bis2c: lecture 33: vertebrates
TRANSCRIPT
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Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2016
Lecture 33:
Deuterostomes III: Chordates II
BIS 002C Biodiversity & the Tree of Life
Spring 2016
Prof. Jonathan Eisen
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Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2016
Where we are going and where we have been…
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•Previous lecture: •32: Deuterostomes II: Chordates
•Current Lecture: •33: Deuterostomes III: Chordates II
•Next Lecture: •34: Fungi
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Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2016
SmartSite issues?
How are the problems with SmartSite affecting you?
A. Causing me lots of trouble
B. Causing me some trouble C. Causing me no trouble
D. Good riddance
E. Both A and D
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Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2016
BIS2C Final Exam Section B
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Date & Time: Saturday, June 4, 1:00 PM – 3:00 PM
Please arrive early and bring: 1. Photo ID 2. Pen 3. #2 pencil
LAST NAMES EXAM LOCATION
A - J1100 SOCIAL
SCIENCES
K - R 1003 GEIDT
S - Z 176 Everson
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Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2016
Lab Practical: May 31-June 2
Do NOT enter until instructed by your TA**Please show up 10 minutes in advance of your exam**
The start time of your exam depends on where you usually attend lab. Most of you will be starting at your regular lab time, but see below for the ‘halfway’ start times.
Regular lab location Exam is in Exam starts at
3079 SLB 3079 SLB usual start time3085 SLB 3085 SLB usual start time3088 SLB 3079 SLB halfway through period3090 SLB 3085 SLB halfway through period
Regardless of when your exam will begin, do not be late as there is no way for you to make up the questions that you missed.
The times listed below are ONLY for the 3088 & 3090 SLB students with halfway start times:
Usual lab time Lab practical starts at7:30am 8:55am9:00am 10:25am11:00am 12:25pm1:10pm 2:35pm2:30pm 3:55pm5:10pm 6:35pm6:10pm 7:35pm
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Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2016
Eisen Office Hours
Friday 3:00 - 5:00
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Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2016
Other Things
• Study Guides will be posted over the next few days
• Final is 2/3 about animals, 1/3 about rest of course
• Review sessions to be scheduled
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Vertebrate Origins
!8Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2016
Ciliated larvae
Am
bulacrariansC
hordates
Common ancestor (bilaterally symmetrical, pharyngeal slits present)
Echinoderms
Hemichordates
Lancelets
Tunicates
Vertebrates
Radial symmetry as adults, calcified internal plates, loss of pharyngeal slits
Vertebral column, anterior skull, large brain, ventral heart
Notochord, dorsal hollow nerve cord, post-anal tail
Focus on Vertebrates
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Phylogeny of the Living Vertebrates
!9Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2016
Amniotes
Lampreys
Hagfishes
Lungfishes
Amphibians
Chondrichthyans
Ray-finned fishes
Coelacanths
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Focus on Two Key Things
!10Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2016
Amniotes
Lampreys
Hagfishes
Lungfishes
Amphibians
Chondrichthyans
Ray-finned fishes
Coelacanths
Getting to Humans
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In-Text Art, Ch. 33, p. 693 (1)
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In-Text Art, Ch. 33, p. 707
!12Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2016
Amniote ancestor
Crocodilians
REPTILES
Tuataras
Squamates
Turtles
Theropods, including birds
Mammals
MAMMALS
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In-Text Art, Ch. 33, p. 696
!13Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2016
Reptiles
Eutherians
Marsupials
Prototherians
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Figure 33.28 Major Groups of Eutherians Diversified as the Continents Drifted Apart
!14Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2016
Million years ago
Africa
Africa
Africa
Africa
Africa
South America
SE Asia
SE Asia
Proto-Europe
Proto-Europe
Proto-Europe
Laurasia
Laurasia
Laurasia
Laurasia
Laurasia
Laurasia
Madagascar, Africa
Africa
Africa
Africa, Asia
Africa, Middle East
North, South America
SE Asia
SE Asia
Tropics of Africa, Americas, AsiaNorth America, EurasiaWorldwideWorldwide except AustralasiaWorldwide except Australasia
Africa, southern Asia
Worldwide except AustralasiaWorldwide except AustralasiaWorldwide
Current native distribution
Earliest FossilsGroup
African insectivoresLong-nosed insectivores
Aardvarks
Elephants
Hyraxes
Armadillos
Colugos (“flying lemurs”)Tree shrews
Primates
Rabbits and pikasRodents
Shrews, moles, and relatives
Bats
PangolinsOdd-toed hoofed mammalsEven-toed hoofed mammals
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Figure 33.30 Phylogeny of the Primates
!15Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2016
Pleistocene
Gibbons
Orangutans
African apes and humans
Miocene
Oligocene
Eocene
PaleocenePliocene
LemursProsimians
Mid-to-late Cretaceous
Anthropoids
Lorises
Tarsiers
New World monkeys
Old World monkeys
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Figure 33.34 A Phylogenetic Tree of Hominins
!16Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2016
Ardipithecine ancestors
Paranthropus boisei
Homo sapiens (now worldwide)
Million years ago
Australopithecus afarensis (Lucy)
Australopithecus africanus
Paranthropus aethiopicus Paranthropus robustus
Homo floresiensis (extinct 17,000 years ago)
Homo erectus (extinct 250,000 years ago)
Homo ergaster
Homo neanderthalensis (extinct 28,000 years ago)
Homo habilis
Africa only Expansion out of Africa
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Vertebrate Evolution
!17Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2016
How Do People Figure This All Out?
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Get Samples of Diverse Organisms
!18Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2016
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Gather Lots of Data
!19Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2016
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Including Fossils
!20Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2016
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Infer a Phylogenetic Tree
!21Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2016
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Phylogeny of the Living Vertebrates
!22Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2016
Amniotes
Lampreys
Hagfishes
Lungfishes
Amphibians
Chondrichthyans
Ray-finned fishes
Coelacanths
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Major Innovations in Vertebrate Evolution
!23Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2016
Bony skeleton, swim bladder/lung
Jawless fishes
Lobe-limbed vertebrates
Amniotes
Gnatho- stomes (”jaw mouths”)
Terrestrial limbs and digits
Lobe fins
Lampreys
Internal nares
Vertebrae
Jaws, teeth, paired fins
Hagfishes
Amniote egg
Lungfishes
Amphibians
Chondrichthyans
Ray-finned fishes
Coelacanths
How Did People Figure This All Out?
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Comparative Biology
!24Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2016
Post anal tail
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Vertebrae
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Jaws
No
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Lobe Fins/Limbs
No
No
No
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Terrestrial Limbs
No
No
No
No
No
No
Yes
Yes
Other
Amniotes
Lampreys
Hagfishes
Lungfishes
Amphibians
Chondrichthyans
Ray-finned fishes
Coelacanths
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Overlay Onto Tree
!25Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2016
Post anal tail
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Vertebrae
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Jaws
No
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Lobe Fins/Limbs
No
No
No
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Terrestrial Limbs
No
No
No
No
No
No
Yes
Yes
Amniotes
Lampreys
Hagfishes
Lungfishes
Amphibians
Chondrichthyans
Ray-finned fishes
Coelacanths
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Infer Likely Ancestral and Derived Traitss
!26Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2016
Post anal tail
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Vertebrae
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Jaws
No
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Lobe Fins/Limbs
No
No
No
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Terrestrial Limbs
No
No
No
No
No
No
Yes
Yes
Amniotes
Lampreys
Hagfishes
Lungfishes
Amphibians
Chondrichthyans
Ray-finned fishes
Coelacanths
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Major Innovations in Vertebrate Evolution
!27Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2016
Bony skeleton, swim bladder/lung
Jawless fishes
Lobe-limbed vertebrates
Amniotes
Gnatho- stomes (”jaw mouths”)
Terrestrial limbs and digits
Lobe fins
Lampreys
Internal nares
Vertebrae
Jaws, teeth, paired fins
Hagfishes
Amniote egg
Lungfishes
Amphibians
Chondrichthyans
Ray-finned fishes
Coelacanths
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The Vertebrate Body Plan (not in all …)
!28Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2016
Anterior skull enclosing a large brain
A jointed, dorsal vertebral column replaces the notochord during early development.
Internal Organs suspended in a coelom
Well-developed circulatory system driven by a ventral heart
Rigid Internal Skeleton
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Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2016
Vertebrate Evolution
• The structural features can support large, active animals.
• Internal skeleton supports an extensive muscular system that gets oxygen from the circulatory system and is controlled by the nervous system.
• These features allowed vertebrates to diversify widely.
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Photo 33.105 Family Balaenopteridae: fin whale (Balaenoptera physalus); Baja California, Mexico.
!30Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2016
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Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2016
Sister group for all other vertebrates
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Hagfish
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Photo 33.18 Pacific hagfish (Eptatretus stouti).
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You’ve Been Slimed
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!34Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2016
Anterior skull enclosing a large brain
A jointed, dorsal vertebral column replaces the notochord during early development.
Internal Organs suspended in a coelom
Rigid Internal Skeleton
Well-developed circulatory system driven by a ventral heart
The Vertebrate Body Plan
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Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2016 35
Lampreys
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Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2016
Lampreys
36
• Complete cranium and cartilaginous vertebrae. • Complete metamorphosis from filter-feeding larvae (ammocoetes), which are similar to lancelets. • No bone, no jaws, but cartilaginous vertebrae are present • Sucker- like mouth with rasping teeth • Many species are ectoparasites of fish
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Photo 33.17 Anadromous lamprey (Petromyzon marinus); Rhode Island.
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Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2016 38
Vertebrae Evolution
Lampreys have cartilaginous vertebrae so infer that vertebrae evolved here.
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Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2016
Gnathostomes - Jaw Mouths
39
• Jaws evolved from gill arches late in the Ordovician. • Name from Greek gnathos (jaw) & stoma (mouth)
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Figure 33.12 Jaws and Teeth Increased Feeding Efficiency
!40Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2016
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Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2016
33.3 What New Features Evolved in the Chordates?
• Jaws improved feeding efficiency and prey capture.
• Jawed fishes diversified rapidly and became dominant.
• Teeth made feeding even more efficient. Chewing aids chemical digestion and improves extraction of nutrients from food.
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Sling Jawed Wrasse
• Previous lecture: ! Bis2B !
!42Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2016
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Chondrichthyans (sharks, rays, skates, chimaeras):
!43Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2016
• Skeletons of cartilage • Flexible, leathery skin • Sharks swim using lateral undulations of the body. • Skates and rays swim by flapping enlarged pectoral fins.
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Chondrichthyans
!44Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2016
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Megalodon
!45Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2016
• One of the largest vertebrate predators, 50-60ft • Largest known tooth ~8 inches • Extinct about 1.5 million years ago • Likely fed on whales and other large prey
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Great White Shark
!46Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2016
• Up to 20ft and 5,000 lbs; apex predator • Feeds on marine mammals, fish, and seabirds • Likely a close relative of Megalodon • Global distribution; migratory behavior (12,000 miles/ 9 months)
Farallon Islands
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Bones
!47Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2016
• One lineage of gnathostomes gave rise to the bony vertebrates with internal skeletons of calcified, rigid bone.
• Some early bony fishes had gas-filled sacs that supplemented the gills in gas exchange.
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Ray Finned Fishes
!48Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2016
• In ray-finned fishes, the sacs developed into swim bladders, organs of buoyancy.
• Allows fish to maintain position at specific depths.
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!49Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2016
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Ray Finned Fish- Actinopterygii
• Largest group of bony fish; 30,000 described species • Both freshwater and marine, diverse feeding habits
!50Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2016
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Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2016
Big Change Coming - Invasion of Land
51
• What features contributed to the invasion of and diversification on land?
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Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2016
Where Else Have We Discussed Invasion of Land
Which of the following is NOT considered to be a critical adaptation for the invasion of the land by eukaryotes?
A. Pigments
B. Mutualistic associations with fungi C. Hardened cuticle
D. Waxy cuticle
E. Jaws 52
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Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2016
Where Else Have We Discussed Invasion of Land
Which of the following is NOT considered to be a critical adaptation for the invasion of the land by eukaryotes?
A. Pigments
B. Mutualistic associations with fungi C. Hardened cuticle
D. Waxy cuticle
E. Jaws 53
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Land Plants …
!54Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2016
Plantae
Retention of egg in the parental organism; plasmodesmata; similarities in mitosis and cytokinesis
Chloroplasts primary endo-symbiosis)
Chlorophyll b; starch storage
Protected embryo; cuticle; multicellular sporophyte; gametangia; thick-walled spores
Branched apical growth
Land plants (embryophytes)
Stoneworts (“green algae”)
Coleochaetophytes (“green algae”)
Other “green algae”
Chlorophytes (most “green algae”)
Red algae
Glaucophytes
Green plants
Streptophytes
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Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2016
Arthropods
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Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2016
Arthropod Key Feature: Exoskeleton
• Exoskeleton is a thickened cuticle
• Restricts movement and gas exchange
• Requires ecdysis • Muscles attached to inside • Provides support for walking
on land, prevents drying, and provides some protection from predators.
• Aquatic arthropods were thus excellent candidates to invade land.
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Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2016
Big Change Coming - Invasion of Land
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• What features contributed to the invasion of and diversification on land?
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Lungs / Swim Bladder
!58Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2016
• Lung-like sacs likely evolved much before vertebrates invaded the land • Supplemented gills when in shallow water / water low in O2
• Evolved into swim bladders in many ray-finned fish
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Lobe Fins
!59Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2016
• Bony fish that lack bony spines (rays) as part of their fins • The more muscular fins are joined to the body by a single large bone • Changes in the structure of fins allowed some fish to support
themselves in shallow water and later move onto land.
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Coelacanths
!60Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2016
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Coelocanths
• Thought to have become extinct 65 mya, but living ones were found off South Africa in 1938.
• They have a cartilaginous skeleton that is a derived feature.
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More Fully Developed Lungs
!62Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2016
• Elaboration on the lung like sacs into lungs
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More Fully Developed Lungs
!63Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2016
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Tetrapods
!65Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2016
• Limbs capable of movement on land evolved from the short, muscular fins of aquatic ancestors.
• The four resulting limbs give the tetrapods their name.
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Fossils Also Important
!68Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2016
http://www.hhmi.org/biointeractive/great-transitions-interactive
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Tetrapod Limbs Are Modified Fins
!69Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2016
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Amphibians
!70Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2016
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Amphibians
!71Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2016
~7,000 species Confined to moist habitats: lose water easily
through the skin, and eggs dry out if exposed to air.
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Amniotes
!72Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2016
Amniotes have several features that contribute to their success on dry land.