bis2c: lecture 24: opisthokonts
TRANSCRIPT
Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2016
Lecture 24: Introduction to Opisthokonts
BIS 002C Biodiversity & the Tree of Life
Spring 2016
Prof. Jonathan Eisen
1
Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2016
Where we are going and where we have been…
2
•Previous lecture: •23: Botanical Conservatory
•Current Lecture: •24: Intro to Opisthokonts
•Next Lecture: •25: Sponges
Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2016
Key Topics
• Opisthokonts - major groups
• Shared traits of opisthokonts
• Derived traits of major opisthokont groups
• Evolution of multicellularity
• Choanoflagellates and their relevance to animals
3
Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2016 44
Eukaryote Diversity
Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2016 55
Opisthokonts
Opisthokonts
!6Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2016
Opisthokonts
Fung
i
Ani
mal
s
Cho
anof
lage
llate
s
It is ALWAYS more complicated …
!7Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2016
Opisthokonts
Fung
i
Ani
mal
s
Cho
anof
lage
llate
s
Icht
hyos
pore
a
Ich
!8Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2016
It is ALWAYS more complicated …
!9Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2016
Opisthokonts
Fung
i
Ani
mal
s
Cho
anof
lage
llate
sFila
ster
ea
Icht
hyos
pore
a
Filasterea examples
!10Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2016
Ministeria
Capsaspora
It’s Always More Complicated II
!11Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2016
Fila
ster
ea
Icht
hyos
pore
a
!12
Fila
ster
ea
Icht
hyos
pore
a
Mic
rosp
orid
i
Chy
trids
Zygo
spor
e
Arb
uscu
lar
Sac
fung
i
Clu
b fu
ngi
Dik
It’s Always More Complicated III
Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2016
Opisthokonts
!13Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2016
Opisthokonts
Fung
i
Ani
mal
s
Cho
anof
lage
llate
s
Opisthokonts
!14Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2016
Opisthokonts
Fung
i
Ani
mal
s
Cho
anof
lage
llate
s
Shared derived traits of clade?
Opisthokonts
!15Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2016
Opisthokonts
Fung
i
Ani
mal
s
Cho
anof
lage
llate
s
Flagellum, if presence, single and posterior,
Greek: opísthios = "rear" + (kontós) = "pole"
Opisthokonts
!16Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2016
Opisthokonts
Fung
i
Ani
mal
s
Cho
anof
lage
llate
s
Multiple other features
Greek: opísthios = "rear" + (kontós) = "pole"
Opisthokonts
!17Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2016
Opisthokonts
Fung
i
Ani
mal
s
Cho
anof
lage
llate
s
Why care about these?
Anti fungal drugs
!18Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2016 http://www.slideshare.net/drjankiborkar/antifungals-14155209
!19Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2016
The development of antifungal agents has lagged behind that of antibacterial agents. This is a predictable consequence of the cellular structure of the organisms involved. Bacteria are prokaryotic and hence offer numerous structural and metabolic targets that differ from those of the human host. Fungi, in contrast, are eukaryotes, and consequently most agents toxic to fungi are also toxic to the host.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK8263/
Figure 30.2 Yeasts
!20Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2016
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
5 µm
Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2016
Human Disease Genes w/ Yeast Homologs I
21
Defect in adenylcyclase regulation; osteodystrophyAscorbic acid biosynthesis defectBiotin-responsive carboxylase deficiency; ataxiaLactic acidosis; neurodisordersWilliams syndrome; brain developmentLactic acidosis; "maple syrup" urine diseaseHomocystinuria; psychotic symptomsMevalonicaciduria; variety of symptomsMental retardation and keratocunjunctivisTumor metastatic processInsulin resistanceHyperornithinemia; atrophy of choroid and retinaHyperammonemia in malesPeroxisomal biogenesis disorder; neuropathyHemolytic blood disorder (venous thrombosis)Glycogen storage disease; muscle crampsMyopathyCholesterol esterification defects; cornea lipid depositsAcute intermittent porphyriaHyperglycinemia; intolerance to proteinsVariegate porphyria; light sensitive dermatisImmunodeficiency; neurodisordersLactic acidosis; deathLactic acidosis; ataxiaNon spherocytic anemiaRetinitis pigmentosaPeroxisomal biogenesis disorderHypertension-associated geneHyperoxaluria; urolithiase; nephrocalcinosisHereditary spherocytosisCerebral cholesterinosisFlavoprotein subunit defect; Leigh syndromeMental retardation and ataxiaSucrose intolerance
ABC transporters; immunodeficiencyVitamin E deficiency; ataxiaChronic hemolytic anemia and neuromuscular disordersTyrosinemiaPorphyria, cutanea tardaPorphyria, congenital erythropoietic Mental/psychomotor retardationDNA helicase; TFIIH complex;subunit; photosensitivity; cancerDNA helicase; TFIIH complex subunit; photosensitivity; cancerStructure specific endonuclease; photosensitivity; cancerZinc finger damaged DNA binding protein; photosensitivity; cancer125 kDa ssDNA binding protein; photosensitivity; cancerDNA helicase; transcription-coupled repair;progressive neurological dysfunction;photosensitivityWD-repeat protein; same phenotype as above Membrane Ser/Thr protein kinaseABC transporter; neurodegenerative diseaseSuperoxide dismutasePhosphatidylinositol kinase-related proteinUnknown function; cardioskeletal myopathyRecQ DNA helicase-related protein; growth defect; predisposition to all types of cancerUnknown function; "Beige" protein; decreased pigmentation; immunodeficiencyComponent A of RAB geranylgeranyltransferaseABC transporter; impaired clearance in a variety of organs
Sulfate transporter; undersulfation of proteoglycansKidney chloride channel; nephrolithiasisDideadenosine tetraphosphate hydrolase; cancerUnknown function; neurodegenerative diseaseHyperglycerolemia; poor growth; mental retardationMismatch-repair ; hereditary nonpolyposis colon cancerMismatch repair ; hereditary nonpolyposis colon cancer
Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2016 22
Subunit of platelet-activating factor acetylhydrolaseInositol polyphosphate 5 phosphatase-related protein; cataracts and glaucomaCopper-transporting ATPase; neurodegenerative disease and deathCalcium channel; familial hemiplegic migraine and episodic ataxiaAcetyltransferase; erythrophagocytosisRelated to transmembrane receptors with a cytoplasmic tyrosine kinase domainSer/thr protein kinase; neurodegenerative diseaseProbable tyrosine phosphatase; muscle specific diseaseHomologue of Drosophila patched; nevoid basal cell carcinoma syndromeGTPase-activating proteinFatal neurovisceral disorderDefect in development of multiple organ systemsRCC1-related protein; progressive retinal degenerationMuscle chloride channel; myotonic disordersDNA helicase Q-related protein; premature aging and strong predisposition to cancerZinc finger protein; nephroblastomaCopper transporting ATPase; toxic accumulation of copper in liver and brainEffector for CDC42H GTPase; immunodeficiency
Metabolic acidosisHemolytic blood disorder (venous thrombosis)UrolithiasisImmunodeficiencyPeroxisomal biogenesis disorder; neuropathyHemolytic anemiaHypermethioninemia; mental and motor retardation Purine nucleotide biosynthesis defect; autism featuresDelayed oxidation of acetaldehyde; acute alcohol intoxicationHepatic porphyriaSpherocytic anemiaNeonatal infantile chronic hyperammonemiaArgininemia; severe psychomotor retardationHypokalaemic alkalosis with hypercalciuraHyperammonemiaGalactosialidosisLipid metabolism defect; cardiomyopathyAcatalasiaCoproporphyria; psychiatric symptoms
HomocystinuriaLactic acidosis; "maple syrup" urine diseaseProtoporphyria, erythropoieticFumaric aciduria; encephalopathyHemolytic anemiaGlycogen storage disease; familial cirrhosisGlycogen storage disease; hepatomegalyLysosomal storage disease; cardiomyopathy; skeletal muscular hypotoniaHyperglycemia; diabetesGlutathionuriaHemolytic anemiaNon ketotic hyperglycinemia; lethargy; severe mental retardationGlycogen storage disease; skeletal muscle weakness
Human Disease Genes w/ Yeast Homologs II
Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2016 23
Nobel Prizes for Fungal Work
Opisthokonts
!24Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2016
Opisthokonts
Fung
i
Ani
mal
s
Cho
anof
lage
llate
s
Derived Features of Fungi
Opisthokonts
!25Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2016
Opisthokonts
Fung
i
Ani
mal
s
Cho
anof
lage
llate
s
Absorptive heterotrophy
Clicker
!26Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2016
Clicker
Which of the following best describes a heterotroph?
A. Gets carbon from organic compounds
B. Gets electrons from organic compounds
C. Gets energy from organic compounds
D. Gets carbon and electrons from organic compounds
E. All of the above
!27Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2016
Clicker
Which of the following best describes a heterotroph?
A. Gets carbon from organic compounds
B. Gets electrons from organic compounds
C. Gets energy from organic compounds
D. Gets carbon and electrons from organic compounds
E. All of the above
!28Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2016
Component Different FormsEnergy source Light
Photo
Chemical
Chemo
Electron source (reducing equivalent)
Inorganic
Litho
Organic
Organo
Carbon source Carbon from C1 compounds
Auto
Carbon from organics
Hetero
Forms of nutrition (trophy)
• Three main components to “trophy”
Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2016
Opisthokonts
!30Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2016
Opisthokonts
Fung
i
Ani
mal
s
Cho
anof
lage
llate
s
Absorptive heterotrophy
Photo 30.3 Hardwood log being “recycled” by saprobic brown rot fungi; central Illinois.
!31Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2016
Opisthokonts
!32Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2016
Opisthokonts
Fung
i
Ani
mal
s
Cho
anof
lage
llate
s
Absorptive heterotrophy; Chitin in cell walls
Fungal Cell Walls
!33Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2016
Figure 30.10 A Phylogeny of the Fungi
!34Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2016
Mic
rosp
orid
ia
Chy
trids
Zygo
spor
e fu
ngi
(Zyg
omyc
ota)
Arb
uscu
lar m
ycor
rhiz
al fu
ngi
(Glo
mer
omyc
ota)
Sac
fung
i (A
scom
ycot
a)
Clu
b fu
ngi
(Bas
idio
myc
ota)
Dikarya
Opisthokonts
!35Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2016
Opisthokonts
Fung
i
Ani
mal
s
Cho
anof
lage
llate
s
Animal Shared Derived Traits
!36Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2016
Opisthokonts
Fung
i
Ani
mal
s
Cho
anof
lage
llate
s• Internal digestion
• Muscle & movement
• Extracellular matrix molecules such as collagen
• Unique cell junctions
• Multicellularity
Animal Shared Derived Traits
!37Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2016
Opisthokonts
Fung
i
Ani
mal
s
Cho
anof
lage
llate
s• Internal digestion
• Muscle & movement
• Extracellular matrix molecules such as collagen
• Unique cell junctions
• Multicellularity
• More on this starting Friday
Opisthokonts
!38Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2016
Opisthokonts
Fung
i
Ani
mal
s
Cho
anof
lage
llate
s
Choanoflagellate & Animal Derived Traits
Opisthokonts
!39Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2016
Opisthokonts
Fung
i
Ani
mal
s
Cho
anof
lage
llate
s
Why Care About These?
Opisthokonts
!40Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2016
Opisthokonts
Fung
i
Ani
mal
s
Cho
anof
lage
llate
s
Multicellularity Origins?
Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2016
Multicellularity vs. Colonial Aggregates
• Multicellular: having many cells of the same genotype, in which there is some level of morphological differentiation and division of labour among cell types
• Colonial: aggregates of morphologically identical cells of the same genotype
• There is a continuum of loosely integrated colonies to fully integrated multicellular organisms.
41
Opisthokonts
!42Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2016
Opisthokonts
Fung
i
Ani
mal
s
Cho
anof
lage
llate
s
Multicellularity Origins?
M
M
Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2016 4343
Opisthokont Multicellularity
Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2016 4444
Opisthokont Multicellularity
Figure 28.3 Red Algae
!45Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2016
Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2016 4646
Red Algal Multicellularity
Figure 28.4 Chlorophytes
!47Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2016
Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2016 4848
Chlorophyte Multicellularity
Figure 28.5 Charophytes
!49Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2016
Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2016 5050
Charophyte Multicellularity
Land Plants
!51Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2016
Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2016 5252
Land Plant Multicellularity
Figure 27.9 Brown Algae
!53Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2016
Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2016 5454
Brown Algal Multicellularity
Figure 27.17 A Plasmodial Slime Mold
!55Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2016
Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2016 5656
Plasmodial Slime Mold Multicellularity
Figure 27.18 A Cellular Slime Mold
!57Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2016
Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2016 5858
Cellular Slime Mold Multicellularity
Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2016 5959
Convergent Evolution of Multicellularity
Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2016
Clicker
60
Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2016
Clicker
• The multiple origins of multicellularity is a form of
• A. Homology
• B. Heteroplasy
• C. Synapomorphy
• D. Homoplasy
• E. Homospory
61
Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2016
Clicker
• The multiple origins of multicellularity is a form of
• A. Homology
• B. Heteroplasy
• C. Synapomorphy
• D. Homoplasy
• E. Homospory
62
Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2016
History has often repeated itself: Multicellular organisms independently originated at least 25 times from unicellular ancestors
63
Animal Multicellularity
!64Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2016
Opisthokonts
Fung
i
Ani
mal
s
Cho
anof
lage
llate
s
Key Point in Studying Animal Multicellularity & Biology
M
Choanoflagellates
!65Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2016
Opisthokonts
Fung
i
Ani
mal
s
Cho
anof
lage
llate
s
M
Choanoflagellates
!66Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2016
Opisthokonts
Fung
i
Ani
mal
s
Cho
anof
lage
llate
s
M
From
Greek Khoanē = “funnel" (i.e collar)
And Latin “flagellum" (i.e., the flagella)
Figure 31.2 Choanoflagellate
!67Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2016
Choanoflagellate protists
Stalk
Flagellum
Single cell
!68Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2016 http://www.nytimes.com/2010/12/14/science/14creatures.html?_r=0
!69Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2016
Figure 31.2 Choanocytes in Sponges Resemble Choanoflagellate Protists (Part 1)
!70Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2016
Choanoflagellate protists
Stalk
Flagellum
Single cell
S. rosetta capture and phagocytosis
!71Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2016
DIC timelapse movie of S. rosetta thecate cell showing capture and phagocytosis of bacteria.
http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0095577
S. rosetta capture and phagocytosis
!71Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2016
DIC timelapse movie of S. rosetta thecate cell showing capture and phagocytosis of bacteria.
http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0095577
!72Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2016
Timelapse movie of S. rosetta thecate cell showing egestion of material, transported from the food vacuole to the inside base of the collar, exiting the cell between the collar and flagellum, and carried away by the current.
http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0095577
S. rosetta egestion
!72Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2016
Timelapse movie of S. rosetta thecate cell showing egestion of material, transported from the food vacuole to the inside base of the collar, exiting the cell between the collar and flagellum, and carried away by the current.
http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0095577
S. rosetta egestion
!73Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2016
http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0095577Phase microscopy timelapse movie showing the arrival of an S. rosetta thecate cell and subsequent accumulation of bacteria on coverslip surface in the region surrounding the cell.
S. rosetta collecting food …
!73Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2016
http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0095577Phase microscopy timelapse movie showing the arrival of an S. rosetta thecate cell and subsequent accumulation of bacteria on coverslip surface in the region surrounding the cell.
S. rosetta collecting food …
Sponges
!74Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2016
Sponges
Bilaterians (protostomes and
deuterostomes)
Ctenophores
Cnidarians
Placozoans
Figure 31.15 Sponge Diversity
!75Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2016
Euplectella aspergillum
Xestospongia testudinaria
Spicules
Sycon sp.
Figure 31.2 Choanocytes in Sponges
!76Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2016
Choanocyte
Pore
Osculum
Water out via osculum
Atrium
Spicule
Water and food particles in via pores
Spicules
Flagellum
!77
Figure 31.2 Choanocytes in Sponges Resemble Choanoflagellate Protists
Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2016
!78Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2016 http://www.nytimes.com/2010/12/14/science/14creatures.html?_r=0
Animal Multicellularity
!79Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2016
Opisthokonts
Fung
i
Ani
mal
s
Cho
anof
lage
llate
s
Colonial
M
FlagellumCollar
Choanoflagellate aggregation
!80Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2016
Nicole King, Professor, UC Berkeley HHMI Professor MacArthur “Genius” Prize Winner
Many morphologies in cultures
!81Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2016
Fig. 1. Five distinct cell morphologies observed in S. rosetta cultures. (A) Cells in rosette colonies orient in a sphere around a central focus, with their apical flagella and collars oriented radially outward. (B) Cells in chain colonies attach to one another laterally to form linear arrays of cells. (C,D) Thecate cells have long (~ 4 µm) collars surrounding apical flagella and attach to substrates via a goblet-shaped theca. (E,F) Slow swimmers have similar morphology to thecate cells, but lack thecae. (G,H) Fast swimmers have no theca and either no collar or a truncated collar (arrowheads), and are often covered in small filopodia . Key: f: flagellum, C: collar, T: theca, S: skirt, Fp: filopodia, B: bacteria. Scale bars = 5 µm. (A,B,C,E,G: DIC microscopy, D,F,H: Scanning Electron Microscopy).
Life history of a model Choanoflagellate Salpingoeca rosetta
!82Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2016 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0012160611009924
Life history of a model Choanoflagellate Salpingoeca rosetta
!83Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2016 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0012160611009924
!84Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2016
Timelapse microscopy of a fast swimmer building a new theca. Although fast swimmers normally attach to environmental substrates, an unusual case of attachment to an empty theca is presented here because the added elevation from the substrate affords a better view of the attachment process. A fast swimmer uses long filopodia to attach to an empty theca. Those filopodia in contact with the empty theca become more refractile and coalesce to form the base of a new stalk projecting from the base of the cell. The coalesced filopodia form a highly refractile stalk which extends from the cell base. The refractile material is replaced by a stable stalk, after which the cell becomes more spherical and secretes the theca cup from its sides, leaving a ~ 1 µm gap between the theca and cell base.
doi:10.1016/j.ydbio.2011.06.003
!84Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2016
Timelapse microscopy of a fast swimmer building a new theca. Although fast swimmers normally attach to environmental substrates, an unusual case of attachment to an empty theca is presented here because the added elevation from the substrate affords a better view of the attachment process. A fast swimmer uses long filopodia to attach to an empty theca. Those filopodia in contact with the empty theca become more refractile and coalesce to form the base of a new stalk projecting from the base of the cell. The coalesced filopodia form a highly refractile stalk which extends from the cell base. The refractile material is replaced by a stable stalk, after which the cell becomes more spherical and secretes the theca cup from its sides, leaving a ~ 1 µm gap between the theca and cell base.
doi:10.1016/j.ydbio.2011.06.003
!85Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2016
Top view of two fast swimmers attaching to substrate. Cells attach via long filopodia, and move several microns across substrates before building thecae.
!85Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2016
Top view of two fast swimmers attaching to substrate. Cells attach via long filopodia, and move several microns across substrates before building thecae.
Life history of a model Choanoflagellate Salpingoeca rosetta
!86Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2016 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0012160611009924
!87Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2016
Timecourse of three cells releasing from their thecae. As cells begin to leave thecae, multiple filopodia extend from sides of cell maintaining contact with edge of theca cup (clearest in middle cell at 1:02:10–1:30:00, and left cell at 1:01:30). Change in angle of filopodia as it releases from theca in left cell (from 01:01:20 to 01:01:30) shows that these are filopodia and not retraction fibers. As cells release, collar retracts (clearest in right cell at 0:12:30). Times shown in Hours:Minutes:Seconds
!87Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2016
Timecourse of three cells releasing from their thecae. As cells begin to leave thecae, multiple filopodia extend from sides of cell maintaining contact with edge of theca cup (clearest in middle cell at 1:02:10–1:30:00, and left cell at 1:01:30). Change in angle of filopodia as it releases from theca in left cell (from 01:01:20 to 01:01:30) shows that these are filopodia and not retraction fibers. As cells release, collar retracts (clearest in right cell at 0:12:30). Times shown in Hours:Minutes:Seconds
!88Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2016 Thecate cell division showing that one daughter cell leaves while the other remains in the theca.
!88Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2016 Thecate cell division showing that one daughter cell leaves while the other remains in the theca.
Life history of a model Choanoflagellate Salpingoeca rosetta
!89Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2016 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0012160611009924
!90Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2016
Tilt series through an intercellular bridge shows that the cell membrane is continuous across the bridge.
!90Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2016
Tilt series through an intercellular bridge shows that the cell membrane is continuous across the bridge.
!91Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2016 Rosette colony ejects minute cells that adhere to the coverslip.
!91Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2016 Rosette colony ejects minute cells that adhere to the coverslip.
!92Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2016 S. rosetta rosette colonies reproduce by fission
!92Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2016 S. rosetta rosette colonies reproduce by fission
Life history of a model Choanoflagellate Salpingoeca rosetta
!93Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2016
A model of S. rosetta life history. S. rosetta cells can differentiate between at least five different forms. Arrows depict observed and inferred transitions that are described in the main text and in Fig. S9. Fast swimmers can settle to produce thecate cells that then produce swimming cells either through cell division or theca abandonment. Under rapid growth conditions, slow swimmer cells proliferate but remain attached via intercellular bridges and ECM to produce chain colonies, or, in the presence of A. machipongonensis bacteria (denoted by ‘⁎’), rosette colonies that have intercellular bridges, ECM and filopodia. caption
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0012160611009924
Choanoflagellate Genome
!94Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2016
Nicole King Dan Rokhsar
Choanoflagellate Genome
!95Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2016
Animal Multicellularity
!96Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2016
Opisthokonts
Fung
i
Ani
mal
s
Cho
anof
lage
llate
s
• Colonial • Single flagellum • Collar • Cell adhesion
M
!97Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2016
Nicole King
!98Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2016
!99Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2016
http://www.ibiology.org/ibioseminars/nicole-king-part-1.html
http://www.ibiology.org/ibioseminars/nicole-king-part-2.html
Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2016
Single cell -> aggregation -> multicellular
100
It is ALWAYS more complicated …
!101Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2016
Opisthokonts
Fung
i
Ani
mal
s
Cho
anof
lage
llate
sFila
ster
ea
Icht
hyos
pore
a
Filasterea also colonial
!102Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2016 http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.01287
Filasterea also colonial
!102Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2016 http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.01287
Filasterea aggregation
!103Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2016 http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.01287
Filasterea aggregation
!103Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2016 http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.01287
!104Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2016
Filasterea aggregation
http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.01287
!104Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2016
Filasterea aggregation
http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.01287
Animal (Metazoan) Diversity
!105Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2016
Fungal Diversity
!106Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2016
Mic
rosp
orid
ia
Chy
trids
Zygo
spor
e fu
ngi
(Zyg
omyc
ota)
Arb
uscu
lar m
ycor
rhiz
al fu
ngi
(Glo
mer
omyc
ota)
Sac
fung
i (A
scom
ycot
a)
Clu
b fu
ngi
(Bas
idio
myc
ota)
Dikarya