MicrobialOrganismCredit: NSF/John Priscu, Montana State University

BioremediationShortCourse

This short‐coursewill provide regulators, consultants, and field applicatorswith an understanding ofwhatitmeanstobiostimulateanidentifiedtreatmentzone,andhowbiostimulationproductssuchascalciumperoxideoroildropletsaretransportedandretainedinthesubsurfacetocreateatreatmentzone.Theshort‐coursewillalsoprovidepracticalsuggestionsonhowtodesignaproject,andefficientapproachesforinjectingbiostimulationamendmentsinthefield.

Thecoursewillbeginwithanoverviewofaquifergeochemistryandthevarious factors that influencemicrobialprocesses(Part1),followedbytheoryandpracticeofparticleandcolloidtransporttheoryasappliedto insitubioremediationprojectdesign(Part2),andfieldcasestudies (Part3) illustratingtheapplicationandpowerofbioremediationasacosteffectivesolutioninavarietyofsettings.

IntroductionandCourseDescription

In recent years, injection of biostimulation substrates including time release oxygenationcompoundsandcarbonsourcecompoundssuchasmolasses,acetateoremulsifiededibleoilshasemerged as a viable, cost‐effective technology for stimulating bacteria for biodegradation of avariety of contaminants, including petroleum hydrocarbons, chlorinated solvents, nitrate,perchlorate, explosives, acidminedrainage, and chromium. Using simplebasic engineering andhydrogeology concepts, the biostimulation technology is easily customized tomeet site‐specificdesign criteria. However, consideration and understanding of aquifer geochemistry andhydrogeologyisamustforsuccess.

Thisshort‐coursewillprovideregulators,consultants,andfieldapplicatorswithanunderstandingofwhat itmeans tobiostimulatean identified treatmentzone,andhowbiostimulationproductssuchascalciumperoxideoroildropletsaretransportedandretainedinthesubsurfacetocreateatreatment zone. The short‐course will also provide practical suggestions on how to design aproject,andefficientapproachesforinjectingbiostimulationamendmentsinthefield.

The course will begin with an overview of aquifer geochemistry and the various factors thatinfluence microbial processes (Part 1), followed by theory and practice of particle and colloidtransporttheoryasappliedtoinsitubioremediationprojectdesign(Part2),andfieldcasestudies(Part3) illustrating theapplicationandpowerofbioremediationasa costeffective solution ina

varietyofsettings.

BIO

PartITechnologyOverviewandMicrobialProcesses

In order to promote the aerobic or anaerobic bioremediation of contaminants in the groundwater, indigenous oraugmentedbiologicalbacteriarequireasourceoffood(electrondonor)orsomethingtobreathe(electronacceptor)tosurviveandproliferate.Thisworkshopwillreviewthefundamentalsofbioremediationprocesses,areviewoftreatablecontaminants,thevarietyoforganicsubstrates(electrondonor)availableonthemarkettodayandtheirviscosityandsolubility for improvedunderstandingofhandlinganddistribution in thesubsurface,a summaryof selectmicrocosmstudiesforverificationofdegradabilityaswellaslastingeffect,andsitescreeningortechnicalconsiderationsforin‐situbioremediationdesignandimplementation.

Inanaerobicreductivedechlorinationprocess,theremediatingbacteriacollectenergyintheformofelectronsbyachemicalreduction‐oxidation(redox)reaction.Theenergyisgeneratedfromthetransferofelectronsfromanelectrondonor(substratesuchasemulsifiededibleoil)toanelectronacceptor(contaminanti.e.chlorinatedsolventssuchastrichloroethylene)andthecontaminantand/oritsdaughterproductsarebiodegradedduringtheprocess.

Wewillattempttoanswerthefollowingquestionsindetail:

PartAAerobicBioremediation

Why is the use of the correct time release oxygenating substrate or direct oxygen process important foreffectiveaerobicbioremediation?

Stimulatesindigenousmicrobialgrowth Developsanaerobicgroundwatertreatmentzone Generatesoxygenthroughoxidation–reductionreactions IncreasespH Haslonglastingeffect

Whatcontaminantsaretreatablethroughaerobicbioremediation? ChlorinatedOrganics Petroleumhydrocarbons(PHCs)andMTBE FuelOils Creosote Polycyclicaromatichydrocarbons(PAHs) Pentachlorophenol

Whatalternativesareavailable? Oxygenators‐mechanicalbubbleorairinjection Hydrogenperoxideinfiltration Ozone Magnesiumperoxide Sodiumperoxide Calciumperoxide

PartBAnaerobicBioremediationWhyistheuseofthecorrectorganicsubstrateimportantforeffectiveanaerobicbioremediation?

Naturallyaltersaquiferconditionstoenhanceanaerobicbioremediation Stimulatesindigenousmicrobialgrowth Developsananaerobicgroundwatertreatmentzone Generateshydrogenthroughfermentationreactions Canbewelldistributedinthesubsurface Haslonglastingeffect

Whatcontaminantsaretreatablethroughanaerobicbioremediation?

ChlorinatedOrganics Ethenes(e.g.PCE,TCE.cis‐DCE,VC) Ethanes(e.g.TCA) Methanes(e.g.CT)

Energeticmaterials Perchlorate(ClO4

‐),RDX,TNT,HMXetc. Nitrate(NO3

‐) Heavymetals(e.g.Cr+6) Radionuclides(e.g.TcO4

‐,UO2+2)

Acidrockdrainage

Whatalternativesubstrates(ElectronDonor)areavailable? SolubleSubstrates

Fattyacids(lactate,butyrate,propionate) Methanol Molasses,FructoseCornSyrup Whey

SolidSubstrates MulchandCompost Chitin

ViscousFluidSubstances HRC®orHRC‐X™ VegetableOils(NeatOils)

Low‐ViscosityFluidSubstrates EdibleOilEmulsions‐EOS®

Part 1 will also include a review of laboratory developmental microcosm studies, site screening and technicalconsiderations.

SiteScreening&TechnicalConsiderations

Plumecontrolusingbarriers Cutoffplume Controldowngradientmigration

Sourceareatreatment Bioremediationinaqueousphaseonly Enhanceddissolutionofsource Reducemassfluxtoaquifer

SiteandTechnicalConsiderations Microbiology Hydrogeology Logistics pH Monitoring Regulatory

PartIITransportProcessesandPracticeInPartII,thetheoryandpracticeofsubstratetransportandprojectdesignwillbediscussedincludingthefollowing:Transportandreactionchemistryoftimereleaseoxygenproductordirectoxygenequipment.TransportandretentionofvegetableoilandothercarbonsourcesvsEmulsifiedOilintheSubsurface

ConsiderationsforDesigninganIn‐SituBioremediationProject:

Treatmentzonedimensions Widthperpendiculartoflow(y) LengthalongGWflowdirection(x) Contacttime Effectiveverticalheight(z)

Amountofoil Oilrequiredforbiodegradation Oildropletretentionbysediment

Numberandspacingofinjectionwells

PartIIICaseStudyReview

PartIIIwillreviewcasestudieswithtwodifferentapproachestodesignandthelessonslearned:

PermeableReactiveBiobarrier SourceAreaTreatment

Siteconditions Design Implementation Resultsandlessonslearned

LeadPresenterLowellKesselEnviroLogekTechnologiesMelbourneAustraliaPhone:(03)9010‐6128Lkessel@EnviroLogek.comMr.KesselisthePrincipalatEnviroLogek,specializinginmarketingandbusinessstrategyforemergingtechnologyandengineeringcompaniesandoperating inNorthandSouthAmericaandAustralia.Hehasover10yearspracticeexperienceintheenvironmentalengineeringandremediation,petroleum,andrealestatedevelopmentindustries,havingworkedwithcompaniesincludingBentonOilandGasCo.,IT/ShawGroup,Haley&Aldrich,ARCO/BP,andG.E.O.Inc.Heisaregisteredprofessionalgeologist(PG),registeredenvironmentalassessor(REA)intheU.S.andhasmanagedprojectsonfivecontinents.Mr. Kessel holds anMBA in Finance and Strategy fromUniversity of California and a BS andMS inGeologicalSciencesfromUniversityofCaliforniawithresearchexperienceinhydrogeochemistryandgeophysics. He is an active member of the sustainable remediation forum (SURF), a non‐profitorganizationdedicatedtohelpingtheenvironmentalindustryprepareandapplysustainablepracticesto environmental engineering and remediationwhich are founded on benefits to the Environment,SocietyandLocalEconomy.