Biotechnology and Medicine

Prof. S.K.PandaDepartment of Pathology

All India Institute of Medical Sciences

Translational Medicine has Varying MeaningsTranslational Medicine has Varying Meanings

The most explicit understanding is possibly

“Research where in a basic laboratory discovery becomes applicable to the diagnosis, treatment or prevention of a specific disease”

Bench Bedside

The Kind of Man Power RequiredThe Kind of Man Power Required

1. Physician –Scientists. (with or without formal MD-PhD).

2. Collaborative groups consisting of Investigators

interested in basic understanding in physical, Chemical

and Biological sciences with Physicians interested in

solving specific problems.

AreasAreas

There are unlimited possibilities. However, the common areas

a) Molecular-Cell Biology Clinical Practice

b) Computational Intelligence Interface with Physiology

c) Physical & Chemical Research Application in Biology

– Basic research leads to clinical application

– Inter disciplinary research collaboration

– Educational programmes (MD/Ph.D. – physician scientist,

DM-infectious disease including training etc.)

– Basic research leads to clinical application

– Inter disciplinary research collaboration

– Educational programmes (MD/Ph.D. – physician scientist,

DM-infectious disease including training etc.)

Cells in similar environment

Infected Cells

Micro Array

2D + Maldi TOFF

Infected Cells Un-infected Cells

Cells

Replicon Transfection

Virus InfectionVirus Infection

Replicon Transfection

Mass Mass

Micro Array

2D + Maldi TOFF

Mass Mass

Used in

Molecules being modified

Diagnosis Therapeutic Dev.

Clinical Epidemiological

Comparison

Identification of molecules of interest

Other Studies Other Studies

Electronic Cantilever

• Antigen – Ab Interaction Diagnostic Platform• Mol. Hybridization

Visual recognition system/ Cochlear Implants/ Bionic limbs

Collaboration

PhysicsPhysics ElectronicsElectronics PhysiologyPhysiologyEngineeringEngineering Etc.

ST Lab-on-Chip allows Functions IntegrationsST Lab-on-Chip allows Functions Integrations

ST Lab-on-Chip

Minatec Sept. 2003

Silicon Prototype: 3Dim ViewSilicon Prototype: 3Dim View

Minatec Sept. 2003

• Micro Fludic

• Peltier

• Microarray

• Electromotive Nucleic acid movement and Hybridization

• Solid state portable laser scanner built to cell phone

• Central data server.

• Rural diagnostic

Lab-ON-a ChipLab-ON-a Chip

Biotechnology and therapeutics

Hereditary diseases Infectious diseases Neoplastic diseases Degenerative diseases Inflammatory Diseases Endocrine Diseases

Most diseases can be divided etiologically in to the following categories

Biotechnology can be used to treat several of them

• By replacing altered genes.• By knocking out up-regulated genes.• By delivering deficient enzymes or other biological

products.• By altering extraneously,response modifiers.• By making replacement cells in–vivo/ ex-vivo• By making transgenic organs for transplantation.• By producing antimicrobials, Ribozymes and gene

silencing RNA.

RNA interference (RNAi) is a cellular mechanism to regulate the expression of genes and the replication of viruses.

Mediated by double-stranded small interfering RNA molecules (siRNA).

RNAi technology is a comparatively recent discovery believed by scientists to constitute an important aspect of a cell’s natural defence mechanism against parasitic viruses.

Critically, the cell responds to a foreign (double stranded) form of siRNA introduced into the cell by destroying all internal mRNA with the same sequence as the siRNA.

RNA interference

Cell Therapy Cell-based therapies to treat disease, which is

often referred to as regenerative or reparative medicine.

Two kinds of stem cells from animals and humans:

Embryonic stem cells (In the developing fetus, stem cells in developing tissues give rise to the multiple specialized cell types that make up the heart, lung, skin, and other tissues).

Examples- Parkinson's disease, diabetes, and heart disease.

Adult stem cells (bone marrow, muscle, and brain, discrete populations of adult stem cells generate replacements for cells that are lost through normal wear and tear, injury, or disease)

Regenerative Medicine Potential Using Adult Stem Cells

Synthetic Biology

Engineering of new biological components and organisms and redesign of existing ones.