bis2c: lecture 30: triploblasts: protostomes: ecdysozoans ii

Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2016

Lecture 30:

Triploblasts: Protostomes:

Ecdysozoans II

BIS 002C Biodiversity & the Tree of Life

Spring 2016

Prof. Jonathan Eisen1


Where we are going and where we have been…

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•Previous lecture: •29: Triploblasts: Protostomes:

Ecdysozoans I

•Current Lecture: •30: Triploblasts: Protostomes:

Ecdysozoans II

•Next Lecture: •31: Deuterosomes I: Echinoderms &

Hemichordates


Topics ..

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• Arthropod Features

• Arthropod Diversity & Major Groups

• Trilobites

• Crustacea

• Myriapods

• Chelicerate

• Hexapoda

• Blood and lots of blood


Animal Diversity

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Diploblasts

Triploblasts

Monoblasts


Triploblasts

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Triploblasts


Protostomes

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Ecdysozoans

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Arthropods

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Arthropod Key Feature: Exoskeleton

• Exoskeleton is a thickened cuticle

• Restricts movement and gas exchange

• Requires ecdysis • Muscles attached to inside • Provides support for walking

on land, prevents drying, and provides some protection from predators.

• Aquatic arthropods were thus excellent candidates to invade land.

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Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2016 10


Arthropod Key Feature: Segmentation and Appendages

• Segmentation - division of the body into repeated independently operated sections

• Segments have independent muscles and pairs of jointed appendages

• Appendages used for locomotion, food capture, gas exchange, copulation, and sensory perception.

• Tagmatization = fusing of segments

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segments

head thorax

abdomen

tagmata


Arthropod Key Feature: Compound Eyes

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• Arthropods share an eye which is composed of separate light sensing organs called ommatidia. • Many arthropods can see into the UV.


Metazoans: Numbers of Species Per Group

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Numbers of described species among the major animal groups (from Wilson, 1992).


Metazoans: Numbers of Species Per Group: Sponges

• Previous lecture: !Bis2B !

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Sponges




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Mollusca


Metazoans: Numbers of Species Per Group: Molluscs



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Annelida


Metazoans: Numbers of Species Per Group: Annelids



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Arthropods are everything else!

Metazoans: Numbers of Species Per Group: Arthropods


Arthropod Major Groups (Subphyla)

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Myriapoda (Millipedes, Centipedes)

Crustacea (Crabs, Shrimp,

barnacles, copepods)

Hexapoda (Insects,entognatha)

Chelicerata (Spiders, Scorpions,

Horseshoe crabs)

Trilobites (Extinct)


Trilobites

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Horseshoe crabs)



Figure 32.19 A Trilobite Fossil

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Trilobites

• Trilobites flourished in Cambrian and Ordovician seas; went extinct (~250 mya) at the end of the Permian.

• Left an abundant fossil record. Used to data samples.

• Segmented, cephalized, many with well-developed eyes.

• Jointed legs first appeared in trilobites. Some appendages were modified for different functions.

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23






Horseshoe crabs)


Crustacea

!24Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2016

• Three tagmata (head, thorax, abdomen) • Two pairs of antennae • Dorsal carapace covers thorax & head • Nauplius larval stage • Appendages modified:

- Swimming - Feeding - Walking - Sensory - Breathing - Sex and Brooding

Thorax

HeadAbdomenhead thorax abdomen

Crustacean Diversity


• 50,000 species, diverse feeding modes and ecology • Marine, freshwater, and terrestrial environments • Three groups to know:

1. Copepoda 2. Cirripedia 3. Malacostraca



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Horseshoe crabs)


Chelicerates


• Two tagmata (cephalothorax, abdomen) • Head has two pairs of appendages modified into mouthparts (chelicerae) • Four pairs of walking legs and pedipalps • Predators, herbivores, parasites • Arachnida is the most diverse

Araneae- Spiders Acari- Mites & Ticks

Xiphosura- Horseshoe Crabs

Scorpiones- Scorpions

A Few Summaries for Your Enjoyment After Hours


Xiphosura- Horseshoe Crabs


• Few living species, but an extensive fossil record. • Body morphology is largely unchanged (stasis) for 400 my. • Common in shallow marine waters along eastern North America and Asia

Pycnogonida- Sea ‘Spiders’


• Small marine predators with a resemblance to spiders. • Bizarre morphology and uncertain relationships make them enigmatic among arthropods.

Acari- Mites and Ticks


• Dominant arthropods in many ecosystems • Few body segments, chelicerae highly modified • Predators, herbivores, parasites

Deer Tick (Lyme’s Disease)Chigger Mite

Scorpiones- Scorpions


• Telson with a sting and venom gland • Give birth to live young, maternal care • Extensive fossil record

Chelicerae

Telson

Sting

Araneae- Spiders


• Two tagmata (cephalothorax, abdomen) • Spinnerets produce silk • Pedipalps modified as sperm delivery organs

Chelicerae

Spinnerets

Pedipalps

Nicky Bay - photographer

• http://www.wired.com/2013/07/weirdest-spiders-ever/

• Nicky Bay


http://www.wired.com/2013/07/weirdest-spiders-ever/


LONG HORNED ORB WEAVER

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MIRROR SPIDER

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BIRD DUNG SPIDER

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TWIG SPIDER

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LADYBIRD MIMIC

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EIGHT-SPOTTED CRAB SPIDER

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NET-CASTING/OGRE-FACE SPIDER

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TWO-TAILED SPIDER

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WRAP-AROUND SPIDER

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TREE STUMP ORB WEAVER

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HEAVY JUMPING SPIDER

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BLACK ARMORED TRAPDOOR SPIDER

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ANT MIMIC JUMPING SPIDER

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Horseshoe crabs)


Myriapoda- Millipedes and Centipedes


• Two major groups: Chilopoda (centipedes) and Diplopoda (millipedes) • All are terrestrial herbivores or predators

Chilopoda- Centipedes


• One pair of legs per segment • First pair of appendages modified into poison claw (forcipules) • Small to large (2mm- 30cm), often with bright warning colors • All are predaceous

Scutigera

Scolopendra

Diplopoda- Millipedes


• Two pairs of legs per segment • Many different body morphologies • Some are bioluminescent and produce cyanide as defense • All are herbivores

Giant Millipede of Peru




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Horseshoe crabs)




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Arthropods are everything else!

Metazoans: Numbers of Species Per Group


Hexapods

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Hexapoda


Hexapods

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Three orders of insects comprise more than 50% of described animal species

Hexapoda- Insects

• Three tagmata (head, thorax, abdomen) • One pair of antennae • Three pairs of legs • Respiration by tracheae • Mouthparts with mandibles • Many can FLY FLY FLY • Many have complete metamorphosis

(Holometabolous)


Lepidoptera- butterflies and moths


• 175,000 described species • Highly specialized and diverse lifestyles • Important pests and pollinators, plant coevolution • Many species sequester defensive chemicals from host plants

Monarch Viceroy

Coleoptera- beetles


• The most diverse insect lineage • One pair of wings modified into protective coverings; elytra • Amazing diversity in life history and ecology

Diptera- flies


• 150,000 described species, many undescribed • One pair of wings modified into counterweights; halteres • Great diversity in life history; herbivores, predators, parasites, etc • Medical significance

Bot fly larva & adult

halteres

Hymenoptera- bees, wasps, ants


• 130,000 described species • Two pairs of wings connected by hooks; hamuli • Females with ovipositor modified into a sting • Important pollinators in agriculture, many beneficial species • Great diversity in lifestyles; some are social

Insect Mouthparts


Mandibles & modified mouthparts

mandible (ancestral): biting-chewing piercing-

sucking

siphoning sponging

http://www.entomology.umn.edu/cues/4015/morpology/


Mandibles & modified mouthparts

mandible (ancestral): biting-chewing piercing-

sucking

siphoning sponging

http://www.entomology.umn.edu/cues/4015/morpology/

Insect Mouthparts


Mosquito Feeding

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Mosquito Feeding on Mouse …

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http://www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/article-2385937/What-REALLY-happens-mosquito-bites-Scientists-capture-parasite-bites-sucks-blood-gruesome-video.html


Mosquito Feeding Video Details

• See Ed Yong blog post

• http://phenomena.nationalgeographic.com/2013/08/06/heres-what-happens-inside-you-when-a-mosquito-bites/

• Choumet V, Attout T, Chartier L, Khun H, Sautereau J, Robbe-Vincent A, et al. (2012) Visualizing Non Infectious and Infectious Anopheles gambiae Blood Feedings in Naive and Saliva-Immunized Mice. PLoS ONE 7(12): e50464. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0050464

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http://phenomena.nationalgeographic.com/2013/08/06/heres-what-happens-inside-you-when-a-mosquito-bites/

http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0050464


Mosquito

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Bed Bug

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Lice

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Vampire Moth

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Leech

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Tick

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TseTse Fly

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Clickers

Which of the following (shown on previous slides) is not an arthropod?

A. Tsetse fly

B. Mosquito

C. Bedbug

D. Tick

E. Leech

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Clickers

Which of the following (shown on previous slides) is not an arthropod?

A. Tsetse fly

B. Mosquito

C. Bedbug

D. Tick

E. Leech

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Blood Feeding - Hematophagy

• Found in many organisms

• Most of them are Protostomes

• Examples include !Bats !Annelids (e.g., leeches) !Nematodes !Arthropods !Birds (vampire finches) !Fish (e.g., lampreys)

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Adaptations of Blood Feeders?

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Adaptations of Blood Feeders?

• Piercing

• Sucking

• Anticoagulation

• Vasodilation

• Movement and hiding

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Why Should We Care about Blood Feeding Animals?

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Human Diseases Transmitted by Mosquitoes

• Chikungunya

• Dengue fever

• Rift Valley fever

• Yellow fever

• Zika

• Malaria

• Japanese encephalitis

• Lymphatic filariasis

• West Nile fever83


Lots of Other Vector Borne Human Diseases

• Leishmaniasis

• Sandfly fever (phelebotomus fever)

• Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever

• Lyme disease • Relapsing fever (borreliosis) • Rickettsial diseases (spotted fever and Q fever) • Tick-borne encephalitis • Tularaemia • Chagas disease (American trypanosomiasis)

• Sleeping sickness (African trypanosomiasis)

• Plague (transmitted by fleas from rats to humans)

• Rickettsiosis

• Onchocerciasis (river blindness)

• Schistosomiasis (bilharziasis)84


• Every year there are more than 1 billion cases and over 1 million deaths from vector-borne diseases

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Clicker

Which of the following is NOT involved in circulation in plants?

• A. Xylem

• B. Phloem

• C. Tracheids

• D. Vessel elements

• E. Carpals

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Clicker

Which of the following is NOT involved in circulation in plants?

• A. Xylem

• B. Phloem

• C. Tracheids

• D. Vessel elements

• E. Carpals

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In-Text Art, Ch. 35, p. 735


What to do?

• What can we do about all these arthropod borne diseases?



Eliminate Dengue

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http://www.eliminatedengue.com/our-research

http://www.eliminatedengue.com/our-research


Zika and Wolbachia

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http://www.voanews.com/content/infected-mosquitoes-enlisted-stop-zika-dengue-wolbachia/3187811.html


Clicker

What other kind of organism did we discuss that has Wolbachia living in it?

• A. Dinoflagellates

• B. Nematodes

• C. Coral

• D. Cnidarians

• E. Sponges

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Clicker

What other kind of organism did we discuss that has Wolbachia living in it?

• A. Dinoflagellates

• B. Nematodes

• C. Coral

• D. Cnidarians

• E. Sponges

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• http://www.nytimes.com/2016/05/05/science/zika-virus-moquitoes-microbe.html?_r=0

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http://www.nytimes.com/2016/05/05/science/zika-virus-moquitoes-microbe.html?_r=0


http://www.cnn.com/videos/world/2016/01/28/zika-mutant-male-mosquitos-mclaughlin-pkg.cnn/video/playlists/zika/

bis2c: lecture 30: triploblasts: protostomes: ecdysozoans ii

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