirty arCW an d lttrerune bull

Total 10 per cent bullbullbullbull bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull 40 25

APPENDIX C-COAL LO SSES IN INDIANA

Genel-al U lII7IWY

Indiana produces f rom 17 to 30 million tons of coal per ar nUII1 the total in 1921 being slightly over 20 million ton (20300000) In mining this latter quantity an average of 42 per cent is loo t an ar lOunt equal to 14700UOO tons Of th ese losses a n average of 35 per CI1t is due to entry and room pillars being lost Two main coal beds ar being worked in these districts and whire the loof is tender and w t b C(gtIshy

tain area it js estimated that the los in pillars should not av ruge above 8 per cent The other losses are comparatively low and a re more or less unavoidable If the average total loss is 42 per cent and the estimated average a voidable loss i 27 per cen t (3 per cent to tal pillar loss-8 per cent unavoidable loss therein) I the unHvoidabh loss would be 15 per cent (42-27) and t he percentage f middottraction S lould be 5 per cent instead of 59 p r cen t as at present The losses il the past a re admittedly high but ar being reduced by bet ter methods

- - - - --

DEPARTlIIE NT OF CO Jo~ TID) ~1 37

Thcn arc v ly few accura te ligu res available 011 lIe act ual 1Il shy

lllltage of extraction allrl v e lll l Jlh ninJ leI meuu rpment were rr ane of the maps of one coal com pan y which in addition to ome other ( ata finally secured thrO some li g ht on the actmJ Ierovpry These fi Jlle are given in Table F

TABLE F--PI~RC lNTAGl OF EXTItACllON IN THE CII

)line I Bcd __N_T(_ __

~ on HI I I

1 une grollp

11 one ~roup

~

If IV IV V V V V y V V III

Period fo r Tonnlte Tons Ie Thicltn EI11 ctiou I or bcd rd per ceut -J-----f------ - shy

1 1 11- 1231 21 27a 5 6 71 315 51I 1830 4~UUp to 3tll 22 fili -I 50 all 1 130 tore to fMi -I=)8~ 13- 12 3119

2 )26 0amp51( 10- 121l21 507 4H S5 5 tl 502 113Up to 123119 2 102 4~~ 37

3 181 tons to 3( 11- 1231 Il drrc ( t II 4~- 40 4111 ol8 I 4H 4670ltOP 1918-5 192 1

I 110Up 10 1 27Ill 2R7 41 46 a HI t136 ~ 4 ~J 61 120-127 21

Up to 12 31 11 1f1~ J4 26 1 4 ~ H Up to 12jll 1Q 1-1711 711 5Ha 5J 25

I] Maps TJianimelcred by C J bull Allen -lti il(ll rcroery exclutJ i lll I~o at prMcnt ldt uue lo a faulty lfe3 a nd 8~~ 1 [ t due to bad top and water

(()uditiOlJIL L--Aho Ut ~ ~en (~onsiderlmiddotd I t Hot fllf from Ilhlit ill 1lT(a9~ but mao ue TQ(joYCTC(lla tcr it eo would

hring eUtllrticm up to 4-llt ~o 1 hNt figurt-l at I 70a t onJ4 1o 1ife-- foo t7 11Tld ~r o Y bed 3t 1770 tatm

Other information secured was us followgt Tht chief engineer for one lol11pany ~tlt1ted that its mine t would Hv(raglt 6) lt extraction b sed on planimetel measuJ(ments ancl tonnages He used a thickness IIi 4 feet 7 inches for both No IV and V beds which wns considered t ) be omewhat less thun the actual thickness thplthy takinp carc of t he impUlities in the scmlL

The chief engineer for other interets stated that in hi s judgn ent based on calculations made some time ag-o their extraction from )oth No IV and V bed i about no I 1lOm the Min hall bed about 53 and f rom No III bed 43 per cent

A firm of minlng engineer who have the engineering work fOl about 50 mines gave one in -tance where a 2OOO-ton m ine workiI g 4 feet 8 inches of No IV coal actually showed a production of 3000 tons to the acre which would he an extrUlt lion of 47 ~ ft This mine had not lo~t many la rge areas when the calculations were made but later lost about 25 aeres in one place One of tho e mines ha d been getting a Jout 6)( from No IV bed but they wele then uettin into a little bad top They had had good top under the Waba h river

Another fi Im informed me that Olle large mine in No IV be I in this field showed a recovery of only 45 from a ctual meauren1lnts The above information taken in conjunction with the oreg-oing t lble how~ some VCIy inteleting condi tions a nd would prove thorou ~hly

what well-informed mining men know-th at is st that th e 10 of coal in the past hn been tremendous a nd secondly that irreg ular working- time means the loss oi a grea t neal of (loa It woulll be noticed that No IV bed shows a genel-ully hilther extra tion than No V whereas from physical conditions No V should how up equall a s well or better than No IV The reason for this is that ~ o V co II is

~2-1I4502

-jaB YEAR BOOK

l111ch less desirable on the Illlt rkct and when buin s i poor the No V mines will be idle while the No IV min(s m e workin~

As to the actual figure to be a rlf)pted i n the report it a I be readil seen that they wiil val with N1 Ch p r iod (If operati n nd by adopting the figures of 59 in No IV bed and 54 in No bed I have assumed neither the won t nor the bes t conriitions and have also assumed that 2 01 3 a dditional tonnage will be recovered from baTicr pillars after the advan e work is completed

LOSS I OVERLYIXl BEDii

Owing to the fact that the halc ovcllying both beds will not 5 u nd over wide areas squeezes are not common in t hi s field althouC h a few have been noter in both beds No V b d is from 100 to 125 eet above No IV and in som e mines has been wOIked prior to No IV At other min(s No IV is now being worked and No is u n tou( hedT

and at still othel mines both bed~ are being worked At one mine j mt west of Tene Haute No IV bed wa worked and a numbcl of loom pillars pulled while No V beel was being worked through an th r min e direetly overhead The entries in No V bed wt re liriven dirt ct l ovcr the entries in No IV and when the pillan we I pulled in No I bull the rooms ovegtrlying in No V ellopped in a body without a ely se1 ious caving of the roof but the entries in TO V bed ca vecl c r badly Ai a result of this experience they have let the No IV wOlkin gs get ahead and are (hiving entries in No V over the emb of the rooms in No IV and have experienced no particulal (rouble exc pt a littl e b ro]ltcn g n unci wher( they have to c1riv through ti le eoal lying OY(1 the entlie l of Xo IV beel While therc has undoubtedly been some oal lo st in No V bed it is the writers op in ion that the amount being lost at t he present timp is not gTeat

AVOIDAELB 10SSES

Only a smull part of the stilface has palticulal aluL~ fol farll ing and there is nothing in th e physica l condi til)n~ in the coa l hed to prevent high recovery The only obstacle to drawing pilla rs i- the OCCUlTencc of water-heari ng strata overlying the coal The river botshytoms are apploxill1atel~ a mile wiele ami there is a g reat tienl of a nd and gravel in this area Apparently al~o there ae some ~ ~lI1d nd Qmvel de]Josits away from the river plobabl r caused by g la iHI HC iOIl Undoubtedly these conditions will prevent plll aj drawing over -) It of the ar(a but over how much then) are not sufficient data to han I to decide A 90 extraction (ould be obtained where wa t does not i tershyfere and where water would be a menace 60 can be n~eov ed If one third of No IV b~d must have pillars left in it the average extraction would be 80 a nd if one fifth of TO V bed would hav to be eft the ayelage extraction would be 84 and the figure of avoidable 10 Ee shown give a 79 extraction for No IV beel and 81 ]JC1 cent fOl No V There were no geologie maps a ilable but th best informa tion indicated that No V bed does not tend under the river hottom1 tf) any gTeat extent tnd conseltluently mOle of it c()uld hI lecnvelld

D EPARTltlIgtNT OF CONSIgtKVA TION 33J

SUilIARY O COAL LOSSES IN CLINTON-BRAZIL DISTRICT

Pll~entalrc of total market lble coal lost in I1rro worket

Total Avoidl1bl San for 106Jl 10811 loss

Goal left 3S roof and bottom coal Pmction of 1 Coni lost in room anijlY and panel pillars ~1 26 CoM lost in oil or ga8-w(l1 pillllrs None Cal lust under buildi Jl (f railroadbull and boundaries Coal l o~t in ha ndlin l lnd [l lepRraticn undclKT)und and

sur rocc C(lnl I ()~t due to rolls thin 01 ditty areas and streams

rrotal loss per cent bullbull bullbullbull 26

C )AL LOSSES IN THE ULLIVAN-LINTON FIELD INDIANA

1 n trodul--tio n

This field consists of Sullivan and Glcene Countli Accordin l~ to the report of the State Industrial Board for the year ended Septenlbel 0 1)21 t here were 44 mines in Sullivan County wi th a total proucshytion of 3172- 53 tons and 25 mines in Greene County with a produc tion of 1873299 tons In studying this field the writer made thr e trips under round and secured data on 20 mines having a total produc tion of approximately 3000000 tons

There are foul beds of coal being worked in this district as follcws

COAL FIELDS IS THE SULLlVA N-LINlOl FIELD

Bcd 0 IhiokD8Iil Feet Mine Production 1 008 r~- 4 80000II H~ tv (j 181 3 1~ to 6H 2777000

4 to 81-3 Il 875000 n to 6 16 680000

There are al so 17 mines given in the report referred to above wlich are unclassified as t o bed

As will be noted beds n umber IV V and VI are the impol ant producers and frOJll information gathered at this time it appears hat Ro me of the mines in No VI bed have ceased ope rutions since 1921 so that N o I and No V are by far the most impOltan t p roducer at p re ent No is al 0 known as the Glendora in place wh ere it has different ph sica) chaTactelit ics as will be more full explained I iter in this report

CHARACTERISTICS OF NO IV BED

1 o IV bed is fro 3 to 6 fee t in thickness a nd will probl bly a erage 5 feet 3 inches It has a coer of from 211 to 311 feet in StdshyJivan County a veraging about 285 -feet while in Greene County the cover is from 36 to 160 feet averaging 100 feet making the gem 1al average approximately 200 feet There is a fairly persIstent dirt tam occurring just below the middle of the bcd whi ch is very thin to 4 inches or more Th roof consists of shale 01 sancl-shal bull with sc meshy

340 Y EAn BOOK

times th in layers of sandstone and shal e interbedded It breaks ~ holt

and requi r es a great many timbers and j not so good as the rof of No IV farther north in t c CHnton field It has a fileelay lottolll which usually however contains some s~lmJ mukwg a hard floor

SECTIO Of MINE MAP sul livan Co Indiana

Showmt co lost account of orretui(gtrSPOC 118 end directIOn of room

~ Coel t nat will be extrected Coal Lost In part orn whole

CHARACTERISTICS OF NO V AND GLENDORA BEDS

As before stated No V bed has different ph sical characte is tics in differ ent parts of the fi eld Over a large part it is the same as in the Clinton field to t he north and the Knox County field to the south -that is it has the hardpan loof contain ing boulders immediately over the coal and has a clay fto r The area of the Glendora ii supshy

ilEP TMElNT Of ON ERVATlON

poilted to be where the No V bed us laid down in an irregular yshy~haped swamp and it is about 30 feet below the level of the reguJ l

No V bed lmt the oul is usuall continuous from No dipping arou nd the sides of H1 so-called swamp down to the Gl ndo ra coal The Gl( nshydora (QuI is brighter in rolor frequently thicker amI h ii none of t he

SECTION Of MINE MAP Sullivan Co Ind iana

Sno~ co1 logtt account of trreular ~In$ and d -ectlOn of r ooms

~CoOl thetwili be extrected In part orin whole

r iI JJ

Coel lost- Virain Coal

roof cha racteristicgt of No V as it i8 found away from this swaJllp Where examined the loof of t he Glendora bed consisted of a shale I nd Jequircs considerable timbering The fiool is of cia The impuri ies in o and G1 e11 d n~ beel consist (If irregula rly-rli t ributed sulph ur lenses

342 Y EAR BOOK

CHARACTERISTICS OF NO VI BED

Where studied No VI bed a (Uaged 5 f eet of coal with two -inch dirt ba nds about 6 inches apar t near th center of the bed and another I-inch dirt band 4 inches abo e the floor It also cmtaills a great many clay veins or so-called horseba k The loof is -1 groy shale or slate which holds up well in most plac s but occasiollally i t becomes very tender The floor is a hard clay

METHOD OF MI~ ING

The method of mining is uniform regardless of the bed being worked and consists of room-an d-pillar mining with n o Sy S1 ematic pillar-t1rawing Sometimes panels are u sed am som t imes s lnight room-anel-pillm One mine visited in No IV bed used hiple-cross entri s liliven on 24-foot centels two of the entries being 12 feet wi( e and one- the haula geway- being 9 feet wiele The proleL entries ele 12 feet wide on 24-foot centers the Closscuts 10 feet wiele every 45 feet There were 21 rooms on each panel entry each being 2gt feet wi( e and till room-pillars were 11 feet wide Room cr(ls~cn t were g feet wide anel the room-necks wrre 10 f eet wide by 12 f et long The mine visi ted in No VI bed employed straight room-and-pillar method~ with ent ies 12 feet wide on 80-foot cent ers The room were 2 feet wide on l3-foot centers a nd 200 feet long Room-necks wer 10 feet wille for 12 feet then widened and th egt room CTOSScu ts were 8 feet wide

The only attempts made at recovery of pillar a re when the room are completed and th roof st ill st nding the inside ends of the pillar are worked back until falls of roof 01 Q squeeze cause t he worllt to be abandoned In some mines this undoubtedly inc le~lses the perce netage uf extraction somewhat but over the entire field t he coal from pillar will amount to but very lit tle of the total

LOSSES OF COAL

The principal loss is in the pillars and lllele is a ver y slignt los~ in some mines where the bottom coal lef t under the cuttin g nl chines is not taken up There is also some loss due to the thin lucas I round the basin where No V bed pitches down a nd becomes the GlendoH bed Some faultin g h known to have occurred but no evidence was s ~cured to indicat tlla t the 10 s of coal from thi s ourc was prj ciabh

In f urther reference to the thin area it W QS noted in Oil( mine neat Duggel that on the we~t ide thele is a ancl-rock roll which comes down flom the roof and cuts t he bed do w to ai 3 feet in t hickshyn ess Th is is one kind of a t hin a rea hut it ap parently wa large ( nough and sufficiently close to the surface so tha t it could be mined n tIlt future This mine also has a consider able area of coal under about 30 feet of cover where the roof i t oo tendel f or it to be wor ked but this coal can probltbl be worked by team-shovel in the fuh1l and should no t be considered as lost In the mines of a company near rasonshyville t hey have what is called jack which come into the r middotg-ular coal bed on the bottom nnd gets as thiek as 3 feet leavi ng 30 inc l e 0

DlJp R1MSNT OF CONSFR~ TTON

coal on top of it This j (1 is sairl to be cannel coal and as ther h l large area thereof it COll lel he miJ11d in the future althou gh it is middotf t at PI sent

ACTUAL EXTRACTIO N

The largest operating company in the district has for several yeLls carefully calculated the extractioll in a ll of its mines i n No IV b ll

In s tudying the method of ca lculatin r ex traction i us found that 1he su perintendent uses the same method as the writer for this investigati lJl exccpt that he uses only 1613 tons to the acre-foot whereas the wri er has beeen using 1700 tons for No IV beel of Indiana which would be a clifference of over 5 per cent However there is a considerable thikshyness of dht in No IV bed which would neady make up tllis difference so the companys figures can be consider ed as only 1 or 2 per cent 00

high They are as follows

COAL EXTRACTED AT FOUR ~INF3 OF ALARm OPERATOH

-Coal PeriodEIllll rtion When Cover

No Op13 11c11 Feet Per CentFeet -

tL5 421fl-31l20 ~ 10 lOCH 13 200 St A 311 20-4620

6t 2 41021 1 22J 567 4720- n92llG~8 Oct 11118 214 60 ~ 5 2 1 1 221

81 19-3~12 1middotJ449 ) 1I IIi Aug bull 1919 1U 21-11 2219 42f20-51621 67igt27 1912 lJ64 fi 5 1GZ l 1 (22 ~O SI

Opeuinc-up period

This company sta tes that its r eservations will be I ss thl n 1 )IeI cent and tha t it m ine= out the cual nder the rail ro cis leaving only the usual pilla r s to hold up the surface

At another min of the first company mentioned in No IV bed he writer planimeter d the workings and found 102 acres t have bl en worked over since the date of opening in 191) Th bed i 5 f~et

thiek from wh ich should be subhucted 2 inches for the regular dirt hands leaving 5 feet 4 inches of coal 507898 tons wcre produced f1 Jm thi s arca making an extraction of 52 per cent H owevcr on account of the size of the mine about 4 acres should be taken out for the sh 1ft bottom and 3 small areas near the shuft that may later be recoven~d which gives an extra ction of 54 pel cent not considering the c ay veins They would probably cau se an increase of the apparent extllCshytion to 57 per cent of tile net cleml coal

A large producer in N o IV bed near JasonviIle has 5 feet of el( an coal plus 1 to 2 inches of dirt bane From planimeteri ng the ma11 I found 11481 acres to have been w ked out of which nearlv 5 ac es is in the shaft bottom making 110 acres net area worked which males 11l tOllS milled per acre or an extraction of 60 per cenL

Taking these figures into co icleration al so the po sibili ty of a slightly higher recove y in the GIendoTa bed and a lower recovelY in

344 Y ER BOOK

the small min the writel believe that th bull middottractlOn wi ll be a bout )7 per cent--that is a Jo~s of J ~ pt- ((n l ~uhtl i inet IS hown 11 the attached table_

A OIDABLL L OiFS

Most of the surface overlying the conI is r ili ng and uld b damshyaged very little in value if all of the coa l 10 aCtractcltl rhere may be some water in th overlying lra ta hu t no evidel ce was ound to indicate that it would have t be cons idered a a ouJ(c of hind ran gt

to pulling pillars In t he writ r g opinion un extract ion of nt lea_-t 87 per cent should be made from this fi pld wh irh melln that the p l e~ent

avoidable loss is gO 1)e1 cent

1OS8pound IN QVERI n N G B8U

A very small quantity of roal is co n$ from bed benea h OthCl

unwolked beds and even where such is 01 a e lh onl 10 middotmeler present methods would be around t he oog-c of an llrea a ffected by a squeeze and while there is po slbly a very slight 1o due t the conshyditions it can ploba bl be neglected

SOll llJRY OF COAL LOSSES IN nLll -LINTON FlFLI

lltrcening C loUd nnrk _tab h ~oJll tort in III bull w orl Imiddotd

Tota l v ii tlrtb c

Rmson fo loss 10 11S

Cnl left middot roof and bottom coa l bull _ _ 0 1

Coal lost in room enlIT a nd Dunel p illn middot all Coal lost in oil lr g-as-w ll p illars No m Cont IOIR under bllildin~I r ail roads a na lI otll1cl ~ dcs 03

Coal lo~t in handlinq and prepa ration II n tlJ1 l ilrOUnt nnd SUl-tace ~ bull bull bullbull bull bullbull bull ~ ~

Coal lost due t o rolls t hin ur d t1y ~ rea) find Ft leame 11

Total loos per cent _ bull _ 0 oal lost annually clue to t1eEt ruction b)- mini n in

Inwc( bed~ Slight loslt

COAL LOSSES IN THE K NOX COUNTY FIELD INDIA NA

In loductiO1t

This field includes Knox and D vi s c untie Accor ding [gt the report of the State Indu st r ial Boarel fo r tlle ear tmded Sc tembl I 1 f) 1921 Knox County produced 3264090 ton and nItVle~ C unty 27()U tons According to this f e a rt Knox COln t~ h ad 10 mine in No V bed thre in No VI bed an d one in N o IV bed whi le llavie~s County had one mine in No IV bed tluee in TO V bed and thlee unclasl ified Approximately 90 per cent of the producti n omes from N V bed and for that reason it was the onl one considered in makinf t he investigation Th bed Tuns flom fill to 71~ feet in thfckn 55 avershyaging 6 feet 8 inches It has a cover r anging fJom 43 to 420 fee t

DEPARTMENT (W C O Im ATlU~

averag ing 70 feet in 1)UVl6 OUIlty and 250 feet in Knox COUI ty or a gen raJ average of 160 feet In investigating thi~ field two un( ershyground b middotillS vere mnde und infonm ltion w as secu red 011 four mine~ producing nearly 20000 0 ton of coa l

CHARACTER[STICS UF NO V BEIJ

No I bed in thii field ha ~ thl typical roof cOll s iting of a s t rat um of a -caller hUl ri nil imm diatel over the coal and in which a r c Imshybedded lar C bouillers Ot niggel-heuds The fi oor i~ a hard clay ith sometimes m impure 01 dirty coal to 14 inches thi ck lying immedia ely above i t- t hllt i b tweltn t he cl ay and the marketa ble coal At Jne m ine vi si ted th 1e is no lcgulaT band of inlpulitie but at the other there is a bund of did about on f oot f1 111 the top of the bed ] hi band woulLl )anglt h om 4 to 12 inches in thickness and when it reaches its grcatet thicknes consi t of interbedded thin layers of coal and di rt

In gtome place t h boul rtetl ill the roof ure a bsent g iving a sm(oth 100f which is not as strong us where the boulders are present III ~enerul it llIay b aid tha t the rOQ f is very good and owing to the good tl i knps of the bed m a ke conrii t ions excellent for large tonna ei

an d the lar~et fJloducerlt in the S tate a ] in t his fieIr

Jl1ETlTOD OF MINI G

The room-and- pilla) panel sy3te of mining is employed with 18 to 1O rooms un a pand cutiy At O1e mine where the covel is 300 feet the rooms a rc 13 feet wide 0 11 53-foot centcl~ and 2-iO feet l(ng T he room Clos cut arC 18 feet wid and the necks arc 14 feet ide for 12 f eel tllen w iclen (ld The baldel-pillal~ average about 80 eet wide and t he fire-pillal Jrmiddotf bet ~een the end of the rooms is 20 ec t

wide TIlC ent ries UI( 12 feet wide OJ1 ))-foot center with entr) cr )S~shy

cuts 12 feet wide In nnothel mine with a covcr of 420 feet the 10 )U1S

are 0 fpe t wide 011 5J-foot centers and a re 230 fect long The c1 )SSshy

evts Hr ] 8 feet W1UC un(l the re arc I8 room~ tu each panel entry rhe ballier-pilhl1s Q 75 f et wide and there is a 20-1oot fire-pillal oeshytwecn the end of L1e rooms The ent ries are 12 feet wide un 40- oot cellters wi th 12-foot ent ry crose ~

LOSSE OF COAL

No a ctul1 dllta Were secu r ed on t he losses of coal in this field but it igti beli eved that on account of the generally good roof and hard floOl the extraction will lJe higher t ha n it is in the other Indiana field to the north There i 11 co miiderabIe loss in the gob in the rooms but this is prHcticalIy th A only losgt of I n importance with the c ceptio I of thut lost i11 the Ji1I11r 0 11 e o f t he room-pillars U( e t raded but II uull ) it is nnl~ a small purt of t hem as no ~ystematic ]JiI1nr dnn jngshyis p racticed Some co I j left in th e flnolmiddot where the unuelcut ing machines do not gd do w1 Ullto t he cla As befol( stltlted thele is orne dirty coal in the fl oor and here this is present the cutting is usually

Y EAR BOOK

done in it The loss in marketa ble bottom coal will probably not be over 1 per cen t

Based OJ1 the actual dimensions of the working place ancl as mming that all the room-pillars will be r ecovered 40 fe t back fr om th~ ends the loss in each panel at the mine first mentioned will be 32 pO cen t The loss in the main entry-pillar will b 3 per cen t of the total a nd if we allow 1 pel ecnt 10 t in bottom coal and 4 pel cent for handling and prepar ation the total loss is 40 per cent However in the riters judgment some of the barrier n el entry-pillars will be lecoven c1 and as they amount to approximat ly 1 1 pel cent of the total it is la i e to say that 6 PCl cent additional coal will be lccoyeled from them m ak ingshythe net loss 34 per cent Calculations on the same basiti for the second mine mentioned give a loss of 40 per eent so that the average llss foJ the field has been taken as 37 per cent as these two m ines a ll large producers (the first one having p roduced 5379840 tons of coal to date) and are saiel to lepleSen t the average for the fi eld

A VOIDABLE LOSSES

There iflt considerable good fanning land in tl1is dishict tut the country is r olling so pulling pillars could not do it any damage Some solid coal would have to be left under farmhou~es but in the Titers judgment 90 per cent of th coal could be taken out making the lresent avoidable loss 27 per cent

SUMMARY OF LOSS~S I] KNOX COUNTY

lcnengtlge ot ~otal marketable coal lOdt in area wo oked

T ota l A voids nle R eason for loss 10s8 10

Coal [eft ns Oof and bottom coal bull bull bull bull bull bull 1 Coal lost in roum en try and panel pil Is bull ~ bullbullbullbull bull bull 32 27 Coul lost in oil 01 WlS-well pillals one Coal iost undel buildin~~~ lU lroads n n d boundurics lmiddotmctic n of 1 Cnal IOli t in haJldling and prcparation un derground and

sUl face

Cual 1m due to Iolls thin 01 dirty ar S and stremiddotams FnlctiolJ of 1

Total loss p e r cent bullbullbullbull bull 37 27

COAL LOSSES IN SOUTHERN INDIANA INCLUDING THE PRINCETON-AYRESHIRE BOONVILLE AND EVANS

VILLE-NEWBURG FIELD S

Intoduction

Th se fields have been considered in one lepo11 101 the eaSOn that the tonnage i~ somewha t Il1Hll and practically all of the mines arc working the same heel T he se reI I fi -Ids include Gibson Pike Warrick Vanderburg and Spencer counties whose production accordshying to the Indiana Industr ia l Bo rd i bullhown in Table 8

JI lodllcti(m

This field includes Knox and Da c s c()unt i s Accor ding 0 the Ieport of the State Ind str ial Boa rd f Ol the year ended Sep 11 el lO 1)21 Knox County ploduced 325J Ono t ns nnd ])nviess ounty 2 )7624 tons According to this report Kno x County had 10 min~ in Q

bed three in No VI bed an d on in N o ] V bet while Daviess oun ty had one mine in No IV bed thlee in 1 o V bed ami three uncillf sifted Approcimat ly 90 per cent of t he plocl uc 11 omes rom No berl and for that reason it was the only one considered In nmking the investigation This bed r uns from 5 to 7 ~~ feet ill thickness avershyaging 6 feet 8 inches It h l a cover ranging 1lom 4~ to 42i feet

D EPARTMENT OF C ONSERVATION

TABLE 8-COAL PRODUCT[O~ OF SOUTHERN INDIAbull bull t IN 1921

1_ T~m MinesCaunty Bed

fiGibson 1 9

mI~6ii ~ Pike 1

U ndasai6ed bull m~ ~C

4 14WorriJlk ~O I~ bull bull bull bullbull 3 ~~~e~rg~ N~~ ~ 2

42Total

I 62ft-40

1011691

9152lI 1

~60 3b l 10501

2 823 84l

CHARACTERISTICS OF NO V BED

No V bed is from 51h to 6 1h feet in Gibson County averaging 5 feet 11 inches and has a cover of 125 to 440 feet averaging 280 fet III Pike County t he coal is f r om 4 feet 8 inches to 8 fee t thick a I r shyaging 6 feet and has a cover of a f ew feet up to 110 feet averagi 19 50 feet In War rick County the thickness is from 4 to 13 feet avelugi 19 4 feet and the cover is from a few f eet to 196 feet averaging 90 feet In Vander burg Cou ty the coal is 4 feet thick with a co er averaging 260 fe t

T he roof in some of the mines is the typical No V roof containi 19 large bou dere and making a good roof for mining operations in aU cr places it is a smooth gray shale roof requiring many timbers and in still other mines the roof is a sandy shale or sandstone but ncvcrthellss weak The floor is fireclay with occasionally some dirly coal or 0 shy

called rash between the fu e day ami the marketable coal No reguar baIlds of impurities were noted but th r e are lenses f sulphur cattel ed irregularly t hrough the c al

METHODS OF MINING

Doth tIaight room-and-pillar an d panel methods of lU llling are used with probably the former predominating In studying this isshytrict four p roperties were vi lted-namely t wo along the western ile where the coal is under deeper cove r and two along the eastern e( ge of the field where the cov 1 is shallow One trip underground was nIa Ie One compa ny has a cover of from 30 to 130 feet and is mining to 7 feet of coal They use straight room-and-pillar method with ~oshyf oot rooms 200 feet long I uving p illars about 9 feet wide and no attempt is made to pull any pillars The mines a re near the line )eshytween Gibson and P ike Counties The roof stands well in the entries but requir es lots of timber ing in the rooms

A company in Warrick County west of Boonville is mining 3 f eet 10 inches to G feet 6 inches of coal under 130 feet of cover They have the typical No V roof and a trip underground was made a t thi tWoe The rooms averag 2 feet in width with a H)-foot r oom-pillar ]he straight room-Bnd-pillar method is used with room 200 to 300 feet 10rIg The crosscuts are 12 feet wide and the room-necks are 12 teet wide for 12 feet and are then widened out

348 YEAR BOOK

A company in Vtmderburg Coun y has a 4-foot b under- 25 feet of covel and i using the panel BY tern of mining with 20 100m- to a panel entry the panels being 700 to 1000 fet t in ide of entries The rooms are 24 feet wide on 40-fo t centers allCl 3511 fee long The roomshynecks a re 8 fe t wide for 12 fret while the elltrle are 7 feel wid

SECTION OF MINE MAP Werrtck Co Indlelna

5hoWIIIS p lo(s nO t troe-ted

~Coal ftltwlll be extracted Cool Lost In port or In wholll

DEPARTMENT OF CO-SERV- TION

on 57-foot centers T he panel barriel pillaIs are 60 feet wide lhe roof is said to be very tend

A company in Gibsoll County where they al~ mining- feet of Cllal

under 400 feet of cover uses the straight room-an ti -pillar m UlOd a nd the rooms are 25 to 30 feet wide on 43-f oot centers Room-neck~ i re 10 feet wide for 12 feet The roof is said to be very weak an (shyquil es a gleat deal of timbering

LOSSES OF COAL

This is of (oUlse a gleat 10 s of coal in the pillar ~ whieh are Idt There is ao eonsidenlble loss caused by the coal stilking to the imshypurities which is thrown back into the gob No evidenc( was found of any appreciable amount of coal bein) left on account of thin or el i middotty areas although two of the compani had abandoned certain portions of thei propcImiddotty where the coal hid become low but from the condishytions this coal cannot be consideTed as lost at thi time Where he covcr is small considerable coal is being left but thi can be reeoe ed with stearn-shovels in the future

ACT U L EXTRACTIOgt

None of the companies opemting the mines vi ~ it d had any figu es available on the percentage of pxtrHction but thre m a ps were secu ed which have been planimetered and the 1 a checked a gainst the tommgc hoi~ted One company with a tender roof and 400 fe t of COVC I has worked out H)6 acres since 1 11 when the mine was ope ned The C Jal i ~ 5 feet thick and there should be 8850 tons to the a erp but oIly )~l4939 tom have beell hoisted from this illca which works out a t 4 70 tons to the acre 01 an extraction of 54 pel cent onsidelable C )pound11

was left alolIg the boundaries of the property amounting- to nearly 1 per cent ltwel about i pel cent has been left under the IniiIoari gi lce the railroad company plohihitCd them from minillg In y morl coal un lei lw rig-ht of way

At the mine of another company with a gtood roof a nd 110 feet of cover the area worked out from October 23 1918 to eptumbgtr fl 1( 20 wus planimeteJcd showing 21 acres from which 15223) tons of coal las produced The bed is 5]12 feet thick which indicates an extraction of 74 pel cent Thi s may be considered a the absolute maxiIlIum reshycovery because it does not inelude any losses e middotcppt n the pillan lnd in the gob Some areas were noted on the map where considerable lOal was left between the ends of apPloaching rooms a nd some coal is _ o~t

in the main entry pillar but none of this is ineluded in the ab lVe middotalculation It is probable that the ex traction at thi s mine will hwshyeveI be better than (5 pel cent taking all 10es into cOIl icielatioll

At the minc of a company in Vanderburg County l 0 oflicial stated that the extraction is 55 pel cent and while they have not planimeteled their map they have made very carefu1 estimates

The mine of a company at Oakland City 01 ened in 191 produced 2032000 tons up to the date of their lnst map in 1922 The coal a er shyages G112 feet and by planimeterin g it w as found that t h e a rea worl(ed out wa 342 acres which indicates an extraction of (lO7 per cent

350 YE4R BOOK

Taking these figures as a guide and also considering gene1 1 inshyformation secured regardillg other mines from those familia r wit h tlw district the TTiter has estimated tlle extralttion to be 0 per cent whi ch means a loss of 40 per cent which has been subdivirted as shown tID the accompanying t able

AVOIDABLE LOSSES

There is considerable good faTm ing coun try il l th ese dis trict but a very small area is level most of it being rolling None of the ope ators expressed any fear of la wsuits resulting from sur fnce subsidenc but undoubtedly if the pillars were being e middottracted SOllle conflicts ould Ulise with the surface owners especially close to the city of E vallsville in Vanderburg County On the other hand this coal beiTlg only about 4 feet thick and ther e being an excellent local mll rket for lmnp conI could probably be worked advantageousl by longwall methods T nklllg this fact into consideration together wi th the small tonn age clming from under available and level surface it is believed that n tot ll exshytraction of 85 per cent for the field shoul d be secured which vould mean a present a voidable 10 S of 25 pel cent

SUMiIlARY OF COAL LOSSlS IN HOllTHER IN[tl AlA

Peretn tzge of to ta l marl ctnult~ coal los t in a rea VorllJu

TotnJ AvoidLI~

R eason for loss 105lt

onl cft a s roar and bot tom conI Coal lost in room cntlmiddoty and vn nrl p illn bull 26 Coal lost in oil 01 gas-well p il lars bullbullbullbullbull Coal lost under buildin gs ra il roads md boundaries Coal lost in h a ndling- a nd p rcv ara tion undel~ lo und a nd

s u rface bull bull bull bull bullbullbullbull bull bull 4 Coal IOl t due to r olls t hin or lirty arCW an d lttrerune bull

Total 10 per cent bullbullbullbull bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull 40 25

APPENDIX C-COAL LO SSES IN INDIANA

Genel-al U lII7IWY

Indiana produces f rom 17 to 30 million tons of coal per ar nUII1 the total in 1921 being slightly over 20 million ton (20300000) In mining this latter quantity an average of 42 per cent is loo t an ar lOunt equal to 14700UOO tons Of th ese losses a n average of 35 per CI1t is due to entry and room pillars being lost Two main coal beds ar being worked in these districts and whire the loof is tender and w t b C(gtIshy

tain area it js estimated that the los in pillars should not av ruge above 8 per cent The other losses are comparatively low and a re more or less unavoidable If the average total loss is 42 per cent and the estimated average a voidable loss i 27 per cen t (3 per cent to tal pillar loss-8 per cent unavoidable loss therein) I the unHvoidabh loss would be 15 per cent (42-27) and t he percentage f middottraction S lould be 5 per cent instead of 59 p r cen t as at present The losses il the past a re admittedly high but ar being reduced by bet ter methods

-jaB YEAR BOOK

l111ch less desirable on the Illlt rkct and when buin s i poor the No V mines will be idle while the No IV min(s m e workin~

As to the actual figure to be a rlf)pted i n the report it a I be readil seen that they wiil val with N1 Ch p r iod (If operati n nd by adopting the figures of 59 in No IV bed and 54 in No bed I have assumed neither the won t nor the bes t conriitions and have also assumed that 2 01 3 a dditional tonnage will be recovered from baTicr pillars after the advan e work is completed

LOSS I OVERLYIXl BEDii

Owing to the fact that the halc ovcllying both beds will not 5 u nd over wide areas squeezes are not common in t hi s field althouC h a few have been noter in both beds No V b d is from 100 to 125 eet above No IV and in som e mines has been wOIked prior to No IV At other min(s No IV is now being worked and No is u n tou( hedT

and at still othel mines both bed~ are being worked At one mine j mt west of Tene Haute No IV bed wa worked and a numbcl of loom pillars pulled while No V beel was being worked through an th r min e direetly overhead The entries in No V bed wt re liriven dirt ct l ovcr the entries in No IV and when the pillan we I pulled in No I bull the rooms ovegtrlying in No V ellopped in a body without a ely se1 ious caving of the roof but the entries in TO V bed ca vecl c r badly Ai a result of this experience they have let the No IV wOlkin gs get ahead and are (hiving entries in No V over the emb of the rooms in No IV and have experienced no particulal (rouble exc pt a littl e b ro]ltcn g n unci wher( they have to c1riv through ti le eoal lying OY(1 the entlie l of Xo IV beel While therc has undoubtedly been some oal lo st in No V bed it is the writers op in ion that the amount being lost at t he present timp is not gTeat

AVOIDAELB 10SSES

Only a smull part of the stilface has palticulal aluL~ fol farll ing and there is nothing in th e physica l condi til)n~ in the coa l hed to prevent high recovery The only obstacle to drawing pilla rs i- the OCCUlTencc of water-heari ng strata overlying the coal The river botshytoms are apploxill1atel~ a mile wiele ami there is a g reat tienl of a nd and gravel in this area Apparently al~o there ae some ~ ~lI1d nd Qmvel de]Josits away from the river plobabl r caused by g la iHI HC iOIl Undoubtedly these conditions will prevent plll aj drawing over -) It of the ar(a but over how much then) are not sufficient data to han I to decide A 90 extraction (ould be obtained where wa t does not i tershyfere and where water would be a menace 60 can be n~eov ed If one third of No IV b~d must have pillars left in it the average extraction would be 80 a nd if one fifth of TO V bed would hav to be eft the ayelage extraction would be 84 and the figure of avoidable 10 Ee shown give a 79 extraction for No IV beel and 81 ]JC1 cent fOl No V There were no geologie maps a ilable but th best informa tion indicated that No V bed does not tend under the river hottom1 tf) any gTeat extent tnd conseltluently mOle of it c()uld hI lecnvelld

D EPARTltlIgtNT OF CONSIgtKVA TION 33J

SUilIARY O COAL LOSSES IN CLINTON-BRAZIL DISTRICT

Pll~entalrc of total market lble coal lost in I1rro worket

Total Avoidl1bl San for 106Jl 10811 loss

Goal left 3S roof and bottom coal Pmction of 1 Coni lost in room anijlY and panel pillars ~1 26 CoM lost in oil or ga8-w(l1 pillllrs None Cal lust under buildi Jl (f railroadbull and boundaries Coal l o~t in ha ndlin l lnd [l lepRraticn undclKT)und and

sur rocc C(lnl I ()~t due to rolls thin 01 ditty areas and streams

rrotal loss per cent bullbull bullbullbull 26

C )AL LOSSES IN THE ULLIVAN-LINTON FIELD INDIANA

1 n trodul--tio n

This field consists of Sullivan and Glcene Countli Accordin l~ to the report of the State Industrial Board for the year ended Septenlbel 0 1)21 t here were 44 mines in Sullivan County wi th a total proucshytion of 3172- 53 tons and 25 mines in Greene County with a produc tion of 1873299 tons In studying this field the writer made thr e trips under round and secured data on 20 mines having a total produc tion of approximately 3000000 tons

There are foul beds of coal being worked in this district as follcws

COAL FIELDS IS THE SULLlVA N-LINlOl FIELD

Bcd 0 IhiokD8Iil Feet Mine Production 1 008 r~- 4 80000II H~ tv (j 181 3 1~ to 6H 2777000

4 to 81-3 Il 875000 n to 6 16 680000

There are al so 17 mines given in the report referred to above wlich are unclassified as t o bed

As will be noted beds n umber IV V and VI are the impol ant producers and frOJll information gathered at this time it appears hat Ro me of the mines in No VI bed have ceased ope rutions since 1921 so that N o I and No V are by far the most impOltan t p roducer at p re ent No is al 0 known as the Glendora in place wh ere it has different ph sica) chaTactelit ics as will be more full explained I iter in this report

CHARACTERISTICS OF NO IV BED

1 o IV bed is fro 3 to 6 fee t in thickness a nd will probl bly a erage 5 feet 3 inches It has a coer of from 211 to 311 feet in StdshyJivan County a veraging about 285 -feet while in Greene County the cover is from 36 to 160 feet averaging 100 feet making the gem 1al average approximately 200 feet There is a fairly persIstent dirt tam occurring just below the middle of the bcd whi ch is very thin to 4 inches or more Th roof consists of shale 01 sancl-shal bull with sc meshy

340 Y EAn BOOK

times th in layers of sandstone and shal e interbedded It breaks ~ holt

and requi r es a great many timbers and j not so good as the rof of No IV farther north in t c CHnton field It has a fileelay lottolll which usually however contains some s~lmJ mukwg a hard floor

SECTIO Of MINE MAP sul livan Co Indiana

Showmt co lost account of orretui(gtrSPOC 118 end directIOn of room

~ Coel t nat will be extrected Coal Lost In part orn whole

CHARACTERISTICS OF NO V AND GLENDORA BEDS

As before stated No V bed has different ph sical characte is tics in differ ent parts of the fi eld Over a large part it is the same as in the Clinton field to t he north and the Knox County field to the south -that is it has the hardpan loof contain ing boulders immediately over the coal and has a clay fto r The area of the Glendora ii supshy

ilEP TMElNT Of ON ERVATlON

poilted to be where the No V bed us laid down in an irregular yshy~haped swamp and it is about 30 feet below the level of the reguJ l

No V bed lmt the oul is usuall continuous from No dipping arou nd the sides of H1 so-called swamp down to the Gl ndo ra coal The Gl( nshydora (QuI is brighter in rolor frequently thicker amI h ii none of t he

SECTION Of MINE MAP Sullivan Co Ind iana

Sno~ co1 logtt account of trreular ~In$ and d -ectlOn of r ooms

~CoOl thetwili be extrected In part orin whole

r iI JJ

Coel lost- Virain Coal

roof cha racteristicgt of No V as it i8 found away from this swaJllp Where examined the loof of t he Glendora bed consisted of a shale I nd Jequircs considerable timbering The fiool is of cia The impuri ies in o and G1 e11 d n~ beel consist (If irregula rly-rli t ributed sulph ur lenses

342 Y EAR BOOK

CHARACTERISTICS OF NO VI BED

Where studied No VI bed a (Uaged 5 f eet of coal with two -inch dirt ba nds about 6 inches apar t near th center of the bed and another I-inch dirt band 4 inches abo e the floor It also cmtaills a great many clay veins or so-called horseba k The loof is -1 groy shale or slate which holds up well in most plac s but occasiollally i t becomes very tender The floor is a hard clay

METHOD OF MI~ ING

The method of mining is uniform regardless of the bed being worked and consists of room-an d-pillar mining with n o Sy S1 ematic pillar-t1rawing Sometimes panels are u sed am som t imes s lnight room-anel-pillm One mine visited in No IV bed used hiple-cross entri s liliven on 24-foot centels two of the entries being 12 feet wi( e and one- the haula geway- being 9 feet wiele The proleL entries ele 12 feet wide on 24-foot centers the Closscuts 10 feet wiele every 45 feet There were 21 rooms on each panel entry each being 2gt feet wi( e and till room-pillars were 11 feet wide Room cr(ls~cn t were g feet wide anel the room-necks wrre 10 f eet wide by 12 f et long The mine visi ted in No VI bed employed straight room-and-pillar method~ with ent ies 12 feet wide on 80-foot cent ers The room were 2 feet wide on l3-foot centers a nd 200 feet long Room-necks wer 10 feet wille for 12 feet then widened and th egt room CTOSScu ts were 8 feet wide

The only attempts made at recovery of pillar a re when the room are completed and th roof st ill st nding the inside ends of the pillar are worked back until falls of roof 01 Q squeeze cause t he worllt to be abandoned In some mines this undoubtedly inc le~lses the perce netage uf extraction somewhat but over the entire field t he coal from pillar will amount to but very lit tle of the total

LOSSES OF COAL

The principal loss is in the pillars and lllele is a ver y slignt los~ in some mines where the bottom coal lef t under the cuttin g nl chines is not taken up There is also some loss due to the thin lucas I round the basin where No V bed pitches down a nd becomes the GlendoH bed Some faultin g h known to have occurred but no evidence was s ~cured to indicat tlla t the 10 s of coal from thi s ourc was prj ciabh

In f urther reference to the thin area it W QS noted in Oil( mine neat Duggel that on the we~t ide thele is a ancl-rock roll which comes down flom the roof and cuts t he bed do w to ai 3 feet in t hickshyn ess Th is is one kind of a t hin a rea hut it ap parently wa large ( nough and sufficiently close to the surface so tha t it could be mined n tIlt future This mine also has a consider able area of coal under about 30 feet of cover where the roof i t oo tendel f or it to be wor ked but this coal can probltbl be worked by team-shovel in the fuh1l and should no t be considered as lost In the mines of a company near rasonshyville t hey have what is called jack which come into the r middotg-ular coal bed on the bottom nnd gets as thiek as 3 feet leavi ng 30 inc l e 0

DlJp R1MSNT OF CONSFR~ TTON

coal on top of it This j (1 is sairl to be cannel coal and as ther h l large area thereof it COll lel he miJ11d in the future althou gh it is middotf t at PI sent

ACTUAL EXTRACTIO N

The largest operating company in the district has for several yeLls carefully calculated the extractioll in a ll of its mines i n No IV b ll

In s tudying the method of ca lculatin r ex traction i us found that 1he su perintendent uses the same method as the writer for this investigati lJl exccpt that he uses only 1613 tons to the acre-foot whereas the wri er has beeen using 1700 tons for No IV beel of Indiana which would be a clifference of over 5 per cent However there is a considerable thikshyness of dht in No IV bed which would neady make up tllis difference so the companys figures can be consider ed as only 1 or 2 per cent 00

high They are as follows

COAL EXTRACTED AT FOUR ~INF3 OF ALARm OPERATOH

-Coal PeriodEIllll rtion When Cover

No Op13 11c11 Feet Per CentFeet -

tL5 421fl-31l20 ~ 10 lOCH 13 200 St A 311 20-4620

6t 2 41021 1 22J 567 4720- n92llG~8 Oct 11118 214 60 ~ 5 2 1 1 221

81 19-3~12 1middotJ449 ) 1I IIi Aug bull 1919 1U 21-11 2219 42f20-51621 67igt27 1912 lJ64 fi 5 1GZ l 1 (22 ~O SI

Opeuinc-up period

This company sta tes that its r eservations will be I ss thl n 1 )IeI cent and tha t it m ine= out the cual nder the rail ro cis leaving only the usual pilla r s to hold up the surface

At another min of the first company mentioned in No IV bed he writer planimeter d the workings and found 102 acres t have bl en worked over since the date of opening in 191) Th bed i 5 f~et

thiek from wh ich should be subhucted 2 inches for the regular dirt hands leaving 5 feet 4 inches of coal 507898 tons wcre produced f1 Jm thi s arca making an extraction of 52 per cent H owevcr on account of the size of the mine about 4 acres should be taken out for the sh 1ft bottom and 3 small areas near the shuft that may later be recoven~d which gives an extra ction of 54 pel cent not considering the c ay veins They would probably cau se an increase of the apparent extllCshytion to 57 per cent of tile net cleml coal

A large producer in N o IV bed near JasonviIle has 5 feet of el( an coal plus 1 to 2 inches of dirt bane From planimeteri ng the ma11 I found 11481 acres to have been w ked out of which nearlv 5 ac es is in the shaft bottom making 110 acres net area worked which males 11l tOllS milled per acre or an extraction of 60 per cenL

Taking these figures into co icleration al so the po sibili ty of a slightly higher recove y in the GIendoTa bed and a lower recovelY in

344 Y ER BOOK

the small min the writel believe that th bull middottractlOn wi ll be a bout )7 per cent--that is a Jo~s of J ~ pt- ((n l ~uhtl i inet IS hown 11 the attached table_

A OIDABLL L OiFS

Most of the surface overlying the conI is r ili ng and uld b damshyaged very little in value if all of the coa l 10 aCtractcltl rhere may be some water in th overlying lra ta hu t no evidel ce was ound to indicate that it would have t be cons idered a a ouJ(c of hind ran gt

to pulling pillars In t he writ r g opinion un extract ion of nt lea_-t 87 per cent should be made from this fi pld wh irh melln that the p l e~ent

avoidable loss is gO 1)e1 cent

1OS8pound IN QVERI n N G B8U

A very small quantity of roal is co n$ from bed benea h OthCl

unwolked beds and even where such is 01 a e lh onl 10 middotmeler present methods would be around t he oog-c of an llrea a ffected by a squeeze and while there is po slbly a very slight 1o due t the conshyditions it can ploba bl be neglected

SOll llJRY OF COAL LOSSES IN nLll -LINTON FlFLI

lltrcening C loUd nnrk _tab h ~oJll tort in III bull w orl Imiddotd

Tota l v ii tlrtb c

Rmson fo loss 10 11S

Cnl left middot roof and bottom coa l bull _ _ 0 1

Coal lost in room enlIT a nd Dunel p illn middot all Coal lost in oil lr g-as-w ll p illars No m Cont IOIR under bllildin~I r ail roads a na lI otll1cl ~ dcs 03

Coal lo~t in handlinq and prepa ration II n tlJ1 l ilrOUnt nnd SUl-tace ~ bull bull bullbull bull bullbull bull ~ ~

Coal lost due t o rolls t hin ur d t1y ~ rea) find Ft leame 11

Total loos per cent _ bull _ 0 oal lost annually clue to t1eEt ruction b)- mini n in

Inwc( bed~ Slight loslt

COAL LOSSES IN THE K NOX COUNTY FIELD INDIA NA

In loductiO1t

This field includes Knox and D vi s c untie Accor ding [gt the report of the State Indu st r ial Boarel fo r tlle ear tmded Sc tembl I 1 f) 1921 Knox County produced 3264090 ton and nItVle~ C unty 27()U tons According to this f e a rt Knox COln t~ h ad 10 mine in No V bed thre in No VI bed an d one in N o IV bed whi le llavie~s County had one mine in No IV bed tluee in TO V bed and thlee unclasl ified Approximately 90 per cent of the producti n omes from N V bed and for that reason it was the onl one considered in makinf t he investigation Th bed Tuns flom fill to 71~ feet in thfckn 55 avershyaging 6 feet 8 inches It has a cover r anging fJom 43 to 420 fee t

DEPARTMENT (W C O Im ATlU~

averag ing 70 feet in 1)UVl6 OUIlty and 250 feet in Knox COUI ty or a gen raJ average of 160 feet In investigating thi~ field two un( ershyground b middotillS vere mnde und infonm ltion w as secu red 011 four mine~ producing nearly 20000 0 ton of coa l

CHARACTER[STICS UF NO V BEIJ

No I bed in thii field ha ~ thl typical roof cOll s iting of a s t rat um of a -caller hUl ri nil imm diatel over the coal and in which a r c Imshybedded lar C bouillers Ot niggel-heuds The fi oor i~ a hard clay ith sometimes m impure 01 dirty coal to 14 inches thi ck lying immedia ely above i t- t hllt i b tweltn t he cl ay and the marketa ble coal At Jne m ine vi si ted th 1e is no lcgulaT band of inlpulitie but at the other there is a bund of did about on f oot f1 111 the top of the bed ] hi band woulLl )anglt h om 4 to 12 inches in thickness and when it reaches its grcatet thicknes consi t of interbedded thin layers of coal and di rt

In gtome place t h boul rtetl ill the roof ure a bsent g iving a sm(oth 100f which is not as strong us where the boulders are present III ~enerul it llIay b aid tha t the rOQ f is very good and owing to the good tl i knps of the bed m a ke conrii t ions excellent for large tonna ei

an d the lar~et fJloducerlt in the S tate a ] in t his fieIr

Jl1ETlTOD OF MINI G

The room-and- pilla) panel sy3te of mining is employed with 18 to 1O rooms un a pand cutiy At O1e mine where the covel is 300 feet the rooms a rc 13 feet wide 0 11 53-foot centcl~ and 2-iO feet l(ng T he room Clos cut arC 18 feet wid and the necks arc 14 feet ide for 12 f eel tllen w iclen (ld The baldel-pillal~ average about 80 eet wide and t he fire-pillal Jrmiddotf bet ~een the end of the rooms is 20 ec t

wide TIlC ent ries UI( 12 feet wide OJ1 ))-foot center with entr) cr )S~shy

cuts 12 feet wide In nnothel mine with a covcr of 420 feet the 10 )U1S

are 0 fpe t wide 011 5J-foot centers and a re 230 fect long The c1 )SSshy

evts Hr ] 8 feet W1UC un(l the re arc I8 room~ tu each panel entry rhe ballier-pilhl1s Q 75 f et wide and there is a 20-1oot fire-pillal oeshytwecn the end of L1e rooms The ent ries are 12 feet wide un 40- oot cellters wi th 12-foot ent ry crose ~

LOSSE OF COAL

No a ctul1 dllta Were secu r ed on t he losses of coal in this field but it igti beli eved that on account of the generally good roof and hard floOl the extraction will lJe higher t ha n it is in the other Indiana field to the north There i 11 co miiderabIe loss in the gob in the rooms but this is prHcticalIy th A only losgt of I n importance with the c ceptio I of thut lost i11 the Ji1I11r 0 11 e o f t he room-pillars U( e t raded but II uull ) it is nnl~ a small purt of t hem as no ~ystematic ]JiI1nr dnn jngshyis p racticed Some co I j left in th e flnolmiddot where the unuelcut ing machines do not gd do w1 Ullto t he cla As befol( stltlted thele is orne dirty coal in the fl oor and here this is present the cutting is usually

Y EAR BOOK

done in it The loss in marketa ble bottom coal will probably not be over 1 per cen t

Based OJ1 the actual dimensions of the working place ancl as mming that all the room-pillars will be r ecovered 40 fe t back fr om th~ ends the loss in each panel at the mine first mentioned will be 32 pO cen t The loss in the main entry-pillar will b 3 per cen t of the total a nd if we allow 1 pel ecnt 10 t in bottom coal and 4 pel cent for handling and prepar ation the total loss is 40 per cent However in the riters judgment some of the barrier n el entry-pillars will be lecoven c1 and as they amount to approximat ly 1 1 pel cent of the total it is la i e to say that 6 PCl cent additional coal will be lccoyeled from them m ak ingshythe net loss 34 per cent Calculations on the same basiti for the second mine mentioned give a loss of 40 per eent so that the average llss foJ the field has been taken as 37 per cent as these two m ines a ll large producers (the first one having p roduced 5379840 tons of coal to date) and are saiel to lepleSen t the average for the fi eld

A VOIDABLE LOSSES

There iflt considerable good fanning land in tl1is dishict tut the country is r olling so pulling pillars could not do it any damage Some solid coal would have to be left under farmhou~es but in the Titers judgment 90 per cent of th coal could be taken out making the lresent avoidable loss 27 per cent

SUMMARY OF LOSS~S I] KNOX COUNTY

lcnengtlge ot ~otal marketable coal lOdt in area wo oked

T ota l A voids nle R eason for loss 10s8 10

Coal [eft ns Oof and bottom coal bull bull bull bull bull bull 1 Coal lost in roum en try and panel pil Is bull ~ bullbullbullbull bull bull 32 27 Coul lost in oil 01 WlS-well pillals one Coal iost undel buildin~~~ lU lroads n n d boundurics lmiddotmctic n of 1 Cnal IOli t in haJldling and prcparation un derground and

sUl face

Cual 1m due to Iolls thin 01 dirty ar S and stremiddotams FnlctiolJ of 1

Total loss p e r cent bullbullbullbull bull 37 27

COAL LOSSES IN SOUTHERN INDIANA INCLUDING THE PRINCETON-AYRESHIRE BOONVILLE AND EVANS

VILLE-NEWBURG FIELD S

Intoduction

Th se fields have been considered in one lepo11 101 the eaSOn that the tonnage i~ somewha t Il1Hll and practically all of the mines arc working the same heel T he se reI I fi -Ids include Gibson Pike Warrick Vanderburg and Spencer counties whose production accordshying to the Indiana Industr ia l Bo rd i bullhown in Table 8

JI lodllcti(m

This field includes Knox and Da c s c()unt i s Accor ding 0 the Ieport of the State Ind str ial Boa rd f Ol the year ended Sep 11 el lO 1)21 Knox County ploduced 325J Ono t ns nnd ])nviess ounty 2 )7624 tons According to this report Kno x County had 10 min~ in Q

bed three in No VI bed an d on in N o ] V bet while Daviess oun ty had one mine in No IV bed thlee in 1 o V bed ami three uncillf sifted Approcimat ly 90 per cent of t he plocl uc 11 omes rom No berl and for that reason it was the only one considered In nmking the investigation This bed r uns from 5 to 7 ~~ feet ill thickness avershyaging 6 feet 8 inches It h l a cover ranging 1lom 4~ to 42i feet

D EPARTMENT OF C ONSERVATION

TABLE 8-COAL PRODUCT[O~ OF SOUTHERN INDIAbull bull t IN 1921

1_ T~m MinesCaunty Bed

fiGibson 1 9

mI~6ii ~ Pike 1

U ndasai6ed bull m~ ~C

4 14WorriJlk ~O I~ bull bull bull bullbull 3 ~~~e~rg~ N~~ ~ 2

42Total

I 62ft-40

1011691

9152lI 1

~60 3b l 10501

2 823 84l

CHARACTERISTICS OF NO V BED

No V bed is from 51h to 6 1h feet in Gibson County averaging 5 feet 11 inches and has a cover of 125 to 440 feet averaging 280 fet III Pike County t he coal is f r om 4 feet 8 inches to 8 fee t thick a I r shyaging 6 feet and has a cover of a f ew feet up to 110 feet averagi 19 50 feet In War rick County the thickness is from 4 to 13 feet avelugi 19 4 feet and the cover is from a few f eet to 196 feet averaging 90 feet In Vander burg Cou ty the coal is 4 feet thick with a co er averaging 260 fe t

T he roof in some of the mines is the typical No V roof containi 19 large bou dere and making a good roof for mining operations in aU cr places it is a smooth gray shale roof requiring many timbers and in still other mines the roof is a sandy shale or sandstone but ncvcrthellss weak The floor is fireclay with occasionally some dirly coal or 0 shy

called rash between the fu e day ami the marketable coal No reguar baIlds of impurities were noted but th r e are lenses f sulphur cattel ed irregularly t hrough the c al

METHODS OF MINING

Doth tIaight room-and-pillar an d panel methods of lU llling are used with probably the former predominating In studying this isshytrict four p roperties were vi lted-namely t wo along the western ile where the coal is under deeper cove r and two along the eastern e( ge of the field where the cov 1 is shallow One trip underground was nIa Ie One compa ny has a cover of from 30 to 130 feet and is mining to 7 feet of coal They use straight room-and-pillar method with ~oshyf oot rooms 200 feet long I uving p illars about 9 feet wide and no attempt is made to pull any pillars The mines a re near the line )eshytween Gibson and P ike Counties The roof stands well in the entries but requir es lots of timber ing in the rooms

A company in Warrick County west of Boonville is mining 3 f eet 10 inches to G feet 6 inches of coal under 130 feet of cover They have the typical No V roof and a trip underground was made a t thi tWoe The rooms averag 2 feet in width with a H)-foot r oom-pillar ]he straight room-Bnd-pillar method is used with room 200 to 300 feet 10rIg The crosscuts are 12 feet wide and the room-necks are 12 teet wide for 12 feet and are then widened out

348 YEAR BOOK

A company in Vtmderburg Coun y has a 4-foot b under- 25 feet of covel and i using the panel BY tern of mining with 20 100m- to a panel entry the panels being 700 to 1000 fet t in ide of entries The rooms are 24 feet wide on 40-fo t centers allCl 3511 fee long The roomshynecks a re 8 fe t wide for 12 fret while the elltrle are 7 feel wid

SECTION OF MINE MAP Werrtck Co Indlelna

5hoWIIIS p lo(s nO t troe-ted

~Coal ftltwlll be extracted Cool Lost In port or In wholll

DEPARTMENT OF CO-SERV- TION

on 57-foot centers T he panel barriel pillaIs are 60 feet wide lhe roof is said to be very tend

A company in Gibsoll County where they al~ mining- feet of Cllal

under 400 feet of cover uses the straight room-an ti -pillar m UlOd a nd the rooms are 25 to 30 feet wide on 43-f oot centers Room-neck~ i re 10 feet wide for 12 feet The roof is said to be very weak an (shyquil es a gleat deal of timbering

LOSSES OF COAL

This is of (oUlse a gleat 10 s of coal in the pillar ~ whieh are Idt There is ao eonsidenlble loss caused by the coal stilking to the imshypurities which is thrown back into the gob No evidenc( was found of any appreciable amount of coal bein) left on account of thin or el i middotty areas although two of the compani had abandoned certain portions of thei propcImiddotty where the coal hid become low but from the condishytions this coal cannot be consideTed as lost at thi time Where he covcr is small considerable coal is being left but thi can be reeoe ed with stearn-shovels in the future

ACT U L EXTRACTIOgt

None of the companies opemting the mines vi ~ it d had any figu es available on the percentage of pxtrHction but thre m a ps were secu ed which have been planimetered and the 1 a checked a gainst the tommgc hoi~ted One company with a tender roof and 400 fe t of COVC I has worked out H)6 acres since 1 11 when the mine was ope ned The C Jal i ~ 5 feet thick and there should be 8850 tons to the a erp but oIly )~l4939 tom have beell hoisted from this illca which works out a t 4 70 tons to the acre 01 an extraction of 54 pel cent onsidelable C )pound11

was left alolIg the boundaries of the property amounting- to nearly 1 per cent ltwel about i pel cent has been left under the IniiIoari gi lce the railroad company plohihitCd them from minillg In y morl coal un lei lw rig-ht of way

At the mine of another company with a gtood roof a nd 110 feet of cover the area worked out from October 23 1918 to eptumbgtr fl 1( 20 wus planimeteJcd showing 21 acres from which 15223) tons of coal las produced The bed is 5]12 feet thick which indicates an extraction of 74 pel cent Thi s may be considered a the absolute maxiIlIum reshycovery because it does not inelude any losses e middotcppt n the pillan lnd in the gob Some areas were noted on the map where considerable lOal was left between the ends of apPloaching rooms a nd some coal is _ o~t

in the main entry pillar but none of this is ineluded in the ab lVe middotalculation It is probable that the ex traction at thi s mine will hwshyeveI be better than (5 pel cent taking all 10es into cOIl icielatioll

At the minc of a company in Vanderburg County l 0 oflicial stated that the extraction is 55 pel cent and while they have not planimeteled their map they have made very carefu1 estimates

The mine of a company at Oakland City 01 ened in 191 produced 2032000 tons up to the date of their lnst map in 1922 The coal a er shyages G112 feet and by planimeterin g it w as found that t h e a rea worl(ed out wa 342 acres which indicates an extraction of (lO7 per cent

350 YE4R BOOK

Taking these figures as a guide and also considering gene1 1 inshyformation secured regardillg other mines from those familia r wit h tlw district the TTiter has estimated tlle extralttion to be 0 per cent whi ch means a loss of 40 per cent which has been subdivirted as shown tID the accompanying t able

AVOIDABLE LOSSES

There is considerable good faTm ing coun try il l th ese dis trict but a very small area is level most of it being rolling None of the ope ators expressed any fear of la wsuits resulting from sur fnce subsidenc but undoubtedly if the pillars were being e middottracted SOllle conflicts ould Ulise with the surface owners especially close to the city of E vallsville in Vanderburg County On the other hand this coal beiTlg only about 4 feet thick and ther e being an excellent local mll rket for lmnp conI could probably be worked advantageousl by longwall methods T nklllg this fact into consideration together wi th the small tonn age clming from under available and level surface it is believed that n tot ll exshytraction of 85 per cent for the field shoul d be secured which vould mean a present a voidable 10 S of 25 pel cent

SUMiIlARY OF COAL LOSSlS IN HOllTHER IN[tl AlA

Peretn tzge of to ta l marl ctnult~ coal los t in a rea VorllJu

TotnJ AvoidLI~

R eason for loss 105lt

onl cft a s roar and bot tom conI Coal lost in room cntlmiddoty and vn nrl p illn bull 26 Coal lost in oil 01 gas-well p il lars bullbullbullbullbull Coal lost under buildin gs ra il roads md boundaries Coal lost in h a ndling- a nd p rcv ara tion undel~ lo und a nd

s u rface bull bull bull bull bullbullbullbull bull bull 4 Coal IOl t due to r olls t hin or lirty arCW an d lttrerune bull

Total 10 per cent bullbullbullbull bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull 40 25

APPENDIX C-COAL LO SSES IN INDIANA

Genel-al U lII7IWY

Indiana produces f rom 17 to 30 million tons of coal per ar nUII1 the total in 1921 being slightly over 20 million ton (20300000) In mining this latter quantity an average of 42 per cent is loo t an ar lOunt equal to 14700UOO tons Of th ese losses a n average of 35 per CI1t is due to entry and room pillars being lost Two main coal beds ar being worked in these districts and whire the loof is tender and w t b C(gtIshy

tain area it js estimated that the los in pillars should not av ruge above 8 per cent The other losses are comparatively low and a re more or less unavoidable If the average total loss is 42 per cent and the estimated average a voidable loss i 27 per cen t (3 per cent to tal pillar loss-8 per cent unavoidable loss therein) I the unHvoidabh loss would be 15 per cent (42-27) and t he percentage f middottraction S lould be 5 per cent instead of 59 p r cen t as at present The losses il the past a re admittedly high but ar being reduced by bet ter methods

D EPARTltlIgtNT OF CONSIgtKVA TION 33J

SUilIARY O COAL LOSSES IN CLINTON-BRAZIL DISTRICT

Pll~entalrc of total market lble coal lost in I1rro worket

Total Avoidl1bl San for 106Jl 10811 loss

Goal left 3S roof and bottom coal Pmction of 1 Coni lost in room anijlY and panel pillars ~1 26 CoM lost in oil or ga8-w(l1 pillllrs None Cal lust under buildi Jl (f railroadbull and boundaries Coal l o~t in ha ndlin l lnd [l lepRraticn undclKT)und and

sur rocc C(lnl I ()~t due to rolls thin 01 ditty areas and streams

rrotal loss per cent bullbull bullbullbull 26

C )AL LOSSES IN THE ULLIVAN-LINTON FIELD INDIANA

1 n trodul--tio n

This field consists of Sullivan and Glcene Countli Accordin l~ to the report of the State Industrial Board for the year ended Septenlbel 0 1)21 t here were 44 mines in Sullivan County wi th a total proucshytion of 3172- 53 tons and 25 mines in Greene County with a produc tion of 1873299 tons In studying this field the writer made thr e trips under round and secured data on 20 mines having a total produc tion of approximately 3000000 tons

There are foul beds of coal being worked in this district as follcws

COAL FIELDS IS THE SULLlVA N-LINlOl FIELD

Bcd 0 IhiokD8Iil Feet Mine Production 1 008 r~- 4 80000II H~ tv (j 181 3 1~ to 6H 2777000

4 to 81-3 Il 875000 n to 6 16 680000

There are al so 17 mines given in the report referred to above wlich are unclassified as t o bed

As will be noted beds n umber IV V and VI are the impol ant producers and frOJll information gathered at this time it appears hat Ro me of the mines in No VI bed have ceased ope rutions since 1921 so that N o I and No V are by far the most impOltan t p roducer at p re ent No is al 0 known as the Glendora in place wh ere it has different ph sica) chaTactelit ics as will be more full explained I iter in this report

CHARACTERISTICS OF NO IV BED

1 o IV bed is fro 3 to 6 fee t in thickness a nd will probl bly a erage 5 feet 3 inches It has a coer of from 211 to 311 feet in StdshyJivan County a veraging about 285 -feet while in Greene County the cover is from 36 to 160 feet averaging 100 feet making the gem 1al average approximately 200 feet There is a fairly persIstent dirt tam occurring just below the middle of the bcd whi ch is very thin to 4 inches or more Th roof consists of shale 01 sancl-shal bull with sc meshy

340 Y EAn BOOK

times th in layers of sandstone and shal e interbedded It breaks ~ holt

and requi r es a great many timbers and j not so good as the rof of No IV farther north in t c CHnton field It has a fileelay lottolll which usually however contains some s~lmJ mukwg a hard floor

SECTIO Of MINE MAP sul livan Co Indiana

Showmt co lost account of orretui(gtrSPOC 118 end directIOn of room

~ Coel t nat will be extrected Coal Lost In part orn whole

CHARACTERISTICS OF NO V AND GLENDORA BEDS

As before stated No V bed has different ph sical characte is tics in differ ent parts of the fi eld Over a large part it is the same as in the Clinton field to t he north and the Knox County field to the south -that is it has the hardpan loof contain ing boulders immediately over the coal and has a clay fto r The area of the Glendora ii supshy

ilEP TMElNT Of ON ERVATlON

poilted to be where the No V bed us laid down in an irregular yshy~haped swamp and it is about 30 feet below the level of the reguJ l

No V bed lmt the oul is usuall continuous from No dipping arou nd the sides of H1 so-called swamp down to the Gl ndo ra coal The Gl( nshydora (QuI is brighter in rolor frequently thicker amI h ii none of t he

SECTION Of MINE MAP Sullivan Co Ind iana

Sno~ co1 logtt account of trreular ~In$ and d -ectlOn of r ooms

~CoOl thetwili be extrected In part orin whole

r iI JJ

Coel lost- Virain Coal

roof cha racteristicgt of No V as it i8 found away from this swaJllp Where examined the loof of t he Glendora bed consisted of a shale I nd Jequircs considerable timbering The fiool is of cia The impuri ies in o and G1 e11 d n~ beel consist (If irregula rly-rli t ributed sulph ur lenses

342 Y EAR BOOK

CHARACTERISTICS OF NO VI BED

Where studied No VI bed a (Uaged 5 f eet of coal with two -inch dirt ba nds about 6 inches apar t near th center of the bed and another I-inch dirt band 4 inches abo e the floor It also cmtaills a great many clay veins or so-called horseba k The loof is -1 groy shale or slate which holds up well in most plac s but occasiollally i t becomes very tender The floor is a hard clay

METHOD OF MI~ ING

The method of mining is uniform regardless of the bed being worked and consists of room-an d-pillar mining with n o Sy S1 ematic pillar-t1rawing Sometimes panels are u sed am som t imes s lnight room-anel-pillm One mine visited in No IV bed used hiple-cross entri s liliven on 24-foot centels two of the entries being 12 feet wi( e and one- the haula geway- being 9 feet wiele The proleL entries ele 12 feet wide on 24-foot centers the Closscuts 10 feet wiele every 45 feet There were 21 rooms on each panel entry each being 2gt feet wi( e and till room-pillars were 11 feet wide Room cr(ls~cn t were g feet wide anel the room-necks wrre 10 f eet wide by 12 f et long The mine visi ted in No VI bed employed straight room-and-pillar method~ with ent ies 12 feet wide on 80-foot cent ers The room were 2 feet wide on l3-foot centers a nd 200 feet long Room-necks wer 10 feet wille for 12 feet then widened and th egt room CTOSScu ts were 8 feet wide

The only attempts made at recovery of pillar a re when the room are completed and th roof st ill st nding the inside ends of the pillar are worked back until falls of roof 01 Q squeeze cause t he worllt to be abandoned In some mines this undoubtedly inc le~lses the perce netage uf extraction somewhat but over the entire field t he coal from pillar will amount to but very lit tle of the total

LOSSES OF COAL

The principal loss is in the pillars and lllele is a ver y slignt los~ in some mines where the bottom coal lef t under the cuttin g nl chines is not taken up There is also some loss due to the thin lucas I round the basin where No V bed pitches down a nd becomes the GlendoH bed Some faultin g h known to have occurred but no evidence was s ~cured to indicat tlla t the 10 s of coal from thi s ourc was prj ciabh

In f urther reference to the thin area it W QS noted in Oil( mine neat Duggel that on the we~t ide thele is a ancl-rock roll which comes down flom the roof and cuts t he bed do w to ai 3 feet in t hickshyn ess Th is is one kind of a t hin a rea hut it ap parently wa large ( nough and sufficiently close to the surface so tha t it could be mined n tIlt future This mine also has a consider able area of coal under about 30 feet of cover where the roof i t oo tendel f or it to be wor ked but this coal can probltbl be worked by team-shovel in the fuh1l and should no t be considered as lost In the mines of a company near rasonshyville t hey have what is called jack which come into the r middotg-ular coal bed on the bottom nnd gets as thiek as 3 feet leavi ng 30 inc l e 0

DlJp R1MSNT OF CONSFR~ TTON

coal on top of it This j (1 is sairl to be cannel coal and as ther h l large area thereof it COll lel he miJ11d in the future althou gh it is middotf t at PI sent

ACTUAL EXTRACTIO N

The largest operating company in the district has for several yeLls carefully calculated the extractioll in a ll of its mines i n No IV b ll

In s tudying the method of ca lculatin r ex traction i us found that 1he su perintendent uses the same method as the writer for this investigati lJl exccpt that he uses only 1613 tons to the acre-foot whereas the wri er has beeen using 1700 tons for No IV beel of Indiana which would be a clifference of over 5 per cent However there is a considerable thikshyness of dht in No IV bed which would neady make up tllis difference so the companys figures can be consider ed as only 1 or 2 per cent 00

high They are as follows

COAL EXTRACTED AT FOUR ~INF3 OF ALARm OPERATOH

-Coal PeriodEIllll rtion When Cover

No Op13 11c11 Feet Per CentFeet -

tL5 421fl-31l20 ~ 10 lOCH 13 200 St A 311 20-4620

6t 2 41021 1 22J 567 4720- n92llG~8 Oct 11118 214 60 ~ 5 2 1 1 221

81 19-3~12 1middotJ449 ) 1I IIi Aug bull 1919 1U 21-11 2219 42f20-51621 67igt27 1912 lJ64 fi 5 1GZ l 1 (22 ~O SI

Opeuinc-up period

This company sta tes that its r eservations will be I ss thl n 1 )IeI cent and tha t it m ine= out the cual nder the rail ro cis leaving only the usual pilla r s to hold up the surface

At another min of the first company mentioned in No IV bed he writer planimeter d the workings and found 102 acres t have bl en worked over since the date of opening in 191) Th bed i 5 f~et

thiek from wh ich should be subhucted 2 inches for the regular dirt hands leaving 5 feet 4 inches of coal 507898 tons wcre produced f1 Jm thi s arca making an extraction of 52 per cent H owevcr on account of the size of the mine about 4 acres should be taken out for the sh 1ft bottom and 3 small areas near the shuft that may later be recoven~d which gives an extra ction of 54 pel cent not considering the c ay veins They would probably cau se an increase of the apparent extllCshytion to 57 per cent of tile net cleml coal

A large producer in N o IV bed near JasonviIle has 5 feet of el( an coal plus 1 to 2 inches of dirt bane From planimeteri ng the ma11 I found 11481 acres to have been w ked out of which nearlv 5 ac es is in the shaft bottom making 110 acres net area worked which males 11l tOllS milled per acre or an extraction of 60 per cenL

Taking these figures into co icleration al so the po sibili ty of a slightly higher recove y in the GIendoTa bed and a lower recovelY in

344 Y ER BOOK

the small min the writel believe that th bull middottractlOn wi ll be a bout )7 per cent--that is a Jo~s of J ~ pt- ((n l ~uhtl i inet IS hown 11 the attached table_

A OIDABLL L OiFS

Most of the surface overlying the conI is r ili ng and uld b damshyaged very little in value if all of the coa l 10 aCtractcltl rhere may be some water in th overlying lra ta hu t no evidel ce was ound to indicate that it would have t be cons idered a a ouJ(c of hind ran gt

to pulling pillars In t he writ r g opinion un extract ion of nt lea_-t 87 per cent should be made from this fi pld wh irh melln that the p l e~ent

avoidable loss is gO 1)e1 cent

1OS8pound IN QVERI n N G B8U

A very small quantity of roal is co n$ from bed benea h OthCl

unwolked beds and even where such is 01 a e lh onl 10 middotmeler present methods would be around t he oog-c of an llrea a ffected by a squeeze and while there is po slbly a very slight 1o due t the conshyditions it can ploba bl be neglected

SOll llJRY OF COAL LOSSES IN nLll -LINTON FlFLI

lltrcening C loUd nnrk _tab h ~oJll tort in III bull w orl Imiddotd

Tota l v ii tlrtb c

Rmson fo loss 10 11S

Cnl left middot roof and bottom coa l bull _ _ 0 1

Coal lost in room enlIT a nd Dunel p illn middot all Coal lost in oil lr g-as-w ll p illars No m Cont IOIR under bllildin~I r ail roads a na lI otll1cl ~ dcs 03

Coal lo~t in handlinq and prepa ration II n tlJ1 l ilrOUnt nnd SUl-tace ~ bull bull bullbull bull bullbull bull ~ ~

Coal lost due t o rolls t hin ur d t1y ~ rea) find Ft leame 11

Total loos per cent _ bull _ 0 oal lost annually clue to t1eEt ruction b)- mini n in

Inwc( bed~ Slight loslt

COAL LOSSES IN THE K NOX COUNTY FIELD INDIA NA

In loductiO1t

This field includes Knox and D vi s c untie Accor ding [gt the report of the State Indu st r ial Boarel fo r tlle ear tmded Sc tembl I 1 f) 1921 Knox County produced 3264090 ton and nItVle~ C unty 27()U tons According to this f e a rt Knox COln t~ h ad 10 mine in No V bed thre in No VI bed an d one in N o IV bed whi le llavie~s County had one mine in No IV bed tluee in TO V bed and thlee unclasl ified Approximately 90 per cent of the producti n omes from N V bed and for that reason it was the onl one considered in makinf t he investigation Th bed Tuns flom fill to 71~ feet in thfckn 55 avershyaging 6 feet 8 inches It has a cover r anging fJom 43 to 420 fee t

DEPARTMENT (W C O Im ATlU~

averag ing 70 feet in 1)UVl6 OUIlty and 250 feet in Knox COUI ty or a gen raJ average of 160 feet In investigating thi~ field two un( ershyground b middotillS vere mnde und infonm ltion w as secu red 011 four mine~ producing nearly 20000 0 ton of coa l

CHARACTER[STICS UF NO V BEIJ

No I bed in thii field ha ~ thl typical roof cOll s iting of a s t rat um of a -caller hUl ri nil imm diatel over the coal and in which a r c Imshybedded lar C bouillers Ot niggel-heuds The fi oor i~ a hard clay ith sometimes m impure 01 dirty coal to 14 inches thi ck lying immedia ely above i t- t hllt i b tweltn t he cl ay and the marketa ble coal At Jne m ine vi si ted th 1e is no lcgulaT band of inlpulitie but at the other there is a bund of did about on f oot f1 111 the top of the bed ] hi band woulLl )anglt h om 4 to 12 inches in thickness and when it reaches its grcatet thicknes consi t of interbedded thin layers of coal and di rt

In gtome place t h boul rtetl ill the roof ure a bsent g iving a sm(oth 100f which is not as strong us where the boulders are present III ~enerul it llIay b aid tha t the rOQ f is very good and owing to the good tl i knps of the bed m a ke conrii t ions excellent for large tonna ei

an d the lar~et fJloducerlt in the S tate a ] in t his fieIr

Jl1ETlTOD OF MINI G

The room-and- pilla) panel sy3te of mining is employed with 18 to 1O rooms un a pand cutiy At O1e mine where the covel is 300 feet the rooms a rc 13 feet wide 0 11 53-foot centcl~ and 2-iO feet l(ng T he room Clos cut arC 18 feet wid and the necks arc 14 feet ide for 12 f eel tllen w iclen (ld The baldel-pillal~ average about 80 eet wide and t he fire-pillal Jrmiddotf bet ~een the end of the rooms is 20 ec t

wide TIlC ent ries UI( 12 feet wide OJ1 ))-foot center with entr) cr )S~shy

cuts 12 feet wide In nnothel mine with a covcr of 420 feet the 10 )U1S

are 0 fpe t wide 011 5J-foot centers and a re 230 fect long The c1 )SSshy

evts Hr ] 8 feet W1UC un(l the re arc I8 room~ tu each panel entry rhe ballier-pilhl1s Q 75 f et wide and there is a 20-1oot fire-pillal oeshytwecn the end of L1e rooms The ent ries are 12 feet wide un 40- oot cellters wi th 12-foot ent ry crose ~

LOSSE OF COAL

No a ctul1 dllta Were secu r ed on t he losses of coal in this field but it igti beli eved that on account of the generally good roof and hard floOl the extraction will lJe higher t ha n it is in the other Indiana field to the north There i 11 co miiderabIe loss in the gob in the rooms but this is prHcticalIy th A only losgt of I n importance with the c ceptio I of thut lost i11 the Ji1I11r 0 11 e o f t he room-pillars U( e t raded but II uull ) it is nnl~ a small purt of t hem as no ~ystematic ]JiI1nr dnn jngshyis p racticed Some co I j left in th e flnolmiddot where the unuelcut ing machines do not gd do w1 Ullto t he cla As befol( stltlted thele is orne dirty coal in the fl oor and here this is present the cutting is usually

Y EAR BOOK

done in it The loss in marketa ble bottom coal will probably not be over 1 per cen t

Based OJ1 the actual dimensions of the working place ancl as mming that all the room-pillars will be r ecovered 40 fe t back fr om th~ ends the loss in each panel at the mine first mentioned will be 32 pO cen t The loss in the main entry-pillar will b 3 per cen t of the total a nd if we allow 1 pel ecnt 10 t in bottom coal and 4 pel cent for handling and prepar ation the total loss is 40 per cent However in the riters judgment some of the barrier n el entry-pillars will be lecoven c1 and as they amount to approximat ly 1 1 pel cent of the total it is la i e to say that 6 PCl cent additional coal will be lccoyeled from them m ak ingshythe net loss 34 per cent Calculations on the same basiti for the second mine mentioned give a loss of 40 per eent so that the average llss foJ the field has been taken as 37 per cent as these two m ines a ll large producers (the first one having p roduced 5379840 tons of coal to date) and are saiel to lepleSen t the average for the fi eld

A VOIDABLE LOSSES

There iflt considerable good fanning land in tl1is dishict tut the country is r olling so pulling pillars could not do it any damage Some solid coal would have to be left under farmhou~es but in the Titers judgment 90 per cent of th coal could be taken out making the lresent avoidable loss 27 per cent

SUMMARY OF LOSS~S I] KNOX COUNTY

lcnengtlge ot ~otal marketable coal lOdt in area wo oked

T ota l A voids nle R eason for loss 10s8 10

Coal [eft ns Oof and bottom coal bull bull bull bull bull bull 1 Coal lost in roum en try and panel pil Is bull ~ bullbullbullbull bull bull 32 27 Coul lost in oil 01 WlS-well pillals one Coal iost undel buildin~~~ lU lroads n n d boundurics lmiddotmctic n of 1 Cnal IOli t in haJldling and prcparation un derground and

sUl face

Cual 1m due to Iolls thin 01 dirty ar S and stremiddotams FnlctiolJ of 1

Total loss p e r cent bullbullbullbull bull 37 27

COAL LOSSES IN SOUTHERN INDIANA INCLUDING THE PRINCETON-AYRESHIRE BOONVILLE AND EVANS

VILLE-NEWBURG FIELD S

Intoduction

Th se fields have been considered in one lepo11 101 the eaSOn that the tonnage i~ somewha t Il1Hll and practically all of the mines arc working the same heel T he se reI I fi -Ids include Gibson Pike Warrick Vanderburg and Spencer counties whose production accordshying to the Indiana Industr ia l Bo rd i bullhown in Table 8

JI lodllcti(m

This field includes Knox and Da c s c()unt i s Accor ding 0 the Ieport of the State Ind str ial Boa rd f Ol the year ended Sep 11 el lO 1)21 Knox County ploduced 325J Ono t ns nnd ])nviess ounty 2 )7624 tons According to this report Kno x County had 10 min~ in Q

bed three in No VI bed an d on in N o ] V bet while Daviess oun ty had one mine in No IV bed thlee in 1 o V bed ami three uncillf sifted Approcimat ly 90 per cent of t he plocl uc 11 omes rom No berl and for that reason it was the only one considered In nmking the investigation This bed r uns from 5 to 7 ~~ feet ill thickness avershyaging 6 feet 8 inches It h l a cover ranging 1lom 4~ to 42i feet

D EPARTMENT OF C ONSERVATION

TABLE 8-COAL PRODUCT[O~ OF SOUTHERN INDIAbull bull t IN 1921

1_ T~m MinesCaunty Bed

fiGibson 1 9

mI~6ii ~ Pike 1

U ndasai6ed bull m~ ~C

4 14WorriJlk ~O I~ bull bull bull bullbull 3 ~~~e~rg~ N~~ ~ 2

42Total

I 62ft-40

1011691

9152lI 1

~60 3b l 10501

2 823 84l

CHARACTERISTICS OF NO V BED

No V bed is from 51h to 6 1h feet in Gibson County averaging 5 feet 11 inches and has a cover of 125 to 440 feet averaging 280 fet III Pike County t he coal is f r om 4 feet 8 inches to 8 fee t thick a I r shyaging 6 feet and has a cover of a f ew feet up to 110 feet averagi 19 50 feet In War rick County the thickness is from 4 to 13 feet avelugi 19 4 feet and the cover is from a few f eet to 196 feet averaging 90 feet In Vander burg Cou ty the coal is 4 feet thick with a co er averaging 260 fe t

T he roof in some of the mines is the typical No V roof containi 19 large bou dere and making a good roof for mining operations in aU cr places it is a smooth gray shale roof requiring many timbers and in still other mines the roof is a sandy shale or sandstone but ncvcrthellss weak The floor is fireclay with occasionally some dirly coal or 0 shy

called rash between the fu e day ami the marketable coal No reguar baIlds of impurities were noted but th r e are lenses f sulphur cattel ed irregularly t hrough the c al

METHODS OF MINING

Doth tIaight room-and-pillar an d panel methods of lU llling are used with probably the former predominating In studying this isshytrict four p roperties were vi lted-namely t wo along the western ile where the coal is under deeper cove r and two along the eastern e( ge of the field where the cov 1 is shallow One trip underground was nIa Ie One compa ny has a cover of from 30 to 130 feet and is mining to 7 feet of coal They use straight room-and-pillar method with ~oshyf oot rooms 200 feet long I uving p illars about 9 feet wide and no attempt is made to pull any pillars The mines a re near the line )eshytween Gibson and P ike Counties The roof stands well in the entries but requir es lots of timber ing in the rooms

A company in Warrick County west of Boonville is mining 3 f eet 10 inches to G feet 6 inches of coal under 130 feet of cover They have the typical No V roof and a trip underground was made a t thi tWoe The rooms averag 2 feet in width with a H)-foot r oom-pillar ]he straight room-Bnd-pillar method is used with room 200 to 300 feet 10rIg The crosscuts are 12 feet wide and the room-necks are 12 teet wide for 12 feet and are then widened out

348 YEAR BOOK

A company in Vtmderburg Coun y has a 4-foot b under- 25 feet of covel and i using the panel BY tern of mining with 20 100m- to a panel entry the panels being 700 to 1000 fet t in ide of entries The rooms are 24 feet wide on 40-fo t centers allCl 3511 fee long The roomshynecks a re 8 fe t wide for 12 fret while the elltrle are 7 feel wid

SECTION OF MINE MAP Werrtck Co Indlelna

5hoWIIIS p lo(s nO t troe-ted

~Coal ftltwlll be extracted Cool Lost In port or In wholll

DEPARTMENT OF CO-SERV- TION

on 57-foot centers T he panel barriel pillaIs are 60 feet wide lhe roof is said to be very tend

A company in Gibsoll County where they al~ mining- feet of Cllal

under 400 feet of cover uses the straight room-an ti -pillar m UlOd a nd the rooms are 25 to 30 feet wide on 43-f oot centers Room-neck~ i re 10 feet wide for 12 feet The roof is said to be very weak an (shyquil es a gleat deal of timbering

LOSSES OF COAL

This is of (oUlse a gleat 10 s of coal in the pillar ~ whieh are Idt There is ao eonsidenlble loss caused by the coal stilking to the imshypurities which is thrown back into the gob No evidenc( was found of any appreciable amount of coal bein) left on account of thin or el i middotty areas although two of the compani had abandoned certain portions of thei propcImiddotty where the coal hid become low but from the condishytions this coal cannot be consideTed as lost at thi time Where he covcr is small considerable coal is being left but thi can be reeoe ed with stearn-shovels in the future

ACT U L EXTRACTIOgt

None of the companies opemting the mines vi ~ it d had any figu es available on the percentage of pxtrHction but thre m a ps were secu ed which have been planimetered and the 1 a checked a gainst the tommgc hoi~ted One company with a tender roof and 400 fe t of COVC I has worked out H)6 acres since 1 11 when the mine was ope ned The C Jal i ~ 5 feet thick and there should be 8850 tons to the a erp but oIly )~l4939 tom have beell hoisted from this illca which works out a t 4 70 tons to the acre 01 an extraction of 54 pel cent onsidelable C )pound11

was left alolIg the boundaries of the property amounting- to nearly 1 per cent ltwel about i pel cent has been left under the IniiIoari gi lce the railroad company plohihitCd them from minillg In y morl coal un lei lw rig-ht of way

At the mine of another company with a gtood roof a nd 110 feet of cover the area worked out from October 23 1918 to eptumbgtr fl 1( 20 wus planimeteJcd showing 21 acres from which 15223) tons of coal las produced The bed is 5]12 feet thick which indicates an extraction of 74 pel cent Thi s may be considered a the absolute maxiIlIum reshycovery because it does not inelude any losses e middotcppt n the pillan lnd in the gob Some areas were noted on the map where considerable lOal was left between the ends of apPloaching rooms a nd some coal is _ o~t

in the main entry pillar but none of this is ineluded in the ab lVe middotalculation It is probable that the ex traction at thi s mine will hwshyeveI be better than (5 pel cent taking all 10es into cOIl icielatioll

At the minc of a company in Vanderburg County l 0 oflicial stated that the extraction is 55 pel cent and while they have not planimeteled their map they have made very carefu1 estimates

The mine of a company at Oakland City 01 ened in 191 produced 2032000 tons up to the date of their lnst map in 1922 The coal a er shyages G112 feet and by planimeterin g it w as found that t h e a rea worl(ed out wa 342 acres which indicates an extraction of (lO7 per cent

350 YE4R BOOK

Taking these figures as a guide and also considering gene1 1 inshyformation secured regardillg other mines from those familia r wit h tlw district the TTiter has estimated tlle extralttion to be 0 per cent whi ch means a loss of 40 per cent which has been subdivirted as shown tID the accompanying t able

AVOIDABLE LOSSES

There is considerable good faTm ing coun try il l th ese dis trict but a very small area is level most of it being rolling None of the ope ators expressed any fear of la wsuits resulting from sur fnce subsidenc but undoubtedly if the pillars were being e middottracted SOllle conflicts ould Ulise with the surface owners especially close to the city of E vallsville in Vanderburg County On the other hand this coal beiTlg only about 4 feet thick and ther e being an excellent local mll rket for lmnp conI could probably be worked advantageousl by longwall methods T nklllg this fact into consideration together wi th the small tonn age clming from under available and level surface it is believed that n tot ll exshytraction of 85 per cent for the field shoul d be secured which vould mean a present a voidable 10 S of 25 pel cent

SUMiIlARY OF COAL LOSSlS IN HOllTHER IN[tl AlA

Peretn tzge of to ta l marl ctnult~ coal los t in a rea VorllJu

TotnJ AvoidLI~

R eason for loss 105lt

onl cft a s roar and bot tom conI Coal lost in room cntlmiddoty and vn nrl p illn bull 26 Coal lost in oil 01 gas-well p il lars bullbullbullbullbull Coal lost under buildin gs ra il roads md boundaries Coal lost in h a ndling- a nd p rcv ara tion undel~ lo und a nd

s u rface bull bull bull bull bullbullbullbull bull bull 4 Coal IOl t due to r olls t hin or lirty arCW an d lttrerune bull

Total 10 per cent bullbullbullbull bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull 40 25

APPENDIX C-COAL LO SSES IN INDIANA

Genel-al U lII7IWY

Indiana produces f rom 17 to 30 million tons of coal per ar nUII1 the total in 1921 being slightly over 20 million ton (20300000) In mining this latter quantity an average of 42 per cent is loo t an ar lOunt equal to 14700UOO tons Of th ese losses a n average of 35 per CI1t is due to entry and room pillars being lost Two main coal beds ar being worked in these districts and whire the loof is tender and w t b C(gtIshy

tain area it js estimated that the los in pillars should not av ruge above 8 per cent The other losses are comparatively low and a re more or less unavoidable If the average total loss is 42 per cent and the estimated average a voidable loss i 27 per cen t (3 per cent to tal pillar loss-8 per cent unavoidable loss therein) I the unHvoidabh loss would be 15 per cent (42-27) and t he percentage f middottraction S lould be 5 per cent instead of 59 p r cen t as at present The losses il the past a re admittedly high but ar being reduced by bet ter methods

340 Y EAn BOOK

times th in layers of sandstone and shal e interbedded It breaks ~ holt

and requi r es a great many timbers and j not so good as the rof of No IV farther north in t c CHnton field It has a fileelay lottolll which usually however contains some s~lmJ mukwg a hard floor

SECTIO Of MINE MAP sul livan Co Indiana

Showmt co lost account of orretui(gtrSPOC 118 end directIOn of room

~ Coel t nat will be extrected Coal Lost In part orn whole

CHARACTERISTICS OF NO V AND GLENDORA BEDS

As before stated No V bed has different ph sical characte is tics in differ ent parts of the fi eld Over a large part it is the same as in the Clinton field to t he north and the Knox County field to the south -that is it has the hardpan loof contain ing boulders immediately over the coal and has a clay fto r The area of the Glendora ii supshy

ilEP TMElNT Of ON ERVATlON

poilted to be where the No V bed us laid down in an irregular yshy~haped swamp and it is about 30 feet below the level of the reguJ l

No V bed lmt the oul is usuall continuous from No dipping arou nd the sides of H1 so-called swamp down to the Gl ndo ra coal The Gl( nshydora (QuI is brighter in rolor frequently thicker amI h ii none of t he

SECTION Of MINE MAP Sullivan Co Ind iana

Sno~ co1 logtt account of trreular ~In$ and d -ectlOn of r ooms

~CoOl thetwili be extrected In part orin whole

r iI JJ

Coel lost- Virain Coal

roof cha racteristicgt of No V as it i8 found away from this swaJllp Where examined the loof of t he Glendora bed consisted of a shale I nd Jequircs considerable timbering The fiool is of cia The impuri ies in o and G1 e11 d n~ beel consist (If irregula rly-rli t ributed sulph ur lenses

342 Y EAR BOOK

CHARACTERISTICS OF NO VI BED

Where studied No VI bed a (Uaged 5 f eet of coal with two -inch dirt ba nds about 6 inches apar t near th center of the bed and another I-inch dirt band 4 inches abo e the floor It also cmtaills a great many clay veins or so-called horseba k The loof is -1 groy shale or slate which holds up well in most plac s but occasiollally i t becomes very tender The floor is a hard clay

METHOD OF MI~ ING

The method of mining is uniform regardless of the bed being worked and consists of room-an d-pillar mining with n o Sy S1 ematic pillar-t1rawing Sometimes panels are u sed am som t imes s lnight room-anel-pillm One mine visited in No IV bed used hiple-cross entri s liliven on 24-foot centels two of the entries being 12 feet wi( e and one- the haula geway- being 9 feet wiele The proleL entries ele 12 feet wide on 24-foot centers the Closscuts 10 feet wiele every 45 feet There were 21 rooms on each panel entry each being 2gt feet wi( e and till room-pillars were 11 feet wide Room cr(ls~cn t were g feet wide anel the room-necks wrre 10 f eet wide by 12 f et long The mine visi ted in No VI bed employed straight room-and-pillar method~ with ent ies 12 feet wide on 80-foot cent ers The room were 2 feet wide on l3-foot centers a nd 200 feet long Room-necks wer 10 feet wille for 12 feet then widened and th egt room CTOSScu ts were 8 feet wide

The only attempts made at recovery of pillar a re when the room are completed and th roof st ill st nding the inside ends of the pillar are worked back until falls of roof 01 Q squeeze cause t he worllt to be abandoned In some mines this undoubtedly inc le~lses the perce netage uf extraction somewhat but over the entire field t he coal from pillar will amount to but very lit tle of the total

LOSSES OF COAL

The principal loss is in the pillars and lllele is a ver y slignt los~ in some mines where the bottom coal lef t under the cuttin g nl chines is not taken up There is also some loss due to the thin lucas I round the basin where No V bed pitches down a nd becomes the GlendoH bed Some faultin g h known to have occurred but no evidence was s ~cured to indicat tlla t the 10 s of coal from thi s ourc was prj ciabh

In f urther reference to the thin area it W QS noted in Oil( mine neat Duggel that on the we~t ide thele is a ancl-rock roll which comes down flom the roof and cuts t he bed do w to ai 3 feet in t hickshyn ess Th is is one kind of a t hin a rea hut it ap parently wa large ( nough and sufficiently close to the surface so tha t it could be mined n tIlt future This mine also has a consider able area of coal under about 30 feet of cover where the roof i t oo tendel f or it to be wor ked but this coal can probltbl be worked by team-shovel in the fuh1l and should no t be considered as lost In the mines of a company near rasonshyville t hey have what is called jack which come into the r middotg-ular coal bed on the bottom nnd gets as thiek as 3 feet leavi ng 30 inc l e 0

DlJp R1MSNT OF CONSFR~ TTON

coal on top of it This j (1 is sairl to be cannel coal and as ther h l large area thereof it COll lel he miJ11d in the future althou gh it is middotf t at PI sent

ACTUAL EXTRACTIO N

The largest operating company in the district has for several yeLls carefully calculated the extractioll in a ll of its mines i n No IV b ll

In s tudying the method of ca lculatin r ex traction i us found that 1he su perintendent uses the same method as the writer for this investigati lJl exccpt that he uses only 1613 tons to the acre-foot whereas the wri er has beeen using 1700 tons for No IV beel of Indiana which would be a clifference of over 5 per cent However there is a considerable thikshyness of dht in No IV bed which would neady make up tllis difference so the companys figures can be consider ed as only 1 or 2 per cent 00

high They are as follows

COAL EXTRACTED AT FOUR ~INF3 OF ALARm OPERATOH

-Coal PeriodEIllll rtion When Cover

No Op13 11c11 Feet Per CentFeet -

tL5 421fl-31l20 ~ 10 lOCH 13 200 St A 311 20-4620

6t 2 41021 1 22J 567 4720- n92llG~8 Oct 11118 214 60 ~ 5 2 1 1 221

81 19-3~12 1middotJ449 ) 1I IIi Aug bull 1919 1U 21-11 2219 42f20-51621 67igt27 1912 lJ64 fi 5 1GZ l 1 (22 ~O SI

Opeuinc-up period

This company sta tes that its r eservations will be I ss thl n 1 )IeI cent and tha t it m ine= out the cual nder the rail ro cis leaving only the usual pilla r s to hold up the surface

At another min of the first company mentioned in No IV bed he writer planimeter d the workings and found 102 acres t have bl en worked over since the date of opening in 191) Th bed i 5 f~et

thiek from wh ich should be subhucted 2 inches for the regular dirt hands leaving 5 feet 4 inches of coal 507898 tons wcre produced f1 Jm thi s arca making an extraction of 52 per cent H owevcr on account of the size of the mine about 4 acres should be taken out for the sh 1ft bottom and 3 small areas near the shuft that may later be recoven~d which gives an extra ction of 54 pel cent not considering the c ay veins They would probably cau se an increase of the apparent extllCshytion to 57 per cent of tile net cleml coal

A large producer in N o IV bed near JasonviIle has 5 feet of el( an coal plus 1 to 2 inches of dirt bane From planimeteri ng the ma11 I found 11481 acres to have been w ked out of which nearlv 5 ac es is in the shaft bottom making 110 acres net area worked which males 11l tOllS milled per acre or an extraction of 60 per cenL

Taking these figures into co icleration al so the po sibili ty of a slightly higher recove y in the GIendoTa bed and a lower recovelY in

344 Y ER BOOK

the small min the writel believe that th bull middottractlOn wi ll be a bout )7 per cent--that is a Jo~s of J ~ pt- ((n l ~uhtl i inet IS hown 11 the attached table_

A OIDABLL L OiFS

Most of the surface overlying the conI is r ili ng and uld b damshyaged very little in value if all of the coa l 10 aCtractcltl rhere may be some water in th overlying lra ta hu t no evidel ce was ound to indicate that it would have t be cons idered a a ouJ(c of hind ran gt

to pulling pillars In t he writ r g opinion un extract ion of nt lea_-t 87 per cent should be made from this fi pld wh irh melln that the p l e~ent

avoidable loss is gO 1)e1 cent

1OS8pound IN QVERI n N G B8U

A very small quantity of roal is co n$ from bed benea h OthCl

unwolked beds and even where such is 01 a e lh onl 10 middotmeler present methods would be around t he oog-c of an llrea a ffected by a squeeze and while there is po slbly a very slight 1o due t the conshyditions it can ploba bl be neglected

SOll llJRY OF COAL LOSSES IN nLll -LINTON FlFLI

lltrcening C loUd nnrk _tab h ~oJll tort in III bull w orl Imiddotd

Tota l v ii tlrtb c

Rmson fo loss 10 11S

Cnl left middot roof and bottom coa l bull _ _ 0 1

Coal lost in room enlIT a nd Dunel p illn middot all Coal lost in oil lr g-as-w ll p illars No m Cont IOIR under bllildin~I r ail roads a na lI otll1cl ~ dcs 03

Coal lo~t in handlinq and prepa ration II n tlJ1 l ilrOUnt nnd SUl-tace ~ bull bull bullbull bull bullbull bull ~ ~

Coal lost due t o rolls t hin ur d t1y ~ rea) find Ft leame 11

Total loos per cent _ bull _ 0 oal lost annually clue to t1eEt ruction b)- mini n in

Inwc( bed~ Slight loslt

COAL LOSSES IN THE K NOX COUNTY FIELD INDIA NA

In loductiO1t

This field includes Knox and D vi s c untie Accor ding [gt the report of the State Indu st r ial Boarel fo r tlle ear tmded Sc tembl I 1 f) 1921 Knox County produced 3264090 ton and nItVle~ C unty 27()U tons According to this f e a rt Knox COln t~ h ad 10 mine in No V bed thre in No VI bed an d one in N o IV bed whi le llavie~s County had one mine in No IV bed tluee in TO V bed and thlee unclasl ified Approximately 90 per cent of the producti n omes from N V bed and for that reason it was the onl one considered in makinf t he investigation Th bed Tuns flom fill to 71~ feet in thfckn 55 avershyaging 6 feet 8 inches It has a cover r anging fJom 43 to 420 fee t

DEPARTMENT (W C O Im ATlU~

averag ing 70 feet in 1)UVl6 OUIlty and 250 feet in Knox COUI ty or a gen raJ average of 160 feet In investigating thi~ field two un( ershyground b middotillS vere mnde und infonm ltion w as secu red 011 four mine~ producing nearly 20000 0 ton of coa l

CHARACTER[STICS UF NO V BEIJ

No I bed in thii field ha ~ thl typical roof cOll s iting of a s t rat um of a -caller hUl ri nil imm diatel over the coal and in which a r c Imshybedded lar C bouillers Ot niggel-heuds The fi oor i~ a hard clay ith sometimes m impure 01 dirty coal to 14 inches thi ck lying immedia ely above i t- t hllt i b tweltn t he cl ay and the marketa ble coal At Jne m ine vi si ted th 1e is no lcgulaT band of inlpulitie but at the other there is a bund of did about on f oot f1 111 the top of the bed ] hi band woulLl )anglt h om 4 to 12 inches in thickness and when it reaches its grcatet thicknes consi t of interbedded thin layers of coal and di rt

In gtome place t h boul rtetl ill the roof ure a bsent g iving a sm(oth 100f which is not as strong us where the boulders are present III ~enerul it llIay b aid tha t the rOQ f is very good and owing to the good tl i knps of the bed m a ke conrii t ions excellent for large tonna ei

an d the lar~et fJloducerlt in the S tate a ] in t his fieIr

Jl1ETlTOD OF MINI G

The room-and- pilla) panel sy3te of mining is employed with 18 to 1O rooms un a pand cutiy At O1e mine where the covel is 300 feet the rooms a rc 13 feet wide 0 11 53-foot centcl~ and 2-iO feet l(ng T he room Clos cut arC 18 feet wid and the necks arc 14 feet ide for 12 f eel tllen w iclen (ld The baldel-pillal~ average about 80 eet wide and t he fire-pillal Jrmiddotf bet ~een the end of the rooms is 20 ec t

wide TIlC ent ries UI( 12 feet wide OJ1 ))-foot center with entr) cr )S~shy

cuts 12 feet wide In nnothel mine with a covcr of 420 feet the 10 )U1S

are 0 fpe t wide 011 5J-foot centers and a re 230 fect long The c1 )SSshy

evts Hr ] 8 feet W1UC un(l the re arc I8 room~ tu each panel entry rhe ballier-pilhl1s Q 75 f et wide and there is a 20-1oot fire-pillal oeshytwecn the end of L1e rooms The ent ries are 12 feet wide un 40- oot cellters wi th 12-foot ent ry crose ~

LOSSE OF COAL

No a ctul1 dllta Were secu r ed on t he losses of coal in this field but it igti beli eved that on account of the generally good roof and hard floOl the extraction will lJe higher t ha n it is in the other Indiana field to the north There i 11 co miiderabIe loss in the gob in the rooms but this is prHcticalIy th A only losgt of I n importance with the c ceptio I of thut lost i11 the Ji1I11r 0 11 e o f t he room-pillars U( e t raded but II uull ) it is nnl~ a small purt of t hem as no ~ystematic ]JiI1nr dnn jngshyis p racticed Some co I j left in th e flnolmiddot where the unuelcut ing machines do not gd do w1 Ullto t he cla As befol( stltlted thele is orne dirty coal in the fl oor and here this is present the cutting is usually

Y EAR BOOK

done in it The loss in marketa ble bottom coal will probably not be over 1 per cen t

Based OJ1 the actual dimensions of the working place ancl as mming that all the room-pillars will be r ecovered 40 fe t back fr om th~ ends the loss in each panel at the mine first mentioned will be 32 pO cen t The loss in the main entry-pillar will b 3 per cen t of the total a nd if we allow 1 pel ecnt 10 t in bottom coal and 4 pel cent for handling and prepar ation the total loss is 40 per cent However in the riters judgment some of the barrier n el entry-pillars will be lecoven c1 and as they amount to approximat ly 1 1 pel cent of the total it is la i e to say that 6 PCl cent additional coal will be lccoyeled from them m ak ingshythe net loss 34 per cent Calculations on the same basiti for the second mine mentioned give a loss of 40 per eent so that the average llss foJ the field has been taken as 37 per cent as these two m ines a ll large producers (the first one having p roduced 5379840 tons of coal to date) and are saiel to lepleSen t the average for the fi eld

A VOIDABLE LOSSES

There iflt considerable good fanning land in tl1is dishict tut the country is r olling so pulling pillars could not do it any damage Some solid coal would have to be left under farmhou~es but in the Titers judgment 90 per cent of th coal could be taken out making the lresent avoidable loss 27 per cent

SUMMARY OF LOSS~S I] KNOX COUNTY

lcnengtlge ot ~otal marketable coal lOdt in area wo oked

T ota l A voids nle R eason for loss 10s8 10

Coal [eft ns Oof and bottom coal bull bull bull bull bull bull 1 Coal lost in roum en try and panel pil Is bull ~ bullbullbullbull bull bull 32 27 Coul lost in oil 01 WlS-well pillals one Coal iost undel buildin~~~ lU lroads n n d boundurics lmiddotmctic n of 1 Cnal IOli t in haJldling and prcparation un derground and

sUl face

Cual 1m due to Iolls thin 01 dirty ar S and stremiddotams FnlctiolJ of 1

Total loss p e r cent bullbullbullbull bull 37 27

COAL LOSSES IN SOUTHERN INDIANA INCLUDING THE PRINCETON-AYRESHIRE BOONVILLE AND EVANS

VILLE-NEWBURG FIELD S

Intoduction

Th se fields have been considered in one lepo11 101 the eaSOn that the tonnage i~ somewha t Il1Hll and practically all of the mines arc working the same heel T he se reI I fi -Ids include Gibson Pike Warrick Vanderburg and Spencer counties whose production accordshying to the Indiana Industr ia l Bo rd i bullhown in Table 8

JI lodllcti(m

This field includes Knox and Da c s c()unt i s Accor ding 0 the Ieport of the State Ind str ial Boa rd f Ol the year ended Sep 11 el lO 1)21 Knox County ploduced 325J Ono t ns nnd ])nviess ounty 2 )7624 tons According to this report Kno x County had 10 min~ in Q

bed three in No VI bed an d on in N o ] V bet while Daviess oun ty had one mine in No IV bed thlee in 1 o V bed ami three uncillf sifted Approcimat ly 90 per cent of t he plocl uc 11 omes rom No berl and for that reason it was the only one considered In nmking the investigation This bed r uns from 5 to 7 ~~ feet ill thickness avershyaging 6 feet 8 inches It h l a cover ranging 1lom 4~ to 42i feet

D EPARTMENT OF C ONSERVATION

TABLE 8-COAL PRODUCT[O~ OF SOUTHERN INDIAbull bull t IN 1921

1_ T~m MinesCaunty Bed

fiGibson 1 9

mI~6ii ~ Pike 1

U ndasai6ed bull m~ ~C

4 14WorriJlk ~O I~ bull bull bull bullbull 3 ~~~e~rg~ N~~ ~ 2

42Total

I 62ft-40

1011691

9152lI 1

~60 3b l 10501

2 823 84l

CHARACTERISTICS OF NO V BED

No V bed is from 51h to 6 1h feet in Gibson County averaging 5 feet 11 inches and has a cover of 125 to 440 feet averaging 280 fet III Pike County t he coal is f r om 4 feet 8 inches to 8 fee t thick a I r shyaging 6 feet and has a cover of a f ew feet up to 110 feet averagi 19 50 feet In War rick County the thickness is from 4 to 13 feet avelugi 19 4 feet and the cover is from a few f eet to 196 feet averaging 90 feet In Vander burg Cou ty the coal is 4 feet thick with a co er averaging 260 fe t

T he roof in some of the mines is the typical No V roof containi 19 large bou dere and making a good roof for mining operations in aU cr places it is a smooth gray shale roof requiring many timbers and in still other mines the roof is a sandy shale or sandstone but ncvcrthellss weak The floor is fireclay with occasionally some dirly coal or 0 shy

called rash between the fu e day ami the marketable coal No reguar baIlds of impurities were noted but th r e are lenses f sulphur cattel ed irregularly t hrough the c al

METHODS OF MINING

Doth tIaight room-and-pillar an d panel methods of lU llling are used with probably the former predominating In studying this isshytrict four p roperties were vi lted-namely t wo along the western ile where the coal is under deeper cove r and two along the eastern e( ge of the field where the cov 1 is shallow One trip underground was nIa Ie One compa ny has a cover of from 30 to 130 feet and is mining to 7 feet of coal They use straight room-and-pillar method with ~oshyf oot rooms 200 feet long I uving p illars about 9 feet wide and no attempt is made to pull any pillars The mines a re near the line )eshytween Gibson and P ike Counties The roof stands well in the entries but requir es lots of timber ing in the rooms

A company in Warrick County west of Boonville is mining 3 f eet 10 inches to G feet 6 inches of coal under 130 feet of cover They have the typical No V roof and a trip underground was made a t thi tWoe The rooms averag 2 feet in width with a H)-foot r oom-pillar ]he straight room-Bnd-pillar method is used with room 200 to 300 feet 10rIg The crosscuts are 12 feet wide and the room-necks are 12 teet wide for 12 feet and are then widened out

348 YEAR BOOK

A company in Vtmderburg Coun y has a 4-foot b under- 25 feet of covel and i using the panel BY tern of mining with 20 100m- to a panel entry the panels being 700 to 1000 fet t in ide of entries The rooms are 24 feet wide on 40-fo t centers allCl 3511 fee long The roomshynecks a re 8 fe t wide for 12 fret while the elltrle are 7 feel wid

SECTION OF MINE MAP Werrtck Co Indlelna

5hoWIIIS p lo(s nO t troe-ted

~Coal ftltwlll be extracted Cool Lost In port or In wholll

DEPARTMENT OF CO-SERV- TION

on 57-foot centers T he panel barriel pillaIs are 60 feet wide lhe roof is said to be very tend

A company in Gibsoll County where they al~ mining- feet of Cllal

under 400 feet of cover uses the straight room-an ti -pillar m UlOd a nd the rooms are 25 to 30 feet wide on 43-f oot centers Room-neck~ i re 10 feet wide for 12 feet The roof is said to be very weak an (shyquil es a gleat deal of timbering

LOSSES OF COAL

This is of (oUlse a gleat 10 s of coal in the pillar ~ whieh are Idt There is ao eonsidenlble loss caused by the coal stilking to the imshypurities which is thrown back into the gob No evidenc( was found of any appreciable amount of coal bein) left on account of thin or el i middotty areas although two of the compani had abandoned certain portions of thei propcImiddotty where the coal hid become low but from the condishytions this coal cannot be consideTed as lost at thi time Where he covcr is small considerable coal is being left but thi can be reeoe ed with stearn-shovels in the future

ACT U L EXTRACTIOgt

None of the companies opemting the mines vi ~ it d had any figu es available on the percentage of pxtrHction but thre m a ps were secu ed which have been planimetered and the 1 a checked a gainst the tommgc hoi~ted One company with a tender roof and 400 fe t of COVC I has worked out H)6 acres since 1 11 when the mine was ope ned The C Jal i ~ 5 feet thick and there should be 8850 tons to the a erp but oIly )~l4939 tom have beell hoisted from this illca which works out a t 4 70 tons to the acre 01 an extraction of 54 pel cent onsidelable C )pound11

was left alolIg the boundaries of the property amounting- to nearly 1 per cent ltwel about i pel cent has been left under the IniiIoari gi lce the railroad company plohihitCd them from minillg In y morl coal un lei lw rig-ht of way

At the mine of another company with a gtood roof a nd 110 feet of cover the area worked out from October 23 1918 to eptumbgtr fl 1( 20 wus planimeteJcd showing 21 acres from which 15223) tons of coal las produced The bed is 5]12 feet thick which indicates an extraction of 74 pel cent Thi s may be considered a the absolute maxiIlIum reshycovery because it does not inelude any losses e middotcppt n the pillan lnd in the gob Some areas were noted on the map where considerable lOal was left between the ends of apPloaching rooms a nd some coal is _ o~t

in the main entry pillar but none of this is ineluded in the ab lVe middotalculation It is probable that the ex traction at thi s mine will hwshyeveI be better than (5 pel cent taking all 10es into cOIl icielatioll

At the minc of a company in Vanderburg County l 0 oflicial stated that the extraction is 55 pel cent and while they have not planimeteled their map they have made very carefu1 estimates

The mine of a company at Oakland City 01 ened in 191 produced 2032000 tons up to the date of their lnst map in 1922 The coal a er shyages G112 feet and by planimeterin g it w as found that t h e a rea worl(ed out wa 342 acres which indicates an extraction of (lO7 per cent

350 YE4R BOOK

Taking these figures as a guide and also considering gene1 1 inshyformation secured regardillg other mines from those familia r wit h tlw district the TTiter has estimated tlle extralttion to be 0 per cent whi ch means a loss of 40 per cent which has been subdivirted as shown tID the accompanying t able

AVOIDABLE LOSSES

There is considerable good faTm ing coun try il l th ese dis trict but a very small area is level most of it being rolling None of the ope ators expressed any fear of la wsuits resulting from sur fnce subsidenc but undoubtedly if the pillars were being e middottracted SOllle conflicts ould Ulise with the surface owners especially close to the city of E vallsville in Vanderburg County On the other hand this coal beiTlg only about 4 feet thick and ther e being an excellent local mll rket for lmnp conI could probably be worked advantageousl by longwall methods T nklllg this fact into consideration together wi th the small tonn age clming from under available and level surface it is believed that n tot ll exshytraction of 85 per cent for the field shoul d be secured which vould mean a present a voidable 10 S of 25 pel cent

SUMiIlARY OF COAL LOSSlS IN HOllTHER IN[tl AlA

Peretn tzge of to ta l marl ctnult~ coal los t in a rea VorllJu

TotnJ AvoidLI~

R eason for loss 105lt

onl cft a s roar and bot tom conI Coal lost in room cntlmiddoty and vn nrl p illn bull 26 Coal lost in oil 01 gas-well p il lars bullbullbullbullbull Coal lost under buildin gs ra il roads md boundaries Coal lost in h a ndling- a nd p rcv ara tion undel~ lo und a nd

s u rface bull bull bull bull bullbullbullbull bull bull 4 Coal IOl t due to r olls t hin or lirty arCW an d lttrerune bull

Total 10 per cent bullbullbullbull bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull 40 25

APPENDIX C-COAL LO SSES IN INDIANA

Genel-al U lII7IWY

Indiana produces f rom 17 to 30 million tons of coal per ar nUII1 the total in 1921 being slightly over 20 million ton (20300000) In mining this latter quantity an average of 42 per cent is loo t an ar lOunt equal to 14700UOO tons Of th ese losses a n average of 35 per CI1t is due to entry and room pillars being lost Two main coal beds ar being worked in these districts and whire the loof is tender and w t b C(gtIshy

tain area it js estimated that the los in pillars should not av ruge above 8 per cent The other losses are comparatively low and a re more or less unavoidable If the average total loss is 42 per cent and the estimated average a voidable loss i 27 per cen t (3 per cent to tal pillar loss-8 per cent unavoidable loss therein) I the unHvoidabh loss would be 15 per cent (42-27) and t he percentage f middottraction S lould be 5 per cent instead of 59 p r cen t as at present The losses il the past a re admittedly high but ar being reduced by bet ter methods

ilEP TMElNT Of ON ERVATlON

poilted to be where the No V bed us laid down in an irregular yshy~haped swamp and it is about 30 feet below the level of the reguJ l

No V bed lmt the oul is usuall continuous from No dipping arou nd the sides of H1 so-called swamp down to the Gl ndo ra coal The Gl( nshydora (QuI is brighter in rolor frequently thicker amI h ii none of t he

SECTION Of MINE MAP Sullivan Co Ind iana

Sno~ co1 logtt account of trreular ~In$ and d -ectlOn of r ooms

~CoOl thetwili be extrected In part orin whole

r iI JJ

Coel lost- Virain Coal

roof cha racteristicgt of No V as it i8 found away from this swaJllp Where examined the loof of t he Glendora bed consisted of a shale I nd Jequircs considerable timbering The fiool is of cia The impuri ies in o and G1 e11 d n~ beel consist (If irregula rly-rli t ributed sulph ur lenses

342 Y EAR BOOK

CHARACTERISTICS OF NO VI BED

Where studied No VI bed a (Uaged 5 f eet of coal with two -inch dirt ba nds about 6 inches apar t near th center of the bed and another I-inch dirt band 4 inches abo e the floor It also cmtaills a great many clay veins or so-called horseba k The loof is -1 groy shale or slate which holds up well in most plac s but occasiollally i t becomes very tender The floor is a hard clay

METHOD OF MI~ ING

The method of mining is uniform regardless of the bed being worked and consists of room-an d-pillar mining with n o Sy S1 ematic pillar-t1rawing Sometimes panels are u sed am som t imes s lnight room-anel-pillm One mine visited in No IV bed used hiple-cross entri s liliven on 24-foot centels two of the entries being 12 feet wi( e and one- the haula geway- being 9 feet wiele The proleL entries ele 12 feet wide on 24-foot centers the Closscuts 10 feet wiele every 45 feet There were 21 rooms on each panel entry each being 2gt feet wi( e and till room-pillars were 11 feet wide Room cr(ls~cn t were g feet wide anel the room-necks wrre 10 f eet wide by 12 f et long The mine visi ted in No VI bed employed straight room-and-pillar method~ with ent ies 12 feet wide on 80-foot cent ers The room were 2 feet wide on l3-foot centers a nd 200 feet long Room-necks wer 10 feet wille for 12 feet then widened and th egt room CTOSScu ts were 8 feet wide

The only attempts made at recovery of pillar a re when the room are completed and th roof st ill st nding the inside ends of the pillar are worked back until falls of roof 01 Q squeeze cause t he worllt to be abandoned In some mines this undoubtedly inc le~lses the perce netage uf extraction somewhat but over the entire field t he coal from pillar will amount to but very lit tle of the total

LOSSES OF COAL

The principal loss is in the pillars and lllele is a ver y slignt los~ in some mines where the bottom coal lef t under the cuttin g nl chines is not taken up There is also some loss due to the thin lucas I round the basin where No V bed pitches down a nd becomes the GlendoH bed Some faultin g h known to have occurred but no evidence was s ~cured to indicat tlla t the 10 s of coal from thi s ourc was prj ciabh

In f urther reference to the thin area it W QS noted in Oil( mine neat Duggel that on the we~t ide thele is a ancl-rock roll which comes down flom the roof and cuts t he bed do w to ai 3 feet in t hickshyn ess Th is is one kind of a t hin a rea hut it ap parently wa large ( nough and sufficiently close to the surface so tha t it could be mined n tIlt future This mine also has a consider able area of coal under about 30 feet of cover where the roof i t oo tendel f or it to be wor ked but this coal can probltbl be worked by team-shovel in the fuh1l and should no t be considered as lost In the mines of a company near rasonshyville t hey have what is called jack which come into the r middotg-ular coal bed on the bottom nnd gets as thiek as 3 feet leavi ng 30 inc l e 0

DlJp R1MSNT OF CONSFR~ TTON

coal on top of it This j (1 is sairl to be cannel coal and as ther h l large area thereof it COll lel he miJ11d in the future althou gh it is middotf t at PI sent

ACTUAL EXTRACTIO N

The largest operating company in the district has for several yeLls carefully calculated the extractioll in a ll of its mines i n No IV b ll

In s tudying the method of ca lculatin r ex traction i us found that 1he su perintendent uses the same method as the writer for this investigati lJl exccpt that he uses only 1613 tons to the acre-foot whereas the wri er has beeen using 1700 tons for No IV beel of Indiana which would be a clifference of over 5 per cent However there is a considerable thikshyness of dht in No IV bed which would neady make up tllis difference so the companys figures can be consider ed as only 1 or 2 per cent 00

high They are as follows

COAL EXTRACTED AT FOUR ~INF3 OF ALARm OPERATOH

-Coal PeriodEIllll rtion When Cover

No Op13 11c11 Feet Per CentFeet -

tL5 421fl-31l20 ~ 10 lOCH 13 200 St A 311 20-4620

6t 2 41021 1 22J 567 4720- n92llG~8 Oct 11118 214 60 ~ 5 2 1 1 221

81 19-3~12 1middotJ449 ) 1I IIi Aug bull 1919 1U 21-11 2219 42f20-51621 67igt27 1912 lJ64 fi 5 1GZ l 1 (22 ~O SI

Opeuinc-up period

This company sta tes that its r eservations will be I ss thl n 1 )IeI cent and tha t it m ine= out the cual nder the rail ro cis leaving only the usual pilla r s to hold up the surface

At another min of the first company mentioned in No IV bed he writer planimeter d the workings and found 102 acres t have bl en worked over since the date of opening in 191) Th bed i 5 f~et

thiek from wh ich should be subhucted 2 inches for the regular dirt hands leaving 5 feet 4 inches of coal 507898 tons wcre produced f1 Jm thi s arca making an extraction of 52 per cent H owevcr on account of the size of the mine about 4 acres should be taken out for the sh 1ft bottom and 3 small areas near the shuft that may later be recoven~d which gives an extra ction of 54 pel cent not considering the c ay veins They would probably cau se an increase of the apparent extllCshytion to 57 per cent of tile net cleml coal

A large producer in N o IV bed near JasonviIle has 5 feet of el( an coal plus 1 to 2 inches of dirt bane From planimeteri ng the ma11 I found 11481 acres to have been w ked out of which nearlv 5 ac es is in the shaft bottom making 110 acres net area worked which males 11l tOllS milled per acre or an extraction of 60 per cenL

Taking these figures into co icleration al so the po sibili ty of a slightly higher recove y in the GIendoTa bed and a lower recovelY in

344 Y ER BOOK

the small min the writel believe that th bull middottractlOn wi ll be a bout )7 per cent--that is a Jo~s of J ~ pt- ((n l ~uhtl i inet IS hown 11 the attached table_

A OIDABLL L OiFS

Most of the surface overlying the conI is r ili ng and uld b damshyaged very little in value if all of the coa l 10 aCtractcltl rhere may be some water in th overlying lra ta hu t no evidel ce was ound to indicate that it would have t be cons idered a a ouJ(c of hind ran gt

to pulling pillars In t he writ r g opinion un extract ion of nt lea_-t 87 per cent should be made from this fi pld wh irh melln that the p l e~ent

avoidable loss is gO 1)e1 cent

1OS8pound IN QVERI n N G B8U

A very small quantity of roal is co n$ from bed benea h OthCl

unwolked beds and even where such is 01 a e lh onl 10 middotmeler present methods would be around t he oog-c of an llrea a ffected by a squeeze and while there is po slbly a very slight 1o due t the conshyditions it can ploba bl be neglected

SOll llJRY OF COAL LOSSES IN nLll -LINTON FlFLI

lltrcening C loUd nnrk _tab h ~oJll tort in III bull w orl Imiddotd

Tota l v ii tlrtb c

Rmson fo loss 10 11S

Cnl left middot roof and bottom coa l bull _ _ 0 1

Coal lost in room enlIT a nd Dunel p illn middot all Coal lost in oil lr g-as-w ll p illars No m Cont IOIR under bllildin~I r ail roads a na lI otll1cl ~ dcs 03

Coal lo~t in handlinq and prepa ration II n tlJ1 l ilrOUnt nnd SUl-tace ~ bull bull bullbull bull bullbull bull ~ ~

Coal lost due t o rolls t hin ur d t1y ~ rea) find Ft leame 11

Total loos per cent _ bull _ 0 oal lost annually clue to t1eEt ruction b)- mini n in

Inwc( bed~ Slight loslt

COAL LOSSES IN THE K NOX COUNTY FIELD INDIA NA

In loductiO1t

This field includes Knox and D vi s c untie Accor ding [gt the report of the State Indu st r ial Boarel fo r tlle ear tmded Sc tembl I 1 f) 1921 Knox County produced 3264090 ton and nItVle~ C unty 27()U tons According to this f e a rt Knox COln t~ h ad 10 mine in No V bed thre in No VI bed an d one in N o IV bed whi le llavie~s County had one mine in No IV bed tluee in TO V bed and thlee unclasl ified Approximately 90 per cent of the producti n omes from N V bed and for that reason it was the onl one considered in makinf t he investigation Th bed Tuns flom fill to 71~ feet in thfckn 55 avershyaging 6 feet 8 inches It has a cover r anging fJom 43 to 420 fee t

DEPARTMENT (W C O Im ATlU~

averag ing 70 feet in 1)UVl6 OUIlty and 250 feet in Knox COUI ty or a gen raJ average of 160 feet In investigating thi~ field two un( ershyground b middotillS vere mnde und infonm ltion w as secu red 011 four mine~ producing nearly 20000 0 ton of coa l

CHARACTER[STICS UF NO V BEIJ

No I bed in thii field ha ~ thl typical roof cOll s iting of a s t rat um of a -caller hUl ri nil imm diatel over the coal and in which a r c Imshybedded lar C bouillers Ot niggel-heuds The fi oor i~ a hard clay ith sometimes m impure 01 dirty coal to 14 inches thi ck lying immedia ely above i t- t hllt i b tweltn t he cl ay and the marketa ble coal At Jne m ine vi si ted th 1e is no lcgulaT band of inlpulitie but at the other there is a bund of did about on f oot f1 111 the top of the bed ] hi band woulLl )anglt h om 4 to 12 inches in thickness and when it reaches its grcatet thicknes consi t of interbedded thin layers of coal and di rt

In gtome place t h boul rtetl ill the roof ure a bsent g iving a sm(oth 100f which is not as strong us where the boulders are present III ~enerul it llIay b aid tha t the rOQ f is very good and owing to the good tl i knps of the bed m a ke conrii t ions excellent for large tonna ei

an d the lar~et fJloducerlt in the S tate a ] in t his fieIr

Jl1ETlTOD OF MINI G

The room-and- pilla) panel sy3te of mining is employed with 18 to 1O rooms un a pand cutiy At O1e mine where the covel is 300 feet the rooms a rc 13 feet wide 0 11 53-foot centcl~ and 2-iO feet l(ng T he room Clos cut arC 18 feet wid and the necks arc 14 feet ide for 12 f eel tllen w iclen (ld The baldel-pillal~ average about 80 eet wide and t he fire-pillal Jrmiddotf bet ~een the end of the rooms is 20 ec t

wide TIlC ent ries UI( 12 feet wide OJ1 ))-foot center with entr) cr )S~shy

cuts 12 feet wide In nnothel mine with a covcr of 420 feet the 10 )U1S

are 0 fpe t wide 011 5J-foot centers and a re 230 fect long The c1 )SSshy

evts Hr ] 8 feet W1UC un(l the re arc I8 room~ tu each panel entry rhe ballier-pilhl1s Q 75 f et wide and there is a 20-1oot fire-pillal oeshytwecn the end of L1e rooms The ent ries are 12 feet wide un 40- oot cellters wi th 12-foot ent ry crose ~

LOSSE OF COAL

No a ctul1 dllta Were secu r ed on t he losses of coal in this field but it igti beli eved that on account of the generally good roof and hard floOl the extraction will lJe higher t ha n it is in the other Indiana field to the north There i 11 co miiderabIe loss in the gob in the rooms but this is prHcticalIy th A only losgt of I n importance with the c ceptio I of thut lost i11 the Ji1I11r 0 11 e o f t he room-pillars U( e t raded but II uull ) it is nnl~ a small purt of t hem as no ~ystematic ]JiI1nr dnn jngshyis p racticed Some co I j left in th e flnolmiddot where the unuelcut ing machines do not gd do w1 Ullto t he cla As befol( stltlted thele is orne dirty coal in the fl oor and here this is present the cutting is usually

Y EAR BOOK

done in it The loss in marketa ble bottom coal will probably not be over 1 per cen t

Based OJ1 the actual dimensions of the working place ancl as mming that all the room-pillars will be r ecovered 40 fe t back fr om th~ ends the loss in each panel at the mine first mentioned will be 32 pO cen t The loss in the main entry-pillar will b 3 per cen t of the total a nd if we allow 1 pel ecnt 10 t in bottom coal and 4 pel cent for handling and prepar ation the total loss is 40 per cent However in the riters judgment some of the barrier n el entry-pillars will be lecoven c1 and as they amount to approximat ly 1 1 pel cent of the total it is la i e to say that 6 PCl cent additional coal will be lccoyeled from them m ak ingshythe net loss 34 per cent Calculations on the same basiti for the second mine mentioned give a loss of 40 per eent so that the average llss foJ the field has been taken as 37 per cent as these two m ines a ll large producers (the first one having p roduced 5379840 tons of coal to date) and are saiel to lepleSen t the average for the fi eld

A VOIDABLE LOSSES

There iflt considerable good fanning land in tl1is dishict tut the country is r olling so pulling pillars could not do it any damage Some solid coal would have to be left under farmhou~es but in the Titers judgment 90 per cent of th coal could be taken out making the lresent avoidable loss 27 per cent

SUMMARY OF LOSS~S I] KNOX COUNTY

lcnengtlge ot ~otal marketable coal lOdt in area wo oked

T ota l A voids nle R eason for loss 10s8 10

Coal [eft ns Oof and bottom coal bull bull bull bull bull bull 1 Coal lost in roum en try and panel pil Is bull ~ bullbullbullbull bull bull 32 27 Coul lost in oil 01 WlS-well pillals one Coal iost undel buildin~~~ lU lroads n n d boundurics lmiddotmctic n of 1 Cnal IOli t in haJldling and prcparation un derground and

sUl face

Cual 1m due to Iolls thin 01 dirty ar S and stremiddotams FnlctiolJ of 1

Total loss p e r cent bullbullbullbull bull 37 27

COAL LOSSES IN SOUTHERN INDIANA INCLUDING THE PRINCETON-AYRESHIRE BOONVILLE AND EVANS

VILLE-NEWBURG FIELD S

Intoduction

Th se fields have been considered in one lepo11 101 the eaSOn that the tonnage i~ somewha t Il1Hll and practically all of the mines arc working the same heel T he se reI I fi -Ids include Gibson Pike Warrick Vanderburg and Spencer counties whose production accordshying to the Indiana Industr ia l Bo rd i bullhown in Table 8

JI lodllcti(m

This field includes Knox and Da c s c()unt i s Accor ding 0 the Ieport of the State Ind str ial Boa rd f Ol the year ended Sep 11 el lO 1)21 Knox County ploduced 325J Ono t ns nnd ])nviess ounty 2 )7624 tons According to this report Kno x County had 10 min~ in Q

bed three in No VI bed an d on in N o ] V bet while Daviess oun ty had one mine in No IV bed thlee in 1 o V bed ami three uncillf sifted Approcimat ly 90 per cent of t he plocl uc 11 omes rom No berl and for that reason it was the only one considered In nmking the investigation This bed r uns from 5 to 7 ~~ feet ill thickness avershyaging 6 feet 8 inches It h l a cover ranging 1lom 4~ to 42i feet

D EPARTMENT OF C ONSERVATION

TABLE 8-COAL PRODUCT[O~ OF SOUTHERN INDIAbull bull t IN 1921

1_ T~m MinesCaunty Bed

fiGibson 1 9

mI~6ii ~ Pike 1

U ndasai6ed bull m~ ~C

4 14WorriJlk ~O I~ bull bull bull bullbull 3 ~~~e~rg~ N~~ ~ 2

42Total

I 62ft-40

1011691

9152lI 1

~60 3b l 10501

2 823 84l

CHARACTERISTICS OF NO V BED

No V bed is from 51h to 6 1h feet in Gibson County averaging 5 feet 11 inches and has a cover of 125 to 440 feet averaging 280 fet III Pike County t he coal is f r om 4 feet 8 inches to 8 fee t thick a I r shyaging 6 feet and has a cover of a f ew feet up to 110 feet averagi 19 50 feet In War rick County the thickness is from 4 to 13 feet avelugi 19 4 feet and the cover is from a few f eet to 196 feet averaging 90 feet In Vander burg Cou ty the coal is 4 feet thick with a co er averaging 260 fe t

T he roof in some of the mines is the typical No V roof containi 19 large bou dere and making a good roof for mining operations in aU cr places it is a smooth gray shale roof requiring many timbers and in still other mines the roof is a sandy shale or sandstone but ncvcrthellss weak The floor is fireclay with occasionally some dirly coal or 0 shy

called rash between the fu e day ami the marketable coal No reguar baIlds of impurities were noted but th r e are lenses f sulphur cattel ed irregularly t hrough the c al

METHODS OF MINING

Doth tIaight room-and-pillar an d panel methods of lU llling are used with probably the former predominating In studying this isshytrict four p roperties were vi lted-namely t wo along the western ile where the coal is under deeper cove r and two along the eastern e( ge of the field where the cov 1 is shallow One trip underground was nIa Ie One compa ny has a cover of from 30 to 130 feet and is mining to 7 feet of coal They use straight room-and-pillar method with ~oshyf oot rooms 200 feet long I uving p illars about 9 feet wide and no attempt is made to pull any pillars The mines a re near the line )eshytween Gibson and P ike Counties The roof stands well in the entries but requir es lots of timber ing in the rooms

A company in Warrick County west of Boonville is mining 3 f eet 10 inches to G feet 6 inches of coal under 130 feet of cover They have the typical No V roof and a trip underground was made a t thi tWoe The rooms averag 2 feet in width with a H)-foot r oom-pillar ]he straight room-Bnd-pillar method is used with room 200 to 300 feet 10rIg The crosscuts are 12 feet wide and the room-necks are 12 teet wide for 12 feet and are then widened out

348 YEAR BOOK

A company in Vtmderburg Coun y has a 4-foot b under- 25 feet of covel and i using the panel BY tern of mining with 20 100m- to a panel entry the panels being 700 to 1000 fet t in ide of entries The rooms are 24 feet wide on 40-fo t centers allCl 3511 fee long The roomshynecks a re 8 fe t wide for 12 fret while the elltrle are 7 feel wid

SECTION OF MINE MAP Werrtck Co Indlelna

5hoWIIIS p lo(s nO t troe-ted

~Coal ftltwlll be extracted Cool Lost In port or In wholll

DEPARTMENT OF CO-SERV- TION

on 57-foot centers T he panel barriel pillaIs are 60 feet wide lhe roof is said to be very tend

A company in Gibsoll County where they al~ mining- feet of Cllal

under 400 feet of cover uses the straight room-an ti -pillar m UlOd a nd the rooms are 25 to 30 feet wide on 43-f oot centers Room-neck~ i re 10 feet wide for 12 feet The roof is said to be very weak an (shyquil es a gleat deal of timbering

LOSSES OF COAL

This is of (oUlse a gleat 10 s of coal in the pillar ~ whieh are Idt There is ao eonsidenlble loss caused by the coal stilking to the imshypurities which is thrown back into the gob No evidenc( was found of any appreciable amount of coal bein) left on account of thin or el i middotty areas although two of the compani had abandoned certain portions of thei propcImiddotty where the coal hid become low but from the condishytions this coal cannot be consideTed as lost at thi time Where he covcr is small considerable coal is being left but thi can be reeoe ed with stearn-shovels in the future

ACT U L EXTRACTIOgt

None of the companies opemting the mines vi ~ it d had any figu es available on the percentage of pxtrHction but thre m a ps were secu ed which have been planimetered and the 1 a checked a gainst the tommgc hoi~ted One company with a tender roof and 400 fe t of COVC I has worked out H)6 acres since 1 11 when the mine was ope ned The C Jal i ~ 5 feet thick and there should be 8850 tons to the a erp but oIly )~l4939 tom have beell hoisted from this illca which works out a t 4 70 tons to the acre 01 an extraction of 54 pel cent onsidelable C )pound11

was left alolIg the boundaries of the property amounting- to nearly 1 per cent ltwel about i pel cent has been left under the IniiIoari gi lce the railroad company plohihitCd them from minillg In y morl coal un lei lw rig-ht of way

At the mine of another company with a gtood roof a nd 110 feet of cover the area worked out from October 23 1918 to eptumbgtr fl 1( 20 wus planimeteJcd showing 21 acres from which 15223) tons of coal las produced The bed is 5]12 feet thick which indicates an extraction of 74 pel cent Thi s may be considered a the absolute maxiIlIum reshycovery because it does not inelude any losses e middotcppt n the pillan lnd in the gob Some areas were noted on the map where considerable lOal was left between the ends of apPloaching rooms a nd some coal is _ o~t

in the main entry pillar but none of this is ineluded in the ab lVe middotalculation It is probable that the ex traction at thi s mine will hwshyeveI be better than (5 pel cent taking all 10es into cOIl icielatioll

At the minc of a company in Vanderburg County l 0 oflicial stated that the extraction is 55 pel cent and while they have not planimeteled their map they have made very carefu1 estimates

The mine of a company at Oakland City 01 ened in 191 produced 2032000 tons up to the date of their lnst map in 1922 The coal a er shyages G112 feet and by planimeterin g it w as found that t h e a rea worl(ed out wa 342 acres which indicates an extraction of (lO7 per cent

350 YE4R BOOK

Taking these figures as a guide and also considering gene1 1 inshyformation secured regardillg other mines from those familia r wit h tlw district the TTiter has estimated tlle extralttion to be 0 per cent whi ch means a loss of 40 per cent which has been subdivirted as shown tID the accompanying t able

AVOIDABLE LOSSES

There is considerable good faTm ing coun try il l th ese dis trict but a very small area is level most of it being rolling None of the ope ators expressed any fear of la wsuits resulting from sur fnce subsidenc but undoubtedly if the pillars were being e middottracted SOllle conflicts ould Ulise with the surface owners especially close to the city of E vallsville in Vanderburg County On the other hand this coal beiTlg only about 4 feet thick and ther e being an excellent local mll rket for lmnp conI could probably be worked advantageousl by longwall methods T nklllg this fact into consideration together wi th the small tonn age clming from under available and level surface it is believed that n tot ll exshytraction of 85 per cent for the field shoul d be secured which vould mean a present a voidable 10 S of 25 pel cent

SUMiIlARY OF COAL LOSSlS IN HOllTHER IN[tl AlA

Peretn tzge of to ta l marl ctnult~ coal los t in a rea VorllJu

TotnJ AvoidLI~

R eason for loss 105lt

onl cft a s roar and bot tom conI Coal lost in room cntlmiddoty and vn nrl p illn bull 26 Coal lost in oil 01 gas-well p il lars bullbullbullbullbull Coal lost under buildin gs ra il roads md boundaries Coal lost in h a ndling- a nd p rcv ara tion undel~ lo und a nd

s u rface bull bull bull bull bullbullbullbull bull bull 4 Coal IOl t due to r olls t hin or lirty arCW an d lttrerune bull

Total 10 per cent bullbullbullbull bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull 40 25

APPENDIX C-COAL LO SSES IN INDIANA

Genel-al U lII7IWY

Indiana produces f rom 17 to 30 million tons of coal per ar nUII1 the total in 1921 being slightly over 20 million ton (20300000) In mining this latter quantity an average of 42 per cent is loo t an ar lOunt equal to 14700UOO tons Of th ese losses a n average of 35 per CI1t is due to entry and room pillars being lost Two main coal beds ar being worked in these districts and whire the loof is tender and w t b C(gtIshy

tain area it js estimated that the los in pillars should not av ruge above 8 per cent The other losses are comparatively low and a re more or less unavoidable If the average total loss is 42 per cent and the estimated average a voidable loss i 27 per cen t (3 per cent to tal pillar loss-8 per cent unavoidable loss therein) I the unHvoidabh loss would be 15 per cent (42-27) and t he percentage f middottraction S lould be 5 per cent instead of 59 p r cen t as at present The losses il the past a re admittedly high but ar being reduced by bet ter methods

342 Y EAR BOOK

CHARACTERISTICS OF NO VI BED

Where studied No VI bed a (Uaged 5 f eet of coal with two -inch dirt ba nds about 6 inches apar t near th center of the bed and another I-inch dirt band 4 inches abo e the floor It also cmtaills a great many clay veins or so-called horseba k The loof is -1 groy shale or slate which holds up well in most plac s but occasiollally i t becomes very tender The floor is a hard clay

METHOD OF MI~ ING

The method of mining is uniform regardless of the bed being worked and consists of room-an d-pillar mining with n o Sy S1 ematic pillar-t1rawing Sometimes panels are u sed am som t imes s lnight room-anel-pillm One mine visited in No IV bed used hiple-cross entri s liliven on 24-foot centels two of the entries being 12 feet wi( e and one- the haula geway- being 9 feet wiele The proleL entries ele 12 feet wide on 24-foot centers the Closscuts 10 feet wiele every 45 feet There were 21 rooms on each panel entry each being 2gt feet wi( e and till room-pillars were 11 feet wide Room cr(ls~cn t were g feet wide anel the room-necks wrre 10 f eet wide by 12 f et long The mine visi ted in No VI bed employed straight room-and-pillar method~ with ent ies 12 feet wide on 80-foot cent ers The room were 2 feet wide on l3-foot centers a nd 200 feet long Room-necks wer 10 feet wille for 12 feet then widened and th egt room CTOSScu ts were 8 feet wide

The only attempts made at recovery of pillar a re when the room are completed and th roof st ill st nding the inside ends of the pillar are worked back until falls of roof 01 Q squeeze cause t he worllt to be abandoned In some mines this undoubtedly inc le~lses the perce netage uf extraction somewhat but over the entire field t he coal from pillar will amount to but very lit tle of the total

LOSSES OF COAL

The principal loss is in the pillars and lllele is a ver y slignt los~ in some mines where the bottom coal lef t under the cuttin g nl chines is not taken up There is also some loss due to the thin lucas I round the basin where No V bed pitches down a nd becomes the GlendoH bed Some faultin g h known to have occurred but no evidence was s ~cured to indicat tlla t the 10 s of coal from thi s ourc was prj ciabh

In f urther reference to the thin area it W QS noted in Oil( mine neat Duggel that on the we~t ide thele is a ancl-rock roll which comes down flom the roof and cuts t he bed do w to ai 3 feet in t hickshyn ess Th is is one kind of a t hin a rea hut it ap parently wa large ( nough and sufficiently close to the surface so tha t it could be mined n tIlt future This mine also has a consider able area of coal under about 30 feet of cover where the roof i t oo tendel f or it to be wor ked but this coal can probltbl be worked by team-shovel in the fuh1l and should no t be considered as lost In the mines of a company near rasonshyville t hey have what is called jack which come into the r middotg-ular coal bed on the bottom nnd gets as thiek as 3 feet leavi ng 30 inc l e 0

DlJp R1MSNT OF CONSFR~ TTON

coal on top of it This j (1 is sairl to be cannel coal and as ther h l large area thereof it COll lel he miJ11d in the future althou gh it is middotf t at PI sent

ACTUAL EXTRACTIO N

The largest operating company in the district has for several yeLls carefully calculated the extractioll in a ll of its mines i n No IV b ll

In s tudying the method of ca lculatin r ex traction i us found that 1he su perintendent uses the same method as the writer for this investigati lJl exccpt that he uses only 1613 tons to the acre-foot whereas the wri er has beeen using 1700 tons for No IV beel of Indiana which would be a clifference of over 5 per cent However there is a considerable thikshyness of dht in No IV bed which would neady make up tllis difference so the companys figures can be consider ed as only 1 or 2 per cent 00

high They are as follows

COAL EXTRACTED AT FOUR ~INF3 OF ALARm OPERATOH

-Coal PeriodEIllll rtion When Cover

No Op13 11c11 Feet Per CentFeet -

tL5 421fl-31l20 ~ 10 lOCH 13 200 St A 311 20-4620

6t 2 41021 1 22J 567 4720- n92llG~8 Oct 11118 214 60 ~ 5 2 1 1 221

81 19-3~12 1middotJ449 ) 1I IIi Aug bull 1919 1U 21-11 2219 42f20-51621 67igt27 1912 lJ64 fi 5 1GZ l 1 (22 ~O SI

Opeuinc-up period

This company sta tes that its r eservations will be I ss thl n 1 )IeI cent and tha t it m ine= out the cual nder the rail ro cis leaving only the usual pilla r s to hold up the surface

At another min of the first company mentioned in No IV bed he writer planimeter d the workings and found 102 acres t have bl en worked over since the date of opening in 191) Th bed i 5 f~et

thiek from wh ich should be subhucted 2 inches for the regular dirt hands leaving 5 feet 4 inches of coal 507898 tons wcre produced f1 Jm thi s arca making an extraction of 52 per cent H owevcr on account of the size of the mine about 4 acres should be taken out for the sh 1ft bottom and 3 small areas near the shuft that may later be recoven~d which gives an extra ction of 54 pel cent not considering the c ay veins They would probably cau se an increase of the apparent extllCshytion to 57 per cent of tile net cleml coal

A large producer in N o IV bed near JasonviIle has 5 feet of el( an coal plus 1 to 2 inches of dirt bane From planimeteri ng the ma11 I found 11481 acres to have been w ked out of which nearlv 5 ac es is in the shaft bottom making 110 acres net area worked which males 11l tOllS milled per acre or an extraction of 60 per cenL

Taking these figures into co icleration al so the po sibili ty of a slightly higher recove y in the GIendoTa bed and a lower recovelY in

344 Y ER BOOK

the small min the writel believe that th bull middottractlOn wi ll be a bout )7 per cent--that is a Jo~s of J ~ pt- ((n l ~uhtl i inet IS hown 11 the attached table_

A OIDABLL L OiFS

Most of the surface overlying the conI is r ili ng and uld b damshyaged very little in value if all of the coa l 10 aCtractcltl rhere may be some water in th overlying lra ta hu t no evidel ce was ound to indicate that it would have t be cons idered a a ouJ(c of hind ran gt

to pulling pillars In t he writ r g opinion un extract ion of nt lea_-t 87 per cent should be made from this fi pld wh irh melln that the p l e~ent

avoidable loss is gO 1)e1 cent

1OS8pound IN QVERI n N G B8U

A very small quantity of roal is co n$ from bed benea h OthCl

unwolked beds and even where such is 01 a e lh onl 10 middotmeler present methods would be around t he oog-c of an llrea a ffected by a squeeze and while there is po slbly a very slight 1o due t the conshyditions it can ploba bl be neglected

SOll llJRY OF COAL LOSSES IN nLll -LINTON FlFLI

lltrcening C loUd nnrk _tab h ~oJll tort in III bull w orl Imiddotd

Tota l v ii tlrtb c

Rmson fo loss 10 11S

Cnl left middot roof and bottom coa l bull _ _ 0 1

Coal lost in room enlIT a nd Dunel p illn middot all Coal lost in oil lr g-as-w ll p illars No m Cont IOIR under bllildin~I r ail roads a na lI otll1cl ~ dcs 03

Coal lo~t in handlinq and prepa ration II n tlJ1 l ilrOUnt nnd SUl-tace ~ bull bull bullbull bull bullbull bull ~ ~

Coal lost due t o rolls t hin ur d t1y ~ rea) find Ft leame 11

Total loos per cent _ bull _ 0 oal lost annually clue to t1eEt ruction b)- mini n in

Inwc( bed~ Slight loslt

COAL LOSSES IN THE K NOX COUNTY FIELD INDIA NA

In loductiO1t

This field includes Knox and D vi s c untie Accor ding [gt the report of the State Indu st r ial Boarel fo r tlle ear tmded Sc tembl I 1 f) 1921 Knox County produced 3264090 ton and nItVle~ C unty 27()U tons According to this f e a rt Knox COln t~ h ad 10 mine in No V bed thre in No VI bed an d one in N o IV bed whi le llavie~s County had one mine in No IV bed tluee in TO V bed and thlee unclasl ified Approximately 90 per cent of the producti n omes from N V bed and for that reason it was the onl one considered in makinf t he investigation Th bed Tuns flom fill to 71~ feet in thfckn 55 avershyaging 6 feet 8 inches It has a cover r anging fJom 43 to 420 fee t

DEPARTMENT (W C O Im ATlU~

averag ing 70 feet in 1)UVl6 OUIlty and 250 feet in Knox COUI ty or a gen raJ average of 160 feet In investigating thi~ field two un( ershyground b middotillS vere mnde und infonm ltion w as secu red 011 four mine~ producing nearly 20000 0 ton of coa l

CHARACTER[STICS UF NO V BEIJ

No I bed in thii field ha ~ thl typical roof cOll s iting of a s t rat um of a -caller hUl ri nil imm diatel over the coal and in which a r c Imshybedded lar C bouillers Ot niggel-heuds The fi oor i~ a hard clay ith sometimes m impure 01 dirty coal to 14 inches thi ck lying immedia ely above i t- t hllt i b tweltn t he cl ay and the marketa ble coal At Jne m ine vi si ted th 1e is no lcgulaT band of inlpulitie but at the other there is a bund of did about on f oot f1 111 the top of the bed ] hi band woulLl )anglt h om 4 to 12 inches in thickness and when it reaches its grcatet thicknes consi t of interbedded thin layers of coal and di rt

In gtome place t h boul rtetl ill the roof ure a bsent g iving a sm(oth 100f which is not as strong us where the boulders are present III ~enerul it llIay b aid tha t the rOQ f is very good and owing to the good tl i knps of the bed m a ke conrii t ions excellent for large tonna ei

an d the lar~et fJloducerlt in the S tate a ] in t his fieIr

Jl1ETlTOD OF MINI G

The room-and- pilla) panel sy3te of mining is employed with 18 to 1O rooms un a pand cutiy At O1e mine where the covel is 300 feet the rooms a rc 13 feet wide 0 11 53-foot centcl~ and 2-iO feet l(ng T he room Clos cut arC 18 feet wid and the necks arc 14 feet ide for 12 f eel tllen w iclen (ld The baldel-pillal~ average about 80 eet wide and t he fire-pillal Jrmiddotf bet ~een the end of the rooms is 20 ec t

wide TIlC ent ries UI( 12 feet wide OJ1 ))-foot center with entr) cr )S~shy

cuts 12 feet wide In nnothel mine with a covcr of 420 feet the 10 )U1S

are 0 fpe t wide 011 5J-foot centers and a re 230 fect long The c1 )SSshy

evts Hr ] 8 feet W1UC un(l the re arc I8 room~ tu each panel entry rhe ballier-pilhl1s Q 75 f et wide and there is a 20-1oot fire-pillal oeshytwecn the end of L1e rooms The ent ries are 12 feet wide un 40- oot cellters wi th 12-foot ent ry crose ~

LOSSE OF COAL

No a ctul1 dllta Were secu r ed on t he losses of coal in this field but it igti beli eved that on account of the generally good roof and hard floOl the extraction will lJe higher t ha n it is in the other Indiana field to the north There i 11 co miiderabIe loss in the gob in the rooms but this is prHcticalIy th A only losgt of I n importance with the c ceptio I of thut lost i11 the Ji1I11r 0 11 e o f t he room-pillars U( e t raded but II uull ) it is nnl~ a small purt of t hem as no ~ystematic ]JiI1nr dnn jngshyis p racticed Some co I j left in th e flnolmiddot where the unuelcut ing machines do not gd do w1 Ullto t he cla As befol( stltlted thele is orne dirty coal in the fl oor and here this is present the cutting is usually

Y EAR BOOK

done in it The loss in marketa ble bottom coal will probably not be over 1 per cen t

Based OJ1 the actual dimensions of the working place ancl as mming that all the room-pillars will be r ecovered 40 fe t back fr om th~ ends the loss in each panel at the mine first mentioned will be 32 pO cen t The loss in the main entry-pillar will b 3 per cen t of the total a nd if we allow 1 pel ecnt 10 t in bottom coal and 4 pel cent for handling and prepar ation the total loss is 40 per cent However in the riters judgment some of the barrier n el entry-pillars will be lecoven c1 and as they amount to approximat ly 1 1 pel cent of the total it is la i e to say that 6 PCl cent additional coal will be lccoyeled from them m ak ingshythe net loss 34 per cent Calculations on the same basiti for the second mine mentioned give a loss of 40 per eent so that the average llss foJ the field has been taken as 37 per cent as these two m ines a ll large producers (the first one having p roduced 5379840 tons of coal to date) and are saiel to lepleSen t the average for the fi eld

A VOIDABLE LOSSES

There iflt considerable good fanning land in tl1is dishict tut the country is r olling so pulling pillars could not do it any damage Some solid coal would have to be left under farmhou~es but in the Titers judgment 90 per cent of th coal could be taken out making the lresent avoidable loss 27 per cent

SUMMARY OF LOSS~S I] KNOX COUNTY

lcnengtlge ot ~otal marketable coal lOdt in area wo oked

T ota l A voids nle R eason for loss 10s8 10

Coal [eft ns Oof and bottom coal bull bull bull bull bull bull 1 Coal lost in roum en try and panel pil Is bull ~ bullbullbullbull bull bull 32 27 Coul lost in oil 01 WlS-well pillals one Coal iost undel buildin~~~ lU lroads n n d boundurics lmiddotmctic n of 1 Cnal IOli t in haJldling and prcparation un derground and

sUl face

Cual 1m due to Iolls thin 01 dirty ar S and stremiddotams FnlctiolJ of 1

Total loss p e r cent bullbullbullbull bull 37 27

COAL LOSSES IN SOUTHERN INDIANA INCLUDING THE PRINCETON-AYRESHIRE BOONVILLE AND EVANS

VILLE-NEWBURG FIELD S

Intoduction

Th se fields have been considered in one lepo11 101 the eaSOn that the tonnage i~ somewha t Il1Hll and practically all of the mines arc working the same heel T he se reI I fi -Ids include Gibson Pike Warrick Vanderburg and Spencer counties whose production accordshying to the Indiana Industr ia l Bo rd i bullhown in Table 8

JI lodllcti(m

This field includes Knox and Da c s c()unt i s Accor ding 0 the Ieport of the State Ind str ial Boa rd f Ol the year ended Sep 11 el lO 1)21 Knox County ploduced 325J Ono t ns nnd ])nviess ounty 2 )7624 tons According to this report Kno x County had 10 min~ in Q

bed three in No VI bed an d on in N o ] V bet while Daviess oun ty had one mine in No IV bed thlee in 1 o V bed ami three uncillf sifted Approcimat ly 90 per cent of t he plocl uc 11 omes rom No berl and for that reason it was the only one considered In nmking the investigation This bed r uns from 5 to 7 ~~ feet ill thickness avershyaging 6 feet 8 inches It h l a cover ranging 1lom 4~ to 42i feet

D EPARTMENT OF C ONSERVATION

TABLE 8-COAL PRODUCT[O~ OF SOUTHERN INDIAbull bull t IN 1921

1_ T~m MinesCaunty Bed

fiGibson 1 9

mI~6ii ~ Pike 1

U ndasai6ed bull m~ ~C

4 14WorriJlk ~O I~ bull bull bull bullbull 3 ~~~e~rg~ N~~ ~ 2

42Total

I 62ft-40

1011691

9152lI 1

~60 3b l 10501

2 823 84l

CHARACTERISTICS OF NO V BED

No V bed is from 51h to 6 1h feet in Gibson County averaging 5 feet 11 inches and has a cover of 125 to 440 feet averaging 280 fet III Pike County t he coal is f r om 4 feet 8 inches to 8 fee t thick a I r shyaging 6 feet and has a cover of a f ew feet up to 110 feet averagi 19 50 feet In War rick County the thickness is from 4 to 13 feet avelugi 19 4 feet and the cover is from a few f eet to 196 feet averaging 90 feet In Vander burg Cou ty the coal is 4 feet thick with a co er averaging 260 fe t

T he roof in some of the mines is the typical No V roof containi 19 large bou dere and making a good roof for mining operations in aU cr places it is a smooth gray shale roof requiring many timbers and in still other mines the roof is a sandy shale or sandstone but ncvcrthellss weak The floor is fireclay with occasionally some dirly coal or 0 shy

called rash between the fu e day ami the marketable coal No reguar baIlds of impurities were noted but th r e are lenses f sulphur cattel ed irregularly t hrough the c al

METHODS OF MINING

Doth tIaight room-and-pillar an d panel methods of lU llling are used with probably the former predominating In studying this isshytrict four p roperties were vi lted-namely t wo along the western ile where the coal is under deeper cove r and two along the eastern e( ge of the field where the cov 1 is shallow One trip underground was nIa Ie One compa ny has a cover of from 30 to 130 feet and is mining to 7 feet of coal They use straight room-and-pillar method with ~oshyf oot rooms 200 feet long I uving p illars about 9 feet wide and no attempt is made to pull any pillars The mines a re near the line )eshytween Gibson and P ike Counties The roof stands well in the entries but requir es lots of timber ing in the rooms

A company in Warrick County west of Boonville is mining 3 f eet 10 inches to G feet 6 inches of coal under 130 feet of cover They have the typical No V roof and a trip underground was made a t thi tWoe The rooms averag 2 feet in width with a H)-foot r oom-pillar ]he straight room-Bnd-pillar method is used with room 200 to 300 feet 10rIg The crosscuts are 12 feet wide and the room-necks are 12 teet wide for 12 feet and are then widened out

348 YEAR BOOK

A company in Vtmderburg Coun y has a 4-foot b under- 25 feet of covel and i using the panel BY tern of mining with 20 100m- to a panel entry the panels being 700 to 1000 fet t in ide of entries The rooms are 24 feet wide on 40-fo t centers allCl 3511 fee long The roomshynecks a re 8 fe t wide for 12 fret while the elltrle are 7 feel wid

SECTION OF MINE MAP Werrtck Co Indlelna

5hoWIIIS p lo(s nO t troe-ted

~Coal ftltwlll be extracted Cool Lost In port or In wholll

DEPARTMENT OF CO-SERV- TION

on 57-foot centers T he panel barriel pillaIs are 60 feet wide lhe roof is said to be very tend

A company in Gibsoll County where they al~ mining- feet of Cllal

under 400 feet of cover uses the straight room-an ti -pillar m UlOd a nd the rooms are 25 to 30 feet wide on 43-f oot centers Room-neck~ i re 10 feet wide for 12 feet The roof is said to be very weak an (shyquil es a gleat deal of timbering

LOSSES OF COAL

This is of (oUlse a gleat 10 s of coal in the pillar ~ whieh are Idt There is ao eonsidenlble loss caused by the coal stilking to the imshypurities which is thrown back into the gob No evidenc( was found of any appreciable amount of coal bein) left on account of thin or el i middotty areas although two of the compani had abandoned certain portions of thei propcImiddotty where the coal hid become low but from the condishytions this coal cannot be consideTed as lost at thi time Where he covcr is small considerable coal is being left but thi can be reeoe ed with stearn-shovels in the future

ACT U L EXTRACTIOgt

None of the companies opemting the mines vi ~ it d had any figu es available on the percentage of pxtrHction but thre m a ps were secu ed which have been planimetered and the 1 a checked a gainst the tommgc hoi~ted One company with a tender roof and 400 fe t of COVC I has worked out H)6 acres since 1 11 when the mine was ope ned The C Jal i ~ 5 feet thick and there should be 8850 tons to the a erp but oIly )~l4939 tom have beell hoisted from this illca which works out a t 4 70 tons to the acre 01 an extraction of 54 pel cent onsidelable C )pound11

was left alolIg the boundaries of the property amounting- to nearly 1 per cent ltwel about i pel cent has been left under the IniiIoari gi lce the railroad company plohihitCd them from minillg In y morl coal un lei lw rig-ht of way

At the mine of another company with a gtood roof a nd 110 feet of cover the area worked out from October 23 1918 to eptumbgtr fl 1( 20 wus planimeteJcd showing 21 acres from which 15223) tons of coal las produced The bed is 5]12 feet thick which indicates an extraction of 74 pel cent Thi s may be considered a the absolute maxiIlIum reshycovery because it does not inelude any losses e middotcppt n the pillan lnd in the gob Some areas were noted on the map where considerable lOal was left between the ends of apPloaching rooms a nd some coal is _ o~t

in the main entry pillar but none of this is ineluded in the ab lVe middotalculation It is probable that the ex traction at thi s mine will hwshyeveI be better than (5 pel cent taking all 10es into cOIl icielatioll

At the minc of a company in Vanderburg County l 0 oflicial stated that the extraction is 55 pel cent and while they have not planimeteled their map they have made very carefu1 estimates

The mine of a company at Oakland City 01 ened in 191 produced 2032000 tons up to the date of their lnst map in 1922 The coal a er shyages G112 feet and by planimeterin g it w as found that t h e a rea worl(ed out wa 342 acres which indicates an extraction of (lO7 per cent

350 YE4R BOOK

Taking these figures as a guide and also considering gene1 1 inshyformation secured regardillg other mines from those familia r wit h tlw district the TTiter has estimated tlle extralttion to be 0 per cent whi ch means a loss of 40 per cent which has been subdivirted as shown tID the accompanying t able

AVOIDABLE LOSSES

There is considerable good faTm ing coun try il l th ese dis trict but a very small area is level most of it being rolling None of the ope ators expressed any fear of la wsuits resulting from sur fnce subsidenc but undoubtedly if the pillars were being e middottracted SOllle conflicts ould Ulise with the surface owners especially close to the city of E vallsville in Vanderburg County On the other hand this coal beiTlg only about 4 feet thick and ther e being an excellent local mll rket for lmnp conI could probably be worked advantageousl by longwall methods T nklllg this fact into consideration together wi th the small tonn age clming from under available and level surface it is believed that n tot ll exshytraction of 85 per cent for the field shoul d be secured which vould mean a present a voidable 10 S of 25 pel cent

SUMiIlARY OF COAL LOSSlS IN HOllTHER IN[tl AlA

Peretn tzge of to ta l marl ctnult~ coal los t in a rea VorllJu

TotnJ AvoidLI~

R eason for loss 105lt

onl cft a s roar and bot tom conI Coal lost in room cntlmiddoty and vn nrl p illn bull 26 Coal lost in oil 01 gas-well p il lars bullbullbullbullbull Coal lost under buildin gs ra il roads md boundaries Coal lost in h a ndling- a nd p rcv ara tion undel~ lo und a nd

s u rface bull bull bull bull bullbullbullbull bull bull 4 Coal IOl t due to r olls t hin or lirty arCW an d lttrerune bull

Total 10 per cent bullbullbullbull bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull 40 25

APPENDIX C-COAL LO SSES IN INDIANA

Genel-al U lII7IWY

Indiana produces f rom 17 to 30 million tons of coal per ar nUII1 the total in 1921 being slightly over 20 million ton (20300000) In mining this latter quantity an average of 42 per cent is loo t an ar lOunt equal to 14700UOO tons Of th ese losses a n average of 35 per CI1t is due to entry and room pillars being lost Two main coal beds ar being worked in these districts and whire the loof is tender and w t b C(gtIshy

tain area it js estimated that the los in pillars should not av ruge above 8 per cent The other losses are comparatively low and a re more or less unavoidable If the average total loss is 42 per cent and the estimated average a voidable loss i 27 per cen t (3 per cent to tal pillar loss-8 per cent unavoidable loss therein) I the unHvoidabh loss would be 15 per cent (42-27) and t he percentage f middottraction S lould be 5 per cent instead of 59 p r cen t as at present The losses il the past a re admittedly high but ar being reduced by bet ter methods

DlJp R1MSNT OF CONSFR~ TTON

coal on top of it This j (1 is sairl to be cannel coal and as ther h l large area thereof it COll lel he miJ11d in the future althou gh it is middotf t at PI sent

ACTUAL EXTRACTIO N

The largest operating company in the district has for several yeLls carefully calculated the extractioll in a ll of its mines i n No IV b ll

In s tudying the method of ca lculatin r ex traction i us found that 1he su perintendent uses the same method as the writer for this investigati lJl exccpt that he uses only 1613 tons to the acre-foot whereas the wri er has beeen using 1700 tons for No IV beel of Indiana which would be a clifference of over 5 per cent However there is a considerable thikshyness of dht in No IV bed which would neady make up tllis difference so the companys figures can be consider ed as only 1 or 2 per cent 00

high They are as follows

COAL EXTRACTED AT FOUR ~INF3 OF ALARm OPERATOH

-Coal PeriodEIllll rtion When Cover

No Op13 11c11 Feet Per CentFeet -

tL5 421fl-31l20 ~ 10 lOCH 13 200 St A 311 20-4620

6t 2 41021 1 22J 567 4720- n92llG~8 Oct 11118 214 60 ~ 5 2 1 1 221

81 19-3~12 1middotJ449 ) 1I IIi Aug bull 1919 1U 21-11 2219 42f20-51621 67igt27 1912 lJ64 fi 5 1GZ l 1 (22 ~O SI

Opeuinc-up period

This company sta tes that its r eservations will be I ss thl n 1 )IeI cent and tha t it m ine= out the cual nder the rail ro cis leaving only the usual pilla r s to hold up the surface

At another min of the first company mentioned in No IV bed he writer planimeter d the workings and found 102 acres t have bl en worked over since the date of opening in 191) Th bed i 5 f~et

thiek from wh ich should be subhucted 2 inches for the regular dirt hands leaving 5 feet 4 inches of coal 507898 tons wcre produced f1 Jm thi s arca making an extraction of 52 per cent H owevcr on account of the size of the mine about 4 acres should be taken out for the sh 1ft bottom and 3 small areas near the shuft that may later be recoven~d which gives an extra ction of 54 pel cent not considering the c ay veins They would probably cau se an increase of the apparent extllCshytion to 57 per cent of tile net cleml coal

A large producer in N o IV bed near JasonviIle has 5 feet of el( an coal plus 1 to 2 inches of dirt bane From planimeteri ng the ma11 I found 11481 acres to have been w ked out of which nearlv 5 ac es is in the shaft bottom making 110 acres net area worked which males 11l tOllS milled per acre or an extraction of 60 per cenL

Taking these figures into co icleration al so the po sibili ty of a slightly higher recove y in the GIendoTa bed and a lower recovelY in

344 Y ER BOOK

the small min the writel believe that th bull middottractlOn wi ll be a bout )7 per cent--that is a Jo~s of J ~ pt- ((n l ~uhtl i inet IS hown 11 the attached table_

A OIDABLL L OiFS

Most of the surface overlying the conI is r ili ng and uld b damshyaged very little in value if all of the coa l 10 aCtractcltl rhere may be some water in th overlying lra ta hu t no evidel ce was ound to indicate that it would have t be cons idered a a ouJ(c of hind ran gt

to pulling pillars In t he writ r g opinion un extract ion of nt lea_-t 87 per cent should be made from this fi pld wh irh melln that the p l e~ent

avoidable loss is gO 1)e1 cent

1OS8pound IN QVERI n N G B8U

A very small quantity of roal is co n$ from bed benea h OthCl

unwolked beds and even where such is 01 a e lh onl 10 middotmeler present methods would be around t he oog-c of an llrea a ffected by a squeeze and while there is po slbly a very slight 1o due t the conshyditions it can ploba bl be neglected

SOll llJRY OF COAL LOSSES IN nLll -LINTON FlFLI

lltrcening C loUd nnrk _tab h ~oJll tort in III bull w orl Imiddotd

Tota l v ii tlrtb c

Rmson fo loss 10 11S

Cnl left middot roof and bottom coa l bull _ _ 0 1

Coal lost in room enlIT a nd Dunel p illn middot all Coal lost in oil lr g-as-w ll p illars No m Cont IOIR under bllildin~I r ail roads a na lI otll1cl ~ dcs 03

Coal lo~t in handlinq and prepa ration II n tlJ1 l ilrOUnt nnd SUl-tace ~ bull bull bullbull bull bullbull bull ~ ~

Coal lost due t o rolls t hin ur d t1y ~ rea) find Ft leame 11

Total loos per cent _ bull _ 0 oal lost annually clue to t1eEt ruction b)- mini n in

Inwc( bed~ Slight loslt

COAL LOSSES IN THE K NOX COUNTY FIELD INDIA NA

In loductiO1t

This field includes Knox and D vi s c untie Accor ding [gt the report of the State Indu st r ial Boarel fo r tlle ear tmded Sc tembl I 1 f) 1921 Knox County produced 3264090 ton and nItVle~ C unty 27()U tons According to this f e a rt Knox COln t~ h ad 10 mine in No V bed thre in No VI bed an d one in N o IV bed whi le llavie~s County had one mine in No IV bed tluee in TO V bed and thlee unclasl ified Approximately 90 per cent of the producti n omes from N V bed and for that reason it was the onl one considered in makinf t he investigation Th bed Tuns flom fill to 71~ feet in thfckn 55 avershyaging 6 feet 8 inches It has a cover r anging fJom 43 to 420 fee t

DEPARTMENT (W C O Im ATlU~

averag ing 70 feet in 1)UVl6 OUIlty and 250 feet in Knox COUI ty or a gen raJ average of 160 feet In investigating thi~ field two un( ershyground b middotillS vere mnde und infonm ltion w as secu red 011 four mine~ producing nearly 20000 0 ton of coa l

CHARACTER[STICS UF NO V BEIJ

No I bed in thii field ha ~ thl typical roof cOll s iting of a s t rat um of a -caller hUl ri nil imm diatel over the coal and in which a r c Imshybedded lar C bouillers Ot niggel-heuds The fi oor i~ a hard clay ith sometimes m impure 01 dirty coal to 14 inches thi ck lying immedia ely above i t- t hllt i b tweltn t he cl ay and the marketa ble coal At Jne m ine vi si ted th 1e is no lcgulaT band of inlpulitie but at the other there is a bund of did about on f oot f1 111 the top of the bed ] hi band woulLl )anglt h om 4 to 12 inches in thickness and when it reaches its grcatet thicknes consi t of interbedded thin layers of coal and di rt

In gtome place t h boul rtetl ill the roof ure a bsent g iving a sm(oth 100f which is not as strong us where the boulders are present III ~enerul it llIay b aid tha t the rOQ f is very good and owing to the good tl i knps of the bed m a ke conrii t ions excellent for large tonna ei

an d the lar~et fJloducerlt in the S tate a ] in t his fieIr

Jl1ETlTOD OF MINI G

The room-and- pilla) panel sy3te of mining is employed with 18 to 1O rooms un a pand cutiy At O1e mine where the covel is 300 feet the rooms a rc 13 feet wide 0 11 53-foot centcl~ and 2-iO feet l(ng T he room Clos cut arC 18 feet wid and the necks arc 14 feet ide for 12 f eel tllen w iclen (ld The baldel-pillal~ average about 80 eet wide and t he fire-pillal Jrmiddotf bet ~een the end of the rooms is 20 ec t

wide TIlC ent ries UI( 12 feet wide OJ1 ))-foot center with entr) cr )S~shy

cuts 12 feet wide In nnothel mine with a covcr of 420 feet the 10 )U1S

are 0 fpe t wide 011 5J-foot centers and a re 230 fect long The c1 )SSshy

evts Hr ] 8 feet W1UC un(l the re arc I8 room~ tu each panel entry rhe ballier-pilhl1s Q 75 f et wide and there is a 20-1oot fire-pillal oeshytwecn the end of L1e rooms The ent ries are 12 feet wide un 40- oot cellters wi th 12-foot ent ry crose ~

LOSSE OF COAL

No a ctul1 dllta Were secu r ed on t he losses of coal in this field but it igti beli eved that on account of the generally good roof and hard floOl the extraction will lJe higher t ha n it is in the other Indiana field to the north There i 11 co miiderabIe loss in the gob in the rooms but this is prHcticalIy th A only losgt of I n importance with the c ceptio I of thut lost i11 the Ji1I11r 0 11 e o f t he room-pillars U( e t raded but II uull ) it is nnl~ a small purt of t hem as no ~ystematic ]JiI1nr dnn jngshyis p racticed Some co I j left in th e flnolmiddot where the unuelcut ing machines do not gd do w1 Ullto t he cla As befol( stltlted thele is orne dirty coal in the fl oor and here this is present the cutting is usually

Y EAR BOOK

done in it The loss in marketa ble bottom coal will probably not be over 1 per cen t

Based OJ1 the actual dimensions of the working place ancl as mming that all the room-pillars will be r ecovered 40 fe t back fr om th~ ends the loss in each panel at the mine first mentioned will be 32 pO cen t The loss in the main entry-pillar will b 3 per cen t of the total a nd if we allow 1 pel ecnt 10 t in bottom coal and 4 pel cent for handling and prepar ation the total loss is 40 per cent However in the riters judgment some of the barrier n el entry-pillars will be lecoven c1 and as they amount to approximat ly 1 1 pel cent of the total it is la i e to say that 6 PCl cent additional coal will be lccoyeled from them m ak ingshythe net loss 34 per cent Calculations on the same basiti for the second mine mentioned give a loss of 40 per eent so that the average llss foJ the field has been taken as 37 per cent as these two m ines a ll large producers (the first one having p roduced 5379840 tons of coal to date) and are saiel to lepleSen t the average for the fi eld

A VOIDABLE LOSSES

There iflt considerable good fanning land in tl1is dishict tut the country is r olling so pulling pillars could not do it any damage Some solid coal would have to be left under farmhou~es but in the Titers judgment 90 per cent of th coal could be taken out making the lresent avoidable loss 27 per cent

SUMMARY OF LOSS~S I] KNOX COUNTY

lcnengtlge ot ~otal marketable coal lOdt in area wo oked

T ota l A voids nle R eason for loss 10s8 10

Coal [eft ns Oof and bottom coal bull bull bull bull bull bull 1 Coal lost in roum en try and panel pil Is bull ~ bullbullbullbull bull bull 32 27 Coul lost in oil 01 WlS-well pillals one Coal iost undel buildin~~~ lU lroads n n d boundurics lmiddotmctic n of 1 Cnal IOli t in haJldling and prcparation un derground and

sUl face

Cual 1m due to Iolls thin 01 dirty ar S and stremiddotams FnlctiolJ of 1

Total loss p e r cent bullbullbullbull bull 37 27

COAL LOSSES IN SOUTHERN INDIANA INCLUDING THE PRINCETON-AYRESHIRE BOONVILLE AND EVANS

VILLE-NEWBURG FIELD S

Intoduction

Th se fields have been considered in one lepo11 101 the eaSOn that the tonnage i~ somewha t Il1Hll and practically all of the mines arc working the same heel T he se reI I fi -Ids include Gibson Pike Warrick Vanderburg and Spencer counties whose production accordshying to the Indiana Industr ia l Bo rd i bullhown in Table 8

JI lodllcti(m

This field includes Knox and Da c s c()unt i s Accor ding 0 the Ieport of the State Ind str ial Boa rd f Ol the year ended Sep 11 el lO 1)21 Knox County ploduced 325J Ono t ns nnd ])nviess ounty 2 )7624 tons According to this report Kno x County had 10 min~ in Q

bed three in No VI bed an d on in N o ] V bet while Daviess oun ty had one mine in No IV bed thlee in 1 o V bed ami three uncillf sifted Approcimat ly 90 per cent of t he plocl uc 11 omes rom No berl and for that reason it was the only one considered In nmking the investigation This bed r uns from 5 to 7 ~~ feet ill thickness avershyaging 6 feet 8 inches It h l a cover ranging 1lom 4~ to 42i feet

D EPARTMENT OF C ONSERVATION

TABLE 8-COAL PRODUCT[O~ OF SOUTHERN INDIAbull bull t IN 1921

1_ T~m MinesCaunty Bed

fiGibson 1 9

mI~6ii ~ Pike 1

U ndasai6ed bull m~ ~C

4 14WorriJlk ~O I~ bull bull bull bullbull 3 ~~~e~rg~ N~~ ~ 2

42Total

I 62ft-40

1011691

9152lI 1

~60 3b l 10501

2 823 84l

CHARACTERISTICS OF NO V BED

No V bed is from 51h to 6 1h feet in Gibson County averaging 5 feet 11 inches and has a cover of 125 to 440 feet averaging 280 fet III Pike County t he coal is f r om 4 feet 8 inches to 8 fee t thick a I r shyaging 6 feet and has a cover of a f ew feet up to 110 feet averagi 19 50 feet In War rick County the thickness is from 4 to 13 feet avelugi 19 4 feet and the cover is from a few f eet to 196 feet averaging 90 feet In Vander burg Cou ty the coal is 4 feet thick with a co er averaging 260 fe t

T he roof in some of the mines is the typical No V roof containi 19 large bou dere and making a good roof for mining operations in aU cr places it is a smooth gray shale roof requiring many timbers and in still other mines the roof is a sandy shale or sandstone but ncvcrthellss weak The floor is fireclay with occasionally some dirly coal or 0 shy

called rash between the fu e day ami the marketable coal No reguar baIlds of impurities were noted but th r e are lenses f sulphur cattel ed irregularly t hrough the c al

METHODS OF MINING

Doth tIaight room-and-pillar an d panel methods of lU llling are used with probably the former predominating In studying this isshytrict four p roperties were vi lted-namely t wo along the western ile where the coal is under deeper cove r and two along the eastern e( ge of the field where the cov 1 is shallow One trip underground was nIa Ie One compa ny has a cover of from 30 to 130 feet and is mining to 7 feet of coal They use straight room-and-pillar method with ~oshyf oot rooms 200 feet long I uving p illars about 9 feet wide and no attempt is made to pull any pillars The mines a re near the line )eshytween Gibson and P ike Counties The roof stands well in the entries but requir es lots of timber ing in the rooms

A company in Warrick County west of Boonville is mining 3 f eet 10 inches to G feet 6 inches of coal under 130 feet of cover They have the typical No V roof and a trip underground was made a t thi tWoe The rooms averag 2 feet in width with a H)-foot r oom-pillar ]he straight room-Bnd-pillar method is used with room 200 to 300 feet 10rIg The crosscuts are 12 feet wide and the room-necks are 12 teet wide for 12 feet and are then widened out

348 YEAR BOOK

A company in Vtmderburg Coun y has a 4-foot b under- 25 feet of covel and i using the panel BY tern of mining with 20 100m- to a panel entry the panels being 700 to 1000 fet t in ide of entries The rooms are 24 feet wide on 40-fo t centers allCl 3511 fee long The roomshynecks a re 8 fe t wide for 12 fret while the elltrle are 7 feel wid

SECTION OF MINE MAP Werrtck Co Indlelna

5hoWIIIS p lo(s nO t troe-ted

~Coal ftltwlll be extracted Cool Lost In port or In wholll

DEPARTMENT OF CO-SERV- TION

on 57-foot centers T he panel barriel pillaIs are 60 feet wide lhe roof is said to be very tend

A company in Gibsoll County where they al~ mining- feet of Cllal

under 400 feet of cover uses the straight room-an ti -pillar m UlOd a nd the rooms are 25 to 30 feet wide on 43-f oot centers Room-neck~ i re 10 feet wide for 12 feet The roof is said to be very weak an (shyquil es a gleat deal of timbering

LOSSES OF COAL

This is of (oUlse a gleat 10 s of coal in the pillar ~ whieh are Idt There is ao eonsidenlble loss caused by the coal stilking to the imshypurities which is thrown back into the gob No evidenc( was found of any appreciable amount of coal bein) left on account of thin or el i middotty areas although two of the compani had abandoned certain portions of thei propcImiddotty where the coal hid become low but from the condishytions this coal cannot be consideTed as lost at thi time Where he covcr is small considerable coal is being left but thi can be reeoe ed with stearn-shovels in the future

ACT U L EXTRACTIOgt

None of the companies opemting the mines vi ~ it d had any figu es available on the percentage of pxtrHction but thre m a ps were secu ed which have been planimetered and the 1 a checked a gainst the tommgc hoi~ted One company with a tender roof and 400 fe t of COVC I has worked out H)6 acres since 1 11 when the mine was ope ned The C Jal i ~ 5 feet thick and there should be 8850 tons to the a erp but oIly )~l4939 tom have beell hoisted from this illca which works out a t 4 70 tons to the acre 01 an extraction of 54 pel cent onsidelable C )pound11

was left alolIg the boundaries of the property amounting- to nearly 1 per cent ltwel about i pel cent has been left under the IniiIoari gi lce the railroad company plohihitCd them from minillg In y morl coal un lei lw rig-ht of way

At the mine of another company with a gtood roof a nd 110 feet of cover the area worked out from October 23 1918 to eptumbgtr fl 1( 20 wus planimeteJcd showing 21 acres from which 15223) tons of coal las produced The bed is 5]12 feet thick which indicates an extraction of 74 pel cent Thi s may be considered a the absolute maxiIlIum reshycovery because it does not inelude any losses e middotcppt n the pillan lnd in the gob Some areas were noted on the map where considerable lOal was left between the ends of apPloaching rooms a nd some coal is _ o~t

in the main entry pillar but none of this is ineluded in the ab lVe middotalculation It is probable that the ex traction at thi s mine will hwshyeveI be better than (5 pel cent taking all 10es into cOIl icielatioll

At the minc of a company in Vanderburg County l 0 oflicial stated that the extraction is 55 pel cent and while they have not planimeteled their map they have made very carefu1 estimates

The mine of a company at Oakland City 01 ened in 191 produced 2032000 tons up to the date of their lnst map in 1922 The coal a er shyages G112 feet and by planimeterin g it w as found that t h e a rea worl(ed out wa 342 acres which indicates an extraction of (lO7 per cent

350 YE4R BOOK

Taking these figures as a guide and also considering gene1 1 inshyformation secured regardillg other mines from those familia r wit h tlw district the TTiter has estimated tlle extralttion to be 0 per cent whi ch means a loss of 40 per cent which has been subdivirted as shown tID the accompanying t able

AVOIDABLE LOSSES

There is considerable good faTm ing coun try il l th ese dis trict but a very small area is level most of it being rolling None of the ope ators expressed any fear of la wsuits resulting from sur fnce subsidenc but undoubtedly if the pillars were being e middottracted SOllle conflicts ould Ulise with the surface owners especially close to the city of E vallsville in Vanderburg County On the other hand this coal beiTlg only about 4 feet thick and ther e being an excellent local mll rket for lmnp conI could probably be worked advantageousl by longwall methods T nklllg this fact into consideration together wi th the small tonn age clming from under available and level surface it is believed that n tot ll exshytraction of 85 per cent for the field shoul d be secured which vould mean a present a voidable 10 S of 25 pel cent

SUMiIlARY OF COAL LOSSlS IN HOllTHER IN[tl AlA

Peretn tzge of to ta l marl ctnult~ coal los t in a rea VorllJu

TotnJ AvoidLI~

R eason for loss 105lt

onl cft a s roar and bot tom conI Coal lost in room cntlmiddoty and vn nrl p illn bull 26 Coal lost in oil 01 gas-well p il lars bullbullbullbullbull Coal lost under buildin gs ra il roads md boundaries Coal lost in h a ndling- a nd p rcv ara tion undel~ lo und a nd

s u rface bull bull bull bull bullbullbullbull bull bull 4 Coal IOl t due to r olls t hin or lirty arCW an d lttrerune bull

Total 10 per cent bullbullbullbull bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull 40 25

APPENDIX C-COAL LO SSES IN INDIANA

Genel-al U lII7IWY

Indiana produces f rom 17 to 30 million tons of coal per ar nUII1 the total in 1921 being slightly over 20 million ton (20300000) In mining this latter quantity an average of 42 per cent is loo t an ar lOunt equal to 14700UOO tons Of th ese losses a n average of 35 per CI1t is due to entry and room pillars being lost Two main coal beds ar being worked in these districts and whire the loof is tender and w t b C(gtIshy

tain area it js estimated that the los in pillars should not av ruge above 8 per cent The other losses are comparatively low and a re more or less unavoidable If the average total loss is 42 per cent and the estimated average a voidable loss i 27 per cen t (3 per cent to tal pillar loss-8 per cent unavoidable loss therein) I the unHvoidabh loss would be 15 per cent (42-27) and t he percentage f middottraction S lould be 5 per cent instead of 59 p r cen t as at present The losses il the past a re admittedly high but ar being reduced by bet ter methods

344 Y ER BOOK

the small min the writel believe that th bull middottractlOn wi ll be a bout )7 per cent--that is a Jo~s of J ~ pt- ((n l ~uhtl i inet IS hown 11 the attached table_

A OIDABLL L OiFS

Most of the surface overlying the conI is r ili ng and uld b damshyaged very little in value if all of the coa l 10 aCtractcltl rhere may be some water in th overlying lra ta hu t no evidel ce was ound to indicate that it would have t be cons idered a a ouJ(c of hind ran gt

to pulling pillars In t he writ r g opinion un extract ion of nt lea_-t 87 per cent should be made from this fi pld wh irh melln that the p l e~ent

avoidable loss is gO 1)e1 cent

1OS8pound IN QVERI n N G B8U

A very small quantity of roal is co n$ from bed benea h OthCl

unwolked beds and even where such is 01 a e lh onl 10 middotmeler present methods would be around t he oog-c of an llrea a ffected by a squeeze and while there is po slbly a very slight 1o due t the conshyditions it can ploba bl be neglected

SOll llJRY OF COAL LOSSES IN nLll -LINTON FlFLI

lltrcening C loUd nnrk _tab h ~oJll tort in III bull w orl Imiddotd

Tota l v ii tlrtb c

Rmson fo loss 10 11S

Cnl left middot roof and bottom coa l bull _ _ 0 1

Coal lost in room enlIT a nd Dunel p illn middot all Coal lost in oil lr g-as-w ll p illars No m Cont IOIR under bllildin~I r ail roads a na lI otll1cl ~ dcs 03

Coal lo~t in handlinq and prepa ration II n tlJ1 l ilrOUnt nnd SUl-tace ~ bull bull bullbull bull bullbull bull ~ ~

Coal lost due t o rolls t hin ur d t1y ~ rea) find Ft leame 11

Total loos per cent _ bull _ 0 oal lost annually clue to t1eEt ruction b)- mini n in

Inwc( bed~ Slight loslt

COAL LOSSES IN THE K NOX COUNTY FIELD INDIA NA

In loductiO1t

This field includes Knox and D vi s c untie Accor ding [gt the report of the State Indu st r ial Boarel fo r tlle ear tmded Sc tembl I 1 f) 1921 Knox County produced 3264090 ton and nItVle~ C unty 27()U tons According to this f e a rt Knox COln t~ h ad 10 mine in No V bed thre in No VI bed an d one in N o IV bed whi le llavie~s County had one mine in No IV bed tluee in TO V bed and thlee unclasl ified Approximately 90 per cent of the producti n omes from N V bed and for that reason it was the onl one considered in makinf t he investigation Th bed Tuns flom fill to 71~ feet in thfckn 55 avershyaging 6 feet 8 inches It has a cover r anging fJom 43 to 420 fee t

DEPARTMENT (W C O Im ATlU~

averag ing 70 feet in 1)UVl6 OUIlty and 250 feet in Knox COUI ty or a gen raJ average of 160 feet In investigating thi~ field two un( ershyground b middotillS vere mnde und infonm ltion w as secu red 011 four mine~ producing nearly 20000 0 ton of coa l

CHARACTER[STICS UF NO V BEIJ

No I bed in thii field ha ~ thl typical roof cOll s iting of a s t rat um of a -caller hUl ri nil imm diatel over the coal and in which a r c Imshybedded lar C bouillers Ot niggel-heuds The fi oor i~ a hard clay ith sometimes m impure 01 dirty coal to 14 inches thi ck lying immedia ely above i t- t hllt i b tweltn t he cl ay and the marketa ble coal At Jne m ine vi si ted th 1e is no lcgulaT band of inlpulitie but at the other there is a bund of did about on f oot f1 111 the top of the bed ] hi band woulLl )anglt h om 4 to 12 inches in thickness and when it reaches its grcatet thicknes consi t of interbedded thin layers of coal and di rt

In gtome place t h boul rtetl ill the roof ure a bsent g iving a sm(oth 100f which is not as strong us where the boulders are present III ~enerul it llIay b aid tha t the rOQ f is very good and owing to the good tl i knps of the bed m a ke conrii t ions excellent for large tonna ei

an d the lar~et fJloducerlt in the S tate a ] in t his fieIr

Jl1ETlTOD OF MINI G

The room-and- pilla) panel sy3te of mining is employed with 18 to 1O rooms un a pand cutiy At O1e mine where the covel is 300 feet the rooms a rc 13 feet wide 0 11 53-foot centcl~ and 2-iO feet l(ng T he room Clos cut arC 18 feet wid and the necks arc 14 feet ide for 12 f eel tllen w iclen (ld The baldel-pillal~ average about 80 eet wide and t he fire-pillal Jrmiddotf bet ~een the end of the rooms is 20 ec t

wide TIlC ent ries UI( 12 feet wide OJ1 ))-foot center with entr) cr )S~shy

cuts 12 feet wide In nnothel mine with a covcr of 420 feet the 10 )U1S

are 0 fpe t wide 011 5J-foot centers and a re 230 fect long The c1 )SSshy

evts Hr ] 8 feet W1UC un(l the re arc I8 room~ tu each panel entry rhe ballier-pilhl1s Q 75 f et wide and there is a 20-1oot fire-pillal oeshytwecn the end of L1e rooms The ent ries are 12 feet wide un 40- oot cellters wi th 12-foot ent ry crose ~

LOSSE OF COAL

No a ctul1 dllta Were secu r ed on t he losses of coal in this field but it igti beli eved that on account of the generally good roof and hard floOl the extraction will lJe higher t ha n it is in the other Indiana field to the north There i 11 co miiderabIe loss in the gob in the rooms but this is prHcticalIy th A only losgt of I n importance with the c ceptio I of thut lost i11 the Ji1I11r 0 11 e o f t he room-pillars U( e t raded but II uull ) it is nnl~ a small purt of t hem as no ~ystematic ]JiI1nr dnn jngshyis p racticed Some co I j left in th e flnolmiddot where the unuelcut ing machines do not gd do w1 Ullto t he cla As befol( stltlted thele is orne dirty coal in the fl oor and here this is present the cutting is usually

Y EAR BOOK

done in it The loss in marketa ble bottom coal will probably not be over 1 per cen t

Based OJ1 the actual dimensions of the working place ancl as mming that all the room-pillars will be r ecovered 40 fe t back fr om th~ ends the loss in each panel at the mine first mentioned will be 32 pO cen t The loss in the main entry-pillar will b 3 per cen t of the total a nd if we allow 1 pel ecnt 10 t in bottom coal and 4 pel cent for handling and prepar ation the total loss is 40 per cent However in the riters judgment some of the barrier n el entry-pillars will be lecoven c1 and as they amount to approximat ly 1 1 pel cent of the total it is la i e to say that 6 PCl cent additional coal will be lccoyeled from them m ak ingshythe net loss 34 per cent Calculations on the same basiti for the second mine mentioned give a loss of 40 per eent so that the average llss foJ the field has been taken as 37 per cent as these two m ines a ll large producers (the first one having p roduced 5379840 tons of coal to date) and are saiel to lepleSen t the average for the fi eld

A VOIDABLE LOSSES

There iflt considerable good fanning land in tl1is dishict tut the country is r olling so pulling pillars could not do it any damage Some solid coal would have to be left under farmhou~es but in the Titers judgment 90 per cent of th coal could be taken out making the lresent avoidable loss 27 per cent

SUMMARY OF LOSS~S I] KNOX COUNTY

lcnengtlge ot ~otal marketable coal lOdt in area wo oked

T ota l A voids nle R eason for loss 10s8 10

Coal [eft ns Oof and bottom coal bull bull bull bull bull bull 1 Coal lost in roum en try and panel pil Is bull ~ bullbullbullbull bull bull 32 27 Coul lost in oil 01 WlS-well pillals one Coal iost undel buildin~~~ lU lroads n n d boundurics lmiddotmctic n of 1 Cnal IOli t in haJldling and prcparation un derground and

sUl face

Cual 1m due to Iolls thin 01 dirty ar S and stremiddotams FnlctiolJ of 1

Total loss p e r cent bullbullbullbull bull 37 27

COAL LOSSES IN SOUTHERN INDIANA INCLUDING THE PRINCETON-AYRESHIRE BOONVILLE AND EVANS

VILLE-NEWBURG FIELD S

Intoduction

Th se fields have been considered in one lepo11 101 the eaSOn that the tonnage i~ somewha t Il1Hll and practically all of the mines arc working the same heel T he se reI I fi -Ids include Gibson Pike Warrick Vanderburg and Spencer counties whose production accordshying to the Indiana Industr ia l Bo rd i bullhown in Table 8

JI lodllcti(m

This field includes Knox and Da c s c()unt i s Accor ding 0 the Ieport of the State Ind str ial Boa rd f Ol the year ended Sep 11 el lO 1)21 Knox County ploduced 325J Ono t ns nnd ])nviess ounty 2 )7624 tons According to this report Kno x County had 10 min~ in Q

bed three in No VI bed an d on in N o ] V bet while Daviess oun ty had one mine in No IV bed thlee in 1 o V bed ami three uncillf sifted Approcimat ly 90 per cent of t he plocl uc 11 omes rom No berl and for that reason it was the only one considered In nmking the investigation This bed r uns from 5 to 7 ~~ feet ill thickness avershyaging 6 feet 8 inches It h l a cover ranging 1lom 4~ to 42i feet

D EPARTMENT OF C ONSERVATION

TABLE 8-COAL PRODUCT[O~ OF SOUTHERN INDIAbull bull t IN 1921

1_ T~m MinesCaunty Bed

fiGibson 1 9

mI~6ii ~ Pike 1

U ndasai6ed bull m~ ~C

4 14WorriJlk ~O I~ bull bull bull bullbull 3 ~~~e~rg~ N~~ ~ 2

42Total

I 62ft-40

1011691

9152lI 1

~60 3b l 10501

2 823 84l

CHARACTERISTICS OF NO V BED

No V bed is from 51h to 6 1h feet in Gibson County averaging 5 feet 11 inches and has a cover of 125 to 440 feet averaging 280 fet III Pike County t he coal is f r om 4 feet 8 inches to 8 fee t thick a I r shyaging 6 feet and has a cover of a f ew feet up to 110 feet averagi 19 50 feet In War rick County the thickness is from 4 to 13 feet avelugi 19 4 feet and the cover is from a few f eet to 196 feet averaging 90 feet In Vander burg Cou ty the coal is 4 feet thick with a co er averaging 260 fe t

T he roof in some of the mines is the typical No V roof containi 19 large bou dere and making a good roof for mining operations in aU cr places it is a smooth gray shale roof requiring many timbers and in still other mines the roof is a sandy shale or sandstone but ncvcrthellss weak The floor is fireclay with occasionally some dirly coal or 0 shy

called rash between the fu e day ami the marketable coal No reguar baIlds of impurities were noted but th r e are lenses f sulphur cattel ed irregularly t hrough the c al

METHODS OF MINING

Doth tIaight room-and-pillar an d panel methods of lU llling are used with probably the former predominating In studying this isshytrict four p roperties were vi lted-namely t wo along the western ile where the coal is under deeper cove r and two along the eastern e( ge of the field where the cov 1 is shallow One trip underground was nIa Ie One compa ny has a cover of from 30 to 130 feet and is mining to 7 feet of coal They use straight room-and-pillar method with ~oshyf oot rooms 200 feet long I uving p illars about 9 feet wide and no attempt is made to pull any pillars The mines a re near the line )eshytween Gibson and P ike Counties The roof stands well in the entries but requir es lots of timber ing in the rooms

A company in Warrick County west of Boonville is mining 3 f eet 10 inches to G feet 6 inches of coal under 130 feet of cover They have the typical No V roof and a trip underground was made a t thi tWoe The rooms averag 2 feet in width with a H)-foot r oom-pillar ]he straight room-Bnd-pillar method is used with room 200 to 300 feet 10rIg The crosscuts are 12 feet wide and the room-necks are 12 teet wide for 12 feet and are then widened out

348 YEAR BOOK

A company in Vtmderburg Coun y has a 4-foot b under- 25 feet of covel and i using the panel BY tern of mining with 20 100m- to a panel entry the panels being 700 to 1000 fet t in ide of entries The rooms are 24 feet wide on 40-fo t centers allCl 3511 fee long The roomshynecks a re 8 fe t wide for 12 fret while the elltrle are 7 feel wid

SECTION OF MINE MAP Werrtck Co Indlelna

5hoWIIIS p lo(s nO t troe-ted

~Coal ftltwlll be extracted Cool Lost In port or In wholll

DEPARTMENT OF CO-SERV- TION

on 57-foot centers T he panel barriel pillaIs are 60 feet wide lhe roof is said to be very tend

A company in Gibsoll County where they al~ mining- feet of Cllal

under 400 feet of cover uses the straight room-an ti -pillar m UlOd a nd the rooms are 25 to 30 feet wide on 43-f oot centers Room-neck~ i re 10 feet wide for 12 feet The roof is said to be very weak an (shyquil es a gleat deal of timbering

LOSSES OF COAL

This is of (oUlse a gleat 10 s of coal in the pillar ~ whieh are Idt There is ao eonsidenlble loss caused by the coal stilking to the imshypurities which is thrown back into the gob No evidenc( was found of any appreciable amount of coal bein) left on account of thin or el i middotty areas although two of the compani had abandoned certain portions of thei propcImiddotty where the coal hid become low but from the condishytions this coal cannot be consideTed as lost at thi time Where he covcr is small considerable coal is being left but thi can be reeoe ed with stearn-shovels in the future

ACT U L EXTRACTIOgt

None of the companies opemting the mines vi ~ it d had any figu es available on the percentage of pxtrHction but thre m a ps were secu ed which have been planimetered and the 1 a checked a gainst the tommgc hoi~ted One company with a tender roof and 400 fe t of COVC I has worked out H)6 acres since 1 11 when the mine was ope ned The C Jal i ~ 5 feet thick and there should be 8850 tons to the a erp but oIly )~l4939 tom have beell hoisted from this illca which works out a t 4 70 tons to the acre 01 an extraction of 54 pel cent onsidelable C )pound11

was left alolIg the boundaries of the property amounting- to nearly 1 per cent ltwel about i pel cent has been left under the IniiIoari gi lce the railroad company plohihitCd them from minillg In y morl coal un lei lw rig-ht of way

At the mine of another company with a gtood roof a nd 110 feet of cover the area worked out from October 23 1918 to eptumbgtr fl 1( 20 wus planimeteJcd showing 21 acres from which 15223) tons of coal las produced The bed is 5]12 feet thick which indicates an extraction of 74 pel cent Thi s may be considered a the absolute maxiIlIum reshycovery because it does not inelude any losses e middotcppt n the pillan lnd in the gob Some areas were noted on the map where considerable lOal was left between the ends of apPloaching rooms a nd some coal is _ o~t

in the main entry pillar but none of this is ineluded in the ab lVe middotalculation It is probable that the ex traction at thi s mine will hwshyeveI be better than (5 pel cent taking all 10es into cOIl icielatioll

At the minc of a company in Vanderburg County l 0 oflicial stated that the extraction is 55 pel cent and while they have not planimeteled their map they have made very carefu1 estimates

The mine of a company at Oakland City 01 ened in 191 produced 2032000 tons up to the date of their lnst map in 1922 The coal a er shyages G112 feet and by planimeterin g it w as found that t h e a rea worl(ed out wa 342 acres which indicates an extraction of (lO7 per cent

350 YE4R BOOK

Taking these figures as a guide and also considering gene1 1 inshyformation secured regardillg other mines from those familia r wit h tlw district the TTiter has estimated tlle extralttion to be 0 per cent whi ch means a loss of 40 per cent which has been subdivirted as shown tID the accompanying t able

AVOIDABLE LOSSES

There is considerable good faTm ing coun try il l th ese dis trict but a very small area is level most of it being rolling None of the ope ators expressed any fear of la wsuits resulting from sur fnce subsidenc but undoubtedly if the pillars were being e middottracted SOllle conflicts ould Ulise with the surface owners especially close to the city of E vallsville in Vanderburg County On the other hand this coal beiTlg only about 4 feet thick and ther e being an excellent local mll rket for lmnp conI could probably be worked advantageousl by longwall methods T nklllg this fact into consideration together wi th the small tonn age clming from under available and level surface it is believed that n tot ll exshytraction of 85 per cent for the field shoul d be secured which vould mean a present a voidable 10 S of 25 pel cent

SUMiIlARY OF COAL LOSSlS IN HOllTHER IN[tl AlA

Peretn tzge of to ta l marl ctnult~ coal los t in a rea VorllJu

TotnJ AvoidLI~

R eason for loss 105lt

onl cft a s roar and bot tom conI Coal lost in room cntlmiddoty and vn nrl p illn bull 26 Coal lost in oil 01 gas-well p il lars bullbullbullbullbull Coal lost under buildin gs ra il roads md boundaries Coal lost in h a ndling- a nd p rcv ara tion undel~ lo und a nd

s u rface bull bull bull bull bullbullbullbull bull bull 4 Coal IOl t due to r olls t hin or lirty arCW an d lttrerune bull

Total 10 per cent bullbullbullbull bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull 40 25

APPENDIX C-COAL LO SSES IN INDIANA

Genel-al U lII7IWY

Indiana produces f rom 17 to 30 million tons of coal per ar nUII1 the total in 1921 being slightly over 20 million ton (20300000) In mining this latter quantity an average of 42 per cent is loo t an ar lOunt equal to 14700UOO tons Of th ese losses a n average of 35 per CI1t is due to entry and room pillars being lost Two main coal beds ar being worked in these districts and whire the loof is tender and w t b C(gtIshy

tain area it js estimated that the los in pillars should not av ruge above 8 per cent The other losses are comparatively low and a re more or less unavoidable If the average total loss is 42 per cent and the estimated average a voidable loss i 27 per cen t (3 per cent to tal pillar loss-8 per cent unavoidable loss therein) I the unHvoidabh loss would be 15 per cent (42-27) and t he percentage f middottraction S lould be 5 per cent instead of 59 p r cen t as at present The losses il the past a re admittedly high but ar being reduced by bet ter methods

DEPARTMENT (W C O Im ATlU~

averag ing 70 feet in 1)UVl6 OUIlty and 250 feet in Knox COUI ty or a gen raJ average of 160 feet In investigating thi~ field two un( ershyground b middotillS vere mnde und infonm ltion w as secu red 011 four mine~ producing nearly 20000 0 ton of coa l

CHARACTER[STICS UF NO V BEIJ

No I bed in thii field ha ~ thl typical roof cOll s iting of a s t rat um of a -caller hUl ri nil imm diatel over the coal and in which a r c Imshybedded lar C bouillers Ot niggel-heuds The fi oor i~ a hard clay ith sometimes m impure 01 dirty coal to 14 inches thi ck lying immedia ely above i t- t hllt i b tweltn t he cl ay and the marketa ble coal At Jne m ine vi si ted th 1e is no lcgulaT band of inlpulitie but at the other there is a bund of did about on f oot f1 111 the top of the bed ] hi band woulLl )anglt h om 4 to 12 inches in thickness and when it reaches its grcatet thicknes consi t of interbedded thin layers of coal and di rt

In gtome place t h boul rtetl ill the roof ure a bsent g iving a sm(oth 100f which is not as strong us where the boulders are present III ~enerul it llIay b aid tha t the rOQ f is very good and owing to the good tl i knps of the bed m a ke conrii t ions excellent for large tonna ei

an d the lar~et fJloducerlt in the S tate a ] in t his fieIr

Jl1ETlTOD OF MINI G

The room-and- pilla) panel sy3te of mining is employed with 18 to 1O rooms un a pand cutiy At O1e mine where the covel is 300 feet the rooms a rc 13 feet wide 0 11 53-foot centcl~ and 2-iO feet l(ng T he room Clos cut arC 18 feet wid and the necks arc 14 feet ide for 12 f eel tllen w iclen (ld The baldel-pillal~ average about 80 eet wide and t he fire-pillal Jrmiddotf bet ~een the end of the rooms is 20 ec t

wide TIlC ent ries UI( 12 feet wide OJ1 ))-foot center with entr) cr )S~shy

cuts 12 feet wide In nnothel mine with a covcr of 420 feet the 10 )U1S

are 0 fpe t wide 011 5J-foot centers and a re 230 fect long The c1 )SSshy

evts Hr ] 8 feet W1UC un(l the re arc I8 room~ tu each panel entry rhe ballier-pilhl1s Q 75 f et wide and there is a 20-1oot fire-pillal oeshytwecn the end of L1e rooms The ent ries are 12 feet wide un 40- oot cellters wi th 12-foot ent ry crose ~

LOSSE OF COAL

No a ctul1 dllta Were secu r ed on t he losses of coal in this field but it igti beli eved that on account of the generally good roof and hard floOl the extraction will lJe higher t ha n it is in the other Indiana field to the north There i 11 co miiderabIe loss in the gob in the rooms but this is prHcticalIy th A only losgt of I n importance with the c ceptio I of thut lost i11 the Ji1I11r 0 11 e o f t he room-pillars U( e t raded but II uull ) it is nnl~ a small purt of t hem as no ~ystematic ]JiI1nr dnn jngshyis p racticed Some co I j left in th e flnolmiddot where the unuelcut ing machines do not gd do w1 Ullto t he cla As befol( stltlted thele is orne dirty coal in the fl oor and here this is present the cutting is usually

Y EAR BOOK

done in it The loss in marketa ble bottom coal will probably not be over 1 per cen t

Based OJ1 the actual dimensions of the working place ancl as mming that all the room-pillars will be r ecovered 40 fe t back fr om th~ ends the loss in each panel at the mine first mentioned will be 32 pO cen t The loss in the main entry-pillar will b 3 per cen t of the total a nd if we allow 1 pel ecnt 10 t in bottom coal and 4 pel cent for handling and prepar ation the total loss is 40 per cent However in the riters judgment some of the barrier n el entry-pillars will be lecoven c1 and as they amount to approximat ly 1 1 pel cent of the total it is la i e to say that 6 PCl cent additional coal will be lccoyeled from them m ak ingshythe net loss 34 per cent Calculations on the same basiti for the second mine mentioned give a loss of 40 per eent so that the average llss foJ the field has been taken as 37 per cent as these two m ines a ll large producers (the first one having p roduced 5379840 tons of coal to date) and are saiel to lepleSen t the average for the fi eld

A VOIDABLE LOSSES

There iflt considerable good fanning land in tl1is dishict tut the country is r olling so pulling pillars could not do it any damage Some solid coal would have to be left under farmhou~es but in the Titers judgment 90 per cent of th coal could be taken out making the lresent avoidable loss 27 per cent

SUMMARY OF LOSS~S I] KNOX COUNTY

lcnengtlge ot ~otal marketable coal lOdt in area wo oked

T ota l A voids nle R eason for loss 10s8 10

Coal [eft ns Oof and bottom coal bull bull bull bull bull bull 1 Coal lost in roum en try and panel pil Is bull ~ bullbullbullbull bull bull 32 27 Coul lost in oil 01 WlS-well pillals one Coal iost undel buildin~~~ lU lroads n n d boundurics lmiddotmctic n of 1 Cnal IOli t in haJldling and prcparation un derground and

sUl face

Cual 1m due to Iolls thin 01 dirty ar S and stremiddotams FnlctiolJ of 1

Total loss p e r cent bullbullbullbull bull 37 27

COAL LOSSES IN SOUTHERN INDIANA INCLUDING THE PRINCETON-AYRESHIRE BOONVILLE AND EVANS

VILLE-NEWBURG FIELD S

Intoduction

Th se fields have been considered in one lepo11 101 the eaSOn that the tonnage i~ somewha t Il1Hll and practically all of the mines arc working the same heel T he se reI I fi -Ids include Gibson Pike Warrick Vanderburg and Spencer counties whose production accordshying to the Indiana Industr ia l Bo rd i bullhown in Table 8

JI lodllcti(m

This field includes Knox and Da c s c()unt i s Accor ding 0 the Ieport of the State Ind str ial Boa rd f Ol the year ended Sep 11 el lO 1)21 Knox County ploduced 325J Ono t ns nnd ])nviess ounty 2 )7624 tons According to this report Kno x County had 10 min~ in Q

bed three in No VI bed an d on in N o ] V bet while Daviess oun ty had one mine in No IV bed thlee in 1 o V bed ami three uncillf sifted Approcimat ly 90 per cent of t he plocl uc 11 omes rom No berl and for that reason it was the only one considered In nmking the investigation This bed r uns from 5 to 7 ~~ feet ill thickness avershyaging 6 feet 8 inches It h l a cover ranging 1lom 4~ to 42i feet

D EPARTMENT OF C ONSERVATION

TABLE 8-COAL PRODUCT[O~ OF SOUTHERN INDIAbull bull t IN 1921

1_ T~m MinesCaunty Bed

fiGibson 1 9

mI~6ii ~ Pike 1

U ndasai6ed bull m~ ~C

4 14WorriJlk ~O I~ bull bull bull bullbull 3 ~~~e~rg~ N~~ ~ 2

42Total

I 62ft-40

1011691

9152lI 1

~60 3b l 10501

2 823 84l

CHARACTERISTICS OF NO V BED

No V bed is from 51h to 6 1h feet in Gibson County averaging 5 feet 11 inches and has a cover of 125 to 440 feet averaging 280 fet III Pike County t he coal is f r om 4 feet 8 inches to 8 fee t thick a I r shyaging 6 feet and has a cover of a f ew feet up to 110 feet averagi 19 50 feet In War rick County the thickness is from 4 to 13 feet avelugi 19 4 feet and the cover is from a few f eet to 196 feet averaging 90 feet In Vander burg Cou ty the coal is 4 feet thick with a co er averaging 260 fe t

T he roof in some of the mines is the typical No V roof containi 19 large bou dere and making a good roof for mining operations in aU cr places it is a smooth gray shale roof requiring many timbers and in still other mines the roof is a sandy shale or sandstone but ncvcrthellss weak The floor is fireclay with occasionally some dirly coal or 0 shy

called rash between the fu e day ami the marketable coal No reguar baIlds of impurities were noted but th r e are lenses f sulphur cattel ed irregularly t hrough the c al

METHODS OF MINING

Doth tIaight room-and-pillar an d panel methods of lU llling are used with probably the former predominating In studying this isshytrict four p roperties were vi lted-namely t wo along the western ile where the coal is under deeper cove r and two along the eastern e( ge of the field where the cov 1 is shallow One trip underground was nIa Ie One compa ny has a cover of from 30 to 130 feet and is mining to 7 feet of coal They use straight room-and-pillar method with ~oshyf oot rooms 200 feet long I uving p illars about 9 feet wide and no attempt is made to pull any pillars The mines a re near the line )eshytween Gibson and P ike Counties The roof stands well in the entries but requir es lots of timber ing in the rooms

A company in Warrick County west of Boonville is mining 3 f eet 10 inches to G feet 6 inches of coal under 130 feet of cover They have the typical No V roof and a trip underground was made a t thi tWoe The rooms averag 2 feet in width with a H)-foot r oom-pillar ]he straight room-Bnd-pillar method is used with room 200 to 300 feet 10rIg The crosscuts are 12 feet wide and the room-necks are 12 teet wide for 12 feet and are then widened out

348 YEAR BOOK

A company in Vtmderburg Coun y has a 4-foot b under- 25 feet of covel and i using the panel BY tern of mining with 20 100m- to a panel entry the panels being 700 to 1000 fet t in ide of entries The rooms are 24 feet wide on 40-fo t centers allCl 3511 fee long The roomshynecks a re 8 fe t wide for 12 fret while the elltrle are 7 feel wid

SECTION OF MINE MAP Werrtck Co Indlelna

5hoWIIIS p lo(s nO t troe-ted

~Coal ftltwlll be extracted Cool Lost In port or In wholll

DEPARTMENT OF CO-SERV- TION

on 57-foot centers T he panel barriel pillaIs are 60 feet wide lhe roof is said to be very tend

A company in Gibsoll County where they al~ mining- feet of Cllal

under 400 feet of cover uses the straight room-an ti -pillar m UlOd a nd the rooms are 25 to 30 feet wide on 43-f oot centers Room-neck~ i re 10 feet wide for 12 feet The roof is said to be very weak an (shyquil es a gleat deal of timbering

LOSSES OF COAL

This is of (oUlse a gleat 10 s of coal in the pillar ~ whieh are Idt There is ao eonsidenlble loss caused by the coal stilking to the imshypurities which is thrown back into the gob No evidenc( was found of any appreciable amount of coal bein) left on account of thin or el i middotty areas although two of the compani had abandoned certain portions of thei propcImiddotty where the coal hid become low but from the condishytions this coal cannot be consideTed as lost at thi time Where he covcr is small considerable coal is being left but thi can be reeoe ed with stearn-shovels in the future

ACT U L EXTRACTIOgt

None of the companies opemting the mines vi ~ it d had any figu es available on the percentage of pxtrHction but thre m a ps were secu ed which have been planimetered and the 1 a checked a gainst the tommgc hoi~ted One company with a tender roof and 400 fe t of COVC I has worked out H)6 acres since 1 11 when the mine was ope ned The C Jal i ~ 5 feet thick and there should be 8850 tons to the a erp but oIly )~l4939 tom have beell hoisted from this illca which works out a t 4 70 tons to the acre 01 an extraction of 54 pel cent onsidelable C )pound11

was left alolIg the boundaries of the property amounting- to nearly 1 per cent ltwel about i pel cent has been left under the IniiIoari gi lce the railroad company plohihitCd them from minillg In y morl coal un lei lw rig-ht of way

At the mine of another company with a gtood roof a nd 110 feet of cover the area worked out from October 23 1918 to eptumbgtr fl 1( 20 wus planimeteJcd showing 21 acres from which 15223) tons of coal las produced The bed is 5]12 feet thick which indicates an extraction of 74 pel cent Thi s may be considered a the absolute maxiIlIum reshycovery because it does not inelude any losses e middotcppt n the pillan lnd in the gob Some areas were noted on the map where considerable lOal was left between the ends of apPloaching rooms a nd some coal is _ o~t

in the main entry pillar but none of this is ineluded in the ab lVe middotalculation It is probable that the ex traction at thi s mine will hwshyeveI be better than (5 pel cent taking all 10es into cOIl icielatioll

At the minc of a company in Vanderburg County l 0 oflicial stated that the extraction is 55 pel cent and while they have not planimeteled their map they have made very carefu1 estimates

The mine of a company at Oakland City 01 ened in 191 produced 2032000 tons up to the date of their lnst map in 1922 The coal a er shyages G112 feet and by planimeterin g it w as found that t h e a rea worl(ed out wa 342 acres which indicates an extraction of (lO7 per cent

350 YE4R BOOK

Taking these figures as a guide and also considering gene1 1 inshyformation secured regardillg other mines from those familia r wit h tlw district the TTiter has estimated tlle extralttion to be 0 per cent whi ch means a loss of 40 per cent which has been subdivirted as shown tID the accompanying t able

AVOIDABLE LOSSES

There is considerable good faTm ing coun try il l th ese dis trict but a very small area is level most of it being rolling None of the ope ators expressed any fear of la wsuits resulting from sur fnce subsidenc but undoubtedly if the pillars were being e middottracted SOllle conflicts ould Ulise with the surface owners especially close to the city of E vallsville in Vanderburg County On the other hand this coal beiTlg only about 4 feet thick and ther e being an excellent local mll rket for lmnp conI could probably be worked advantageousl by longwall methods T nklllg this fact into consideration together wi th the small tonn age clming from under available and level surface it is believed that n tot ll exshytraction of 85 per cent for the field shoul d be secured which vould mean a present a voidable 10 S of 25 pel cent

SUMiIlARY OF COAL LOSSlS IN HOllTHER IN[tl AlA

Peretn tzge of to ta l marl ctnult~ coal los t in a rea VorllJu

TotnJ AvoidLI~

R eason for loss 105lt

onl cft a s roar and bot tom conI Coal lost in room cntlmiddoty and vn nrl p illn bull 26 Coal lost in oil 01 gas-well p il lars bullbullbullbullbull Coal lost under buildin gs ra il roads md boundaries Coal lost in h a ndling- a nd p rcv ara tion undel~ lo und a nd

s u rface bull bull bull bull bullbullbullbull bull bull 4 Coal IOl t due to r olls t hin or lirty arCW an d lttrerune bull

Total 10 per cent bullbullbullbull bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull 40 25

APPENDIX C-COAL LO SSES IN INDIANA

Genel-al U lII7IWY

Indiana produces f rom 17 to 30 million tons of coal per ar nUII1 the total in 1921 being slightly over 20 million ton (20300000) In mining this latter quantity an average of 42 per cent is loo t an ar lOunt equal to 14700UOO tons Of th ese losses a n average of 35 per CI1t is due to entry and room pillars being lost Two main coal beds ar being worked in these districts and whire the loof is tender and w t b C(gtIshy

tain area it js estimated that the los in pillars should not av ruge above 8 per cent The other losses are comparatively low and a re more or less unavoidable If the average total loss is 42 per cent and the estimated average a voidable loss i 27 per cen t (3 per cent to tal pillar loss-8 per cent unavoidable loss therein) I the unHvoidabh loss would be 15 per cent (42-27) and t he percentage f middottraction S lould be 5 per cent instead of 59 p r cen t as at present The losses il the past a re admittedly high but ar being reduced by bet ter methods

Y EAR BOOK

done in it The loss in marketa ble bottom coal will probably not be over 1 per cen t

Based OJ1 the actual dimensions of the working place ancl as mming that all the room-pillars will be r ecovered 40 fe t back fr om th~ ends the loss in each panel at the mine first mentioned will be 32 pO cen t The loss in the main entry-pillar will b 3 per cen t of the total a nd if we allow 1 pel ecnt 10 t in bottom coal and 4 pel cent for handling and prepar ation the total loss is 40 per cent However in the riters judgment some of the barrier n el entry-pillars will be lecoven c1 and as they amount to approximat ly 1 1 pel cent of the total it is la i e to say that 6 PCl cent additional coal will be lccoyeled from them m ak ingshythe net loss 34 per cent Calculations on the same basiti for the second mine mentioned give a loss of 40 per eent so that the average llss foJ the field has been taken as 37 per cent as these two m ines a ll large producers (the first one having p roduced 5379840 tons of coal to date) and are saiel to lepleSen t the average for the fi eld

A VOIDABLE LOSSES

There iflt considerable good fanning land in tl1is dishict tut the country is r olling so pulling pillars could not do it any damage Some solid coal would have to be left under farmhou~es but in the Titers judgment 90 per cent of th coal could be taken out making the lresent avoidable loss 27 per cent

SUMMARY OF LOSS~S I] KNOX COUNTY

lcnengtlge ot ~otal marketable coal lOdt in area wo oked

T ota l A voids nle R eason for loss 10s8 10

Coal [eft ns Oof and bottom coal bull bull bull bull bull bull 1 Coal lost in roum en try and panel pil Is bull ~ bullbullbullbull bull bull 32 27 Coul lost in oil 01 WlS-well pillals one Coal iost undel buildin~~~ lU lroads n n d boundurics lmiddotmctic n of 1 Cnal IOli t in haJldling and prcparation un derground and

sUl face

Cual 1m due to Iolls thin 01 dirty ar S and stremiddotams FnlctiolJ of 1

Total loss p e r cent bullbullbullbull bull 37 27

COAL LOSSES IN SOUTHERN INDIANA INCLUDING THE PRINCETON-AYRESHIRE BOONVILLE AND EVANS

VILLE-NEWBURG FIELD S

Intoduction

Th se fields have been considered in one lepo11 101 the eaSOn that the tonnage i~ somewha t Il1Hll and practically all of the mines arc working the same heel T he se reI I fi -Ids include Gibson Pike Warrick Vanderburg and Spencer counties whose production accordshying to the Indiana Industr ia l Bo rd i bullhown in Table 8

JI lodllcti(m

This field includes Knox and Da c s c()unt i s Accor ding 0 the Ieport of the State Ind str ial Boa rd f Ol the year ended Sep 11 el lO 1)21 Knox County ploduced 325J Ono t ns nnd ])nviess ounty 2 )7624 tons According to this report Kno x County had 10 min~ in Q

bed three in No VI bed an d on in N o ] V bet while Daviess oun ty had one mine in No IV bed thlee in 1 o V bed ami three uncillf sifted Approcimat ly 90 per cent of t he plocl uc 11 omes rom No berl and for that reason it was the only one considered In nmking the investigation This bed r uns from 5 to 7 ~~ feet ill thickness avershyaging 6 feet 8 inches It h l a cover ranging 1lom 4~ to 42i feet

D EPARTMENT OF C ONSERVATION

TABLE 8-COAL PRODUCT[O~ OF SOUTHERN INDIAbull bull t IN 1921

1_ T~m MinesCaunty Bed

fiGibson 1 9

mI~6ii ~ Pike 1

U ndasai6ed bull m~ ~C

4 14WorriJlk ~O I~ bull bull bull bullbull 3 ~~~e~rg~ N~~ ~ 2

42Total

I 62ft-40

1011691

9152lI 1

~60 3b l 10501

2 823 84l

CHARACTERISTICS OF NO V BED

No V bed is from 51h to 6 1h feet in Gibson County averaging 5 feet 11 inches and has a cover of 125 to 440 feet averaging 280 fet III Pike County t he coal is f r om 4 feet 8 inches to 8 fee t thick a I r shyaging 6 feet and has a cover of a f ew feet up to 110 feet averagi 19 50 feet In War rick County the thickness is from 4 to 13 feet avelugi 19 4 feet and the cover is from a few f eet to 196 feet averaging 90 feet In Vander burg Cou ty the coal is 4 feet thick with a co er averaging 260 fe t

T he roof in some of the mines is the typical No V roof containi 19 large bou dere and making a good roof for mining operations in aU cr places it is a smooth gray shale roof requiring many timbers and in still other mines the roof is a sandy shale or sandstone but ncvcrthellss weak The floor is fireclay with occasionally some dirly coal or 0 shy

called rash between the fu e day ami the marketable coal No reguar baIlds of impurities were noted but th r e are lenses f sulphur cattel ed irregularly t hrough the c al

METHODS OF MINING

Doth tIaight room-and-pillar an d panel methods of lU llling are used with probably the former predominating In studying this isshytrict four p roperties were vi lted-namely t wo along the western ile where the coal is under deeper cove r and two along the eastern e( ge of the field where the cov 1 is shallow One trip underground was nIa Ie One compa ny has a cover of from 30 to 130 feet and is mining to 7 feet of coal They use straight room-and-pillar method with ~oshyf oot rooms 200 feet long I uving p illars about 9 feet wide and no attempt is made to pull any pillars The mines a re near the line )eshytween Gibson and P ike Counties The roof stands well in the entries but requir es lots of timber ing in the rooms

A company in Warrick County west of Boonville is mining 3 f eet 10 inches to G feet 6 inches of coal under 130 feet of cover They have the typical No V roof and a trip underground was made a t thi tWoe The rooms averag 2 feet in width with a H)-foot r oom-pillar ]he straight room-Bnd-pillar method is used with room 200 to 300 feet 10rIg The crosscuts are 12 feet wide and the room-necks are 12 teet wide for 12 feet and are then widened out

348 YEAR BOOK

A company in Vtmderburg Coun y has a 4-foot b under- 25 feet of covel and i using the panel BY tern of mining with 20 100m- to a panel entry the panels being 700 to 1000 fet t in ide of entries The rooms are 24 feet wide on 40-fo t centers allCl 3511 fee long The roomshynecks a re 8 fe t wide for 12 fret while the elltrle are 7 feel wid

SECTION OF MINE MAP Werrtck Co Indlelna

5hoWIIIS p lo(s nO t troe-ted

~Coal ftltwlll be extracted Cool Lost In port or In wholll

DEPARTMENT OF CO-SERV- TION

on 57-foot centers T he panel barriel pillaIs are 60 feet wide lhe roof is said to be very tend

A company in Gibsoll County where they al~ mining- feet of Cllal

under 400 feet of cover uses the straight room-an ti -pillar m UlOd a nd the rooms are 25 to 30 feet wide on 43-f oot centers Room-neck~ i re 10 feet wide for 12 feet The roof is said to be very weak an (shyquil es a gleat deal of timbering

LOSSES OF COAL

This is of (oUlse a gleat 10 s of coal in the pillar ~ whieh are Idt There is ao eonsidenlble loss caused by the coal stilking to the imshypurities which is thrown back into the gob No evidenc( was found of any appreciable amount of coal bein) left on account of thin or el i middotty areas although two of the compani had abandoned certain portions of thei propcImiddotty where the coal hid become low but from the condishytions this coal cannot be consideTed as lost at thi time Where he covcr is small considerable coal is being left but thi can be reeoe ed with stearn-shovels in the future

ACT U L EXTRACTIOgt

None of the companies opemting the mines vi ~ it d had any figu es available on the percentage of pxtrHction but thre m a ps were secu ed which have been planimetered and the 1 a checked a gainst the tommgc hoi~ted One company with a tender roof and 400 fe t of COVC I has worked out H)6 acres since 1 11 when the mine was ope ned The C Jal i ~ 5 feet thick and there should be 8850 tons to the a erp but oIly )~l4939 tom have beell hoisted from this illca which works out a t 4 70 tons to the acre 01 an extraction of 54 pel cent onsidelable C )pound11

was left alolIg the boundaries of the property amounting- to nearly 1 per cent ltwel about i pel cent has been left under the IniiIoari gi lce the railroad company plohihitCd them from minillg In y morl coal un lei lw rig-ht of way

At the mine of another company with a gtood roof a nd 110 feet of cover the area worked out from October 23 1918 to eptumbgtr fl 1( 20 wus planimeteJcd showing 21 acres from which 15223) tons of coal las produced The bed is 5]12 feet thick which indicates an extraction of 74 pel cent Thi s may be considered a the absolute maxiIlIum reshycovery because it does not inelude any losses e middotcppt n the pillan lnd in the gob Some areas were noted on the map where considerable lOal was left between the ends of apPloaching rooms a nd some coal is _ o~t

in the main entry pillar but none of this is ineluded in the ab lVe middotalculation It is probable that the ex traction at thi s mine will hwshyeveI be better than (5 pel cent taking all 10es into cOIl icielatioll

At the minc of a company in Vanderburg County l 0 oflicial stated that the extraction is 55 pel cent and while they have not planimeteled their map they have made very carefu1 estimates

The mine of a company at Oakland City 01 ened in 191 produced 2032000 tons up to the date of their lnst map in 1922 The coal a er shyages G112 feet and by planimeterin g it w as found that t h e a rea worl(ed out wa 342 acres which indicates an extraction of (lO7 per cent

350 YE4R BOOK

Taking these figures as a guide and also considering gene1 1 inshyformation secured regardillg other mines from those familia r wit h tlw district the TTiter has estimated tlle extralttion to be 0 per cent whi ch means a loss of 40 per cent which has been subdivirted as shown tID the accompanying t able

AVOIDABLE LOSSES

There is considerable good faTm ing coun try il l th ese dis trict but a very small area is level most of it being rolling None of the ope ators expressed any fear of la wsuits resulting from sur fnce subsidenc but undoubtedly if the pillars were being e middottracted SOllle conflicts ould Ulise with the surface owners especially close to the city of E vallsville in Vanderburg County On the other hand this coal beiTlg only about 4 feet thick and ther e being an excellent local mll rket for lmnp conI could probably be worked advantageousl by longwall methods T nklllg this fact into consideration together wi th the small tonn age clming from under available and level surface it is believed that n tot ll exshytraction of 85 per cent for the field shoul d be secured which vould mean a present a voidable 10 S of 25 pel cent

SUMiIlARY OF COAL LOSSlS IN HOllTHER IN[tl AlA

Peretn tzge of to ta l marl ctnult~ coal los t in a rea VorllJu

TotnJ AvoidLI~

R eason for loss 105lt

onl cft a s roar and bot tom conI Coal lost in room cntlmiddoty and vn nrl p illn bull 26 Coal lost in oil 01 gas-well p il lars bullbullbullbullbull Coal lost under buildin gs ra il roads md boundaries Coal lost in h a ndling- a nd p rcv ara tion undel~ lo und a nd

s u rface bull bull bull bull bullbullbullbull bull bull 4 Coal IOl t due to r olls t hin or lirty arCW an d lttrerune bull

Total 10 per cent bullbullbullbull bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull 40 25

APPENDIX C-COAL LO SSES IN INDIANA

Genel-al U lII7IWY

Indiana produces f rom 17 to 30 million tons of coal per ar nUII1 the total in 1921 being slightly over 20 million ton (20300000) In mining this latter quantity an average of 42 per cent is loo t an ar lOunt equal to 14700UOO tons Of th ese losses a n average of 35 per CI1t is due to entry and room pillars being lost Two main coal beds ar being worked in these districts and whire the loof is tender and w t b C(gtIshy

tain area it js estimated that the los in pillars should not av ruge above 8 per cent The other losses are comparatively low and a re more or less unavoidable If the average total loss is 42 per cent and the estimated average a voidable loss i 27 per cen t (3 per cent to tal pillar loss-8 per cent unavoidable loss therein) I the unHvoidabh loss would be 15 per cent (42-27) and t he percentage f middottraction S lould be 5 per cent instead of 59 p r cen t as at present The losses il the past a re admittedly high but ar being reduced by bet ter methods

D EPARTMENT OF C ONSERVATION

TABLE 8-COAL PRODUCT[O~ OF SOUTHERN INDIAbull bull t IN 1921

1_ T~m MinesCaunty Bed

fiGibson 1 9

mI~6ii ~ Pike 1

U ndasai6ed bull m~ ~C

4 14WorriJlk ~O I~ bull bull bull bullbull 3 ~~~e~rg~ N~~ ~ 2

42Total

I 62ft-40

1011691

9152lI 1

~60 3b l 10501

2 823 84l

CHARACTERISTICS OF NO V BED

No V bed is from 51h to 6 1h feet in Gibson County averaging 5 feet 11 inches and has a cover of 125 to 440 feet averaging 280 fet III Pike County t he coal is f r om 4 feet 8 inches to 8 fee t thick a I r shyaging 6 feet and has a cover of a f ew feet up to 110 feet averagi 19 50 feet In War rick County the thickness is from 4 to 13 feet avelugi 19 4 feet and the cover is from a few f eet to 196 feet averaging 90 feet In Vander burg Cou ty the coal is 4 feet thick with a co er averaging 260 fe t

T he roof in some of the mines is the typical No V roof containi 19 large bou dere and making a good roof for mining operations in aU cr places it is a smooth gray shale roof requiring many timbers and in still other mines the roof is a sandy shale or sandstone but ncvcrthellss weak The floor is fireclay with occasionally some dirly coal or 0 shy

called rash between the fu e day ami the marketable coal No reguar baIlds of impurities were noted but th r e are lenses f sulphur cattel ed irregularly t hrough the c al

METHODS OF MINING

Doth tIaight room-and-pillar an d panel methods of lU llling are used with probably the former predominating In studying this isshytrict four p roperties were vi lted-namely t wo along the western ile where the coal is under deeper cove r and two along the eastern e( ge of the field where the cov 1 is shallow One trip underground was nIa Ie One compa ny has a cover of from 30 to 130 feet and is mining to 7 feet of coal They use straight room-and-pillar method with ~oshyf oot rooms 200 feet long I uving p illars about 9 feet wide and no attempt is made to pull any pillars The mines a re near the line )eshytween Gibson and P ike Counties The roof stands well in the entries but requir es lots of timber ing in the rooms

A company in Warrick County west of Boonville is mining 3 f eet 10 inches to G feet 6 inches of coal under 130 feet of cover They have the typical No V roof and a trip underground was made a t thi tWoe The rooms averag 2 feet in width with a H)-foot r oom-pillar ]he straight room-Bnd-pillar method is used with room 200 to 300 feet 10rIg The crosscuts are 12 feet wide and the room-necks are 12 teet wide for 12 feet and are then widened out

348 YEAR BOOK

A company in Vtmderburg Coun y has a 4-foot b under- 25 feet of covel and i using the panel BY tern of mining with 20 100m- to a panel entry the panels being 700 to 1000 fet t in ide of entries The rooms are 24 feet wide on 40-fo t centers allCl 3511 fee long The roomshynecks a re 8 fe t wide for 12 fret while the elltrle are 7 feel wid

SECTION OF MINE MAP Werrtck Co Indlelna

5hoWIIIS p lo(s nO t troe-ted

~Coal ftltwlll be extracted Cool Lost In port or In wholll

DEPARTMENT OF CO-SERV- TION

on 57-foot centers T he panel barriel pillaIs are 60 feet wide lhe roof is said to be very tend

A company in Gibsoll County where they al~ mining- feet of Cllal

under 400 feet of cover uses the straight room-an ti -pillar m UlOd a nd the rooms are 25 to 30 feet wide on 43-f oot centers Room-neck~ i re 10 feet wide for 12 feet The roof is said to be very weak an (shyquil es a gleat deal of timbering

LOSSES OF COAL

This is of (oUlse a gleat 10 s of coal in the pillar ~ whieh are Idt There is ao eonsidenlble loss caused by the coal stilking to the imshypurities which is thrown back into the gob No evidenc( was found of any appreciable amount of coal bein) left on account of thin or el i middotty areas although two of the compani had abandoned certain portions of thei propcImiddotty where the coal hid become low but from the condishytions this coal cannot be consideTed as lost at thi time Where he covcr is small considerable coal is being left but thi can be reeoe ed with stearn-shovels in the future

ACT U L EXTRACTIOgt

None of the companies opemting the mines vi ~ it d had any figu es available on the percentage of pxtrHction but thre m a ps were secu ed which have been planimetered and the 1 a checked a gainst the tommgc hoi~ted One company with a tender roof and 400 fe t of COVC I has worked out H)6 acres since 1 11 when the mine was ope ned The C Jal i ~ 5 feet thick and there should be 8850 tons to the a erp but oIly )~l4939 tom have beell hoisted from this illca which works out a t 4 70 tons to the acre 01 an extraction of 54 pel cent onsidelable C )pound11

was left alolIg the boundaries of the property amounting- to nearly 1 per cent ltwel about i pel cent has been left under the IniiIoari gi lce the railroad company plohihitCd them from minillg In y morl coal un lei lw rig-ht of way

At the mine of another company with a gtood roof a nd 110 feet of cover the area worked out from October 23 1918 to eptumbgtr fl 1( 20 wus planimeteJcd showing 21 acres from which 15223) tons of coal las produced The bed is 5]12 feet thick which indicates an extraction of 74 pel cent Thi s may be considered a the absolute maxiIlIum reshycovery because it does not inelude any losses e middotcppt n the pillan lnd in the gob Some areas were noted on the map where considerable lOal was left between the ends of apPloaching rooms a nd some coal is _ o~t

in the main entry pillar but none of this is ineluded in the ab lVe middotalculation It is probable that the ex traction at thi s mine will hwshyeveI be better than (5 pel cent taking all 10es into cOIl icielatioll

At the minc of a company in Vanderburg County l 0 oflicial stated that the extraction is 55 pel cent and while they have not planimeteled their map they have made very carefu1 estimates

The mine of a company at Oakland City 01 ened in 191 produced 2032000 tons up to the date of their lnst map in 1922 The coal a er shyages G112 feet and by planimeterin g it w as found that t h e a rea worl(ed out wa 342 acres which indicates an extraction of (lO7 per cent

350 YE4R BOOK

Taking these figures as a guide and also considering gene1 1 inshyformation secured regardillg other mines from those familia r wit h tlw district the TTiter has estimated tlle extralttion to be 0 per cent whi ch means a loss of 40 per cent which has been subdivirted as shown tID the accompanying t able

AVOIDABLE LOSSES

There is considerable good faTm ing coun try il l th ese dis trict but a very small area is level most of it being rolling None of the ope ators expressed any fear of la wsuits resulting from sur fnce subsidenc but undoubtedly if the pillars were being e middottracted SOllle conflicts ould Ulise with the surface owners especially close to the city of E vallsville in Vanderburg County On the other hand this coal beiTlg only about 4 feet thick and ther e being an excellent local mll rket for lmnp conI could probably be worked advantageousl by longwall methods T nklllg this fact into consideration together wi th the small tonn age clming from under available and level surface it is believed that n tot ll exshytraction of 85 per cent for the field shoul d be secured which vould mean a present a voidable 10 S of 25 pel cent

SUMiIlARY OF COAL LOSSlS IN HOllTHER IN[tl AlA

Peretn tzge of to ta l marl ctnult~ coal los t in a rea VorllJu

TotnJ AvoidLI~

R eason for loss 105lt

onl cft a s roar and bot tom conI Coal lost in room cntlmiddoty and vn nrl p illn bull 26 Coal lost in oil 01 gas-well p il lars bullbullbullbullbull Coal lost under buildin gs ra il roads md boundaries Coal lost in h a ndling- a nd p rcv ara tion undel~ lo und a nd

s u rface bull bull bull bull bullbullbullbull bull bull 4 Coal IOl t due to r olls t hin or lirty arCW an d lttrerune bull

Total 10 per cent bullbullbullbull bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull 40 25

APPENDIX C-COAL LO SSES IN INDIANA

Genel-al U lII7IWY

Indiana produces f rom 17 to 30 million tons of coal per ar nUII1 the total in 1921 being slightly over 20 million ton (20300000) In mining this latter quantity an average of 42 per cent is loo t an ar lOunt equal to 14700UOO tons Of th ese losses a n average of 35 per CI1t is due to entry and room pillars being lost Two main coal beds ar being worked in these districts and whire the loof is tender and w t b C(gtIshy

tain area it js estimated that the los in pillars should not av ruge above 8 per cent The other losses are comparatively low and a re more or less unavoidable If the average total loss is 42 per cent and the estimated average a voidable loss i 27 per cen t (3 per cent to tal pillar loss-8 per cent unavoidable loss therein) I the unHvoidabh loss would be 15 per cent (42-27) and t he percentage f middottraction S lould be 5 per cent instead of 59 p r cen t as at present The losses il the past a re admittedly high but ar being reduced by bet ter methods

348 YEAR BOOK

A company in Vtmderburg Coun y has a 4-foot b under- 25 feet of covel and i using the panel BY tern of mining with 20 100m- to a panel entry the panels being 700 to 1000 fet t in ide of entries The rooms are 24 feet wide on 40-fo t centers allCl 3511 fee long The roomshynecks a re 8 fe t wide for 12 fret while the elltrle are 7 feel wid

SECTION OF MINE MAP Werrtck Co Indlelna

5hoWIIIS p lo(s nO t troe-ted

~Coal ftltwlll be extracted Cool Lost In port or In wholll

DEPARTMENT OF CO-SERV- TION

on 57-foot centers T he panel barriel pillaIs are 60 feet wide lhe roof is said to be very tend

A company in Gibsoll County where they al~ mining- feet of Cllal

under 400 feet of cover uses the straight room-an ti -pillar m UlOd a nd the rooms are 25 to 30 feet wide on 43-f oot centers Room-neck~ i re 10 feet wide for 12 feet The roof is said to be very weak an (shyquil es a gleat deal of timbering

LOSSES OF COAL

This is of (oUlse a gleat 10 s of coal in the pillar ~ whieh are Idt There is ao eonsidenlble loss caused by the coal stilking to the imshypurities which is thrown back into the gob No evidenc( was found of any appreciable amount of coal bein) left on account of thin or el i middotty areas although two of the compani had abandoned certain portions of thei propcImiddotty where the coal hid become low but from the condishytions this coal cannot be consideTed as lost at thi time Where he covcr is small considerable coal is being left but thi can be reeoe ed with stearn-shovels in the future

ACT U L EXTRACTIOgt

None of the companies opemting the mines vi ~ it d had any figu es available on the percentage of pxtrHction but thre m a ps were secu ed which have been planimetered and the 1 a checked a gainst the tommgc hoi~ted One company with a tender roof and 400 fe t of COVC I has worked out H)6 acres since 1 11 when the mine was ope ned The C Jal i ~ 5 feet thick and there should be 8850 tons to the a erp but oIly )~l4939 tom have beell hoisted from this illca which works out a t 4 70 tons to the acre 01 an extraction of 54 pel cent onsidelable C )pound11

was left alolIg the boundaries of the property amounting- to nearly 1 per cent ltwel about i pel cent has been left under the IniiIoari gi lce the railroad company plohihitCd them from minillg In y morl coal un lei lw rig-ht of way

At the mine of another company with a gtood roof a nd 110 feet of cover the area worked out from October 23 1918 to eptumbgtr fl 1( 20 wus planimeteJcd showing 21 acres from which 15223) tons of coal las produced The bed is 5]12 feet thick which indicates an extraction of 74 pel cent Thi s may be considered a the absolute maxiIlIum reshycovery because it does not inelude any losses e middotcppt n the pillan lnd in the gob Some areas were noted on the map where considerable lOal was left between the ends of apPloaching rooms a nd some coal is _ o~t

in the main entry pillar but none of this is ineluded in the ab lVe middotalculation It is probable that the ex traction at thi s mine will hwshyeveI be better than (5 pel cent taking all 10es into cOIl icielatioll

At the minc of a company in Vanderburg County l 0 oflicial stated that the extraction is 55 pel cent and while they have not planimeteled their map they have made very carefu1 estimates

The mine of a company at Oakland City 01 ened in 191 produced 2032000 tons up to the date of their lnst map in 1922 The coal a er shyages G112 feet and by planimeterin g it w as found that t h e a rea worl(ed out wa 342 acres which indicates an extraction of (lO7 per cent

350 YE4R BOOK

Taking these figures as a guide and also considering gene1 1 inshyformation secured regardillg other mines from those familia r wit h tlw district the TTiter has estimated tlle extralttion to be 0 per cent whi ch means a loss of 40 per cent which has been subdivirted as shown tID the accompanying t able

AVOIDABLE LOSSES

There is considerable good faTm ing coun try il l th ese dis trict but a very small area is level most of it being rolling None of the ope ators expressed any fear of la wsuits resulting from sur fnce subsidenc but undoubtedly if the pillars were being e middottracted SOllle conflicts ould Ulise with the surface owners especially close to the city of E vallsville in Vanderburg County On the other hand this coal beiTlg only about 4 feet thick and ther e being an excellent local mll rket for lmnp conI could probably be worked advantageousl by longwall methods T nklllg this fact into consideration together wi th the small tonn age clming from under available and level surface it is believed that n tot ll exshytraction of 85 per cent for the field shoul d be secured which vould mean a present a voidable 10 S of 25 pel cent

SUMiIlARY OF COAL LOSSlS IN HOllTHER IN[tl AlA

Peretn tzge of to ta l marl ctnult~ coal los t in a rea VorllJu

TotnJ AvoidLI~

R eason for loss 105lt

onl cft a s roar and bot tom conI Coal lost in room cntlmiddoty and vn nrl p illn bull 26 Coal lost in oil 01 gas-well p il lars bullbullbullbullbull Coal lost under buildin gs ra il roads md boundaries Coal lost in h a ndling- a nd p rcv ara tion undel~ lo und a nd

s u rface bull bull bull bull bullbullbullbull bull bull 4 Coal IOl t due to r olls t hin or lirty arCW an d lttrerune bull

Total 10 per cent bullbullbullbull bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull 40 25

APPENDIX C-COAL LO SSES IN INDIANA

Genel-al U lII7IWY

Indiana produces f rom 17 to 30 million tons of coal per ar nUII1 the total in 1921 being slightly over 20 million ton (20300000) In mining this latter quantity an average of 42 per cent is loo t an ar lOunt equal to 14700UOO tons Of th ese losses a n average of 35 per CI1t is due to entry and room pillars being lost Two main coal beds ar being worked in these districts and whire the loof is tender and w t b C(gtIshy

tain area it js estimated that the los in pillars should not av ruge above 8 per cent The other losses are comparatively low and a re more or less unavoidable If the average total loss is 42 per cent and the estimated average a voidable loss i 27 per cen t (3 per cent to tal pillar loss-8 per cent unavoidable loss therein) I the unHvoidabh loss would be 15 per cent (42-27) and t he percentage f middottraction S lould be 5 per cent instead of 59 p r cen t as at present The losses il the past a re admittedly high but ar being reduced by bet ter methods

DEPARTMENT OF CO-SERV- TION

on 57-foot centers T he panel barriel pillaIs are 60 feet wide lhe roof is said to be very tend

A company in Gibsoll County where they al~ mining- feet of Cllal

under 400 feet of cover uses the straight room-an ti -pillar m UlOd a nd the rooms are 25 to 30 feet wide on 43-f oot centers Room-neck~ i re 10 feet wide for 12 feet The roof is said to be very weak an (shyquil es a gleat deal of timbering

LOSSES OF COAL

This is of (oUlse a gleat 10 s of coal in the pillar ~ whieh are Idt There is ao eonsidenlble loss caused by the coal stilking to the imshypurities which is thrown back into the gob No evidenc( was found of any appreciable amount of coal bein) left on account of thin or el i middotty areas although two of the compani had abandoned certain portions of thei propcImiddotty where the coal hid become low but from the condishytions this coal cannot be consideTed as lost at thi time Where he covcr is small considerable coal is being left but thi can be reeoe ed with stearn-shovels in the future

ACT U L EXTRACTIOgt

None of the companies opemting the mines vi ~ it d had any figu es available on the percentage of pxtrHction but thre m a ps were secu ed which have been planimetered and the 1 a checked a gainst the tommgc hoi~ted One company with a tender roof and 400 fe t of COVC I has worked out H)6 acres since 1 11 when the mine was ope ned The C Jal i ~ 5 feet thick and there should be 8850 tons to the a erp but oIly )~l4939 tom have beell hoisted from this illca which works out a t 4 70 tons to the acre 01 an extraction of 54 pel cent onsidelable C )pound11

was left alolIg the boundaries of the property amounting- to nearly 1 per cent ltwel about i pel cent has been left under the IniiIoari gi lce the railroad company plohihitCd them from minillg In y morl coal un lei lw rig-ht of way

At the mine of another company with a gtood roof a nd 110 feet of cover the area worked out from October 23 1918 to eptumbgtr fl 1( 20 wus planimeteJcd showing 21 acres from which 15223) tons of coal las produced The bed is 5]12 feet thick which indicates an extraction of 74 pel cent Thi s may be considered a the absolute maxiIlIum reshycovery because it does not inelude any losses e middotcppt n the pillan lnd in the gob Some areas were noted on the map where considerable lOal was left between the ends of apPloaching rooms a nd some coal is _ o~t

in the main entry pillar but none of this is ineluded in the ab lVe middotalculation It is probable that the ex traction at thi s mine will hwshyeveI be better than (5 pel cent taking all 10es into cOIl icielatioll

At the minc of a company in Vanderburg County l 0 oflicial stated that the extraction is 55 pel cent and while they have not planimeteled their map they have made very carefu1 estimates

The mine of a company at Oakland City 01 ened in 191 produced 2032000 tons up to the date of their lnst map in 1922 The coal a er shyages G112 feet and by planimeterin g it w as found that t h e a rea worl(ed out wa 342 acres which indicates an extraction of (lO7 per cent

350 YE4R BOOK

Taking these figures as a guide and also considering gene1 1 inshyformation secured regardillg other mines from those familia r wit h tlw district the TTiter has estimated tlle extralttion to be 0 per cent whi ch means a loss of 40 per cent which has been subdivirted as shown tID the accompanying t able

AVOIDABLE LOSSES

There is considerable good faTm ing coun try il l th ese dis trict but a very small area is level most of it being rolling None of the ope ators expressed any fear of la wsuits resulting from sur fnce subsidenc but undoubtedly if the pillars were being e middottracted SOllle conflicts ould Ulise with the surface owners especially close to the city of E vallsville in Vanderburg County On the other hand this coal beiTlg only about 4 feet thick and ther e being an excellent local mll rket for lmnp conI could probably be worked advantageousl by longwall methods T nklllg this fact into consideration together wi th the small tonn age clming from under available and level surface it is believed that n tot ll exshytraction of 85 per cent for the field shoul d be secured which vould mean a present a voidable 10 S of 25 pel cent

SUMiIlARY OF COAL LOSSlS IN HOllTHER IN[tl AlA

Peretn tzge of to ta l marl ctnult~ coal los t in a rea VorllJu

TotnJ AvoidLI~

R eason for loss 105lt

onl cft a s roar and bot tom conI Coal lost in room cntlmiddoty and vn nrl p illn bull 26 Coal lost in oil 01 gas-well p il lars bullbullbullbullbull Coal lost under buildin gs ra il roads md boundaries Coal lost in h a ndling- a nd p rcv ara tion undel~ lo und a nd

s u rface bull bull bull bull bullbullbullbull bull bull 4 Coal IOl t due to r olls t hin or lirty arCW an d lttrerune bull

Total 10 per cent bullbullbullbull bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull 40 25

APPENDIX C-COAL LO SSES IN INDIANA

Genel-al U lII7IWY

Indiana produces f rom 17 to 30 million tons of coal per ar nUII1 the total in 1921 being slightly over 20 million ton (20300000) In mining this latter quantity an average of 42 per cent is loo t an ar lOunt equal to 14700UOO tons Of th ese losses a n average of 35 per CI1t is due to entry and room pillars being lost Two main coal beds ar being worked in these districts and whire the loof is tender and w t b C(gtIshy

tain area it js estimated that the los in pillars should not av ruge above 8 per cent The other losses are comparatively low and a re more or less unavoidable If the average total loss is 42 per cent and the estimated average a voidable loss i 27 per cen t (3 per cent to tal pillar loss-8 per cent unavoidable loss therein) I the unHvoidabh loss would be 15 per cent (42-27) and t he percentage f middottraction S lould be 5 per cent instead of 59 p r cen t as at present The losses il the past a re admittedly high but ar being reduced by bet ter methods

350 YE4R BOOK

Taking these figures as a guide and also considering gene1 1 inshyformation secured regardillg other mines from those familia r wit h tlw district the TTiter has estimated tlle extralttion to be 0 per cent whi ch means a loss of 40 per cent which has been subdivirted as shown tID the accompanying t able

AVOIDABLE LOSSES

There is considerable good faTm ing coun try il l th ese dis trict but a very small area is level most of it being rolling None of the ope ators expressed any fear of la wsuits resulting from sur fnce subsidenc but undoubtedly if the pillars were being e middottracted SOllle conflicts ould Ulise with the surface owners especially close to the city of E vallsville in Vanderburg County On the other hand this coal beiTlg only about 4 feet thick and ther e being an excellent local mll rket for lmnp conI could probably be worked advantageousl by longwall methods T nklllg this fact into consideration together wi th the small tonn age clming from under available and level surface it is believed that n tot ll exshytraction of 85 per cent for the field shoul d be secured which vould mean a present a voidable 10 S of 25 pel cent

SUMiIlARY OF COAL LOSSlS IN HOllTHER IN[tl AlA

Peretn tzge of to ta l marl ctnult~ coal los t in a rea VorllJu

TotnJ AvoidLI~

R eason for loss 105lt

onl cft a s roar and bot tom conI Coal lost in room cntlmiddoty and vn nrl p illn bull 26 Coal lost in oil 01 gas-well p il lars bullbullbullbullbull Coal lost under buildin gs ra il roads md boundaries Coal lost in h a ndling- a nd p rcv ara tion undel~ lo und a nd

s u rface bull bull bull bull bullbullbullbull bull bull 4 Coal IOl t due to r olls t hin or lirty arCW an d lttrerune bull

Total 10 per cent bullbullbullbull bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull 40 25

APPENDIX C-COAL LO SSES IN INDIANA

Genel-al U lII7IWY

Indiana produces f rom 17 to 30 million tons of coal per ar nUII1 the total in 1921 being slightly over 20 million ton (20300000) In mining this latter quantity an average of 42 per cent is loo t an ar lOunt equal to 14700UOO tons Of th ese losses a n average of 35 per CI1t is due to entry and room pillars being lost Two main coal beds ar being worked in these districts and whire the loof is tender and w t b C(gtIshy

tain area it js estimated that the los in pillars should not av ruge above 8 per cent The other losses are comparatively low and a re more or less unavoidable If the average total loss is 42 per cent and the estimated average a voidable loss i 27 per cen t (3 per cent to tal pillar loss-8 per cent unavoidable loss therein) I the unHvoidabh loss would be 15 per cent (42-27) and t he percentage f middottraction S lould be 5 per cent instead of 59 p r cen t as at present The losses il the past a re admittedly high but ar being reduced by bet ter methods