biopsychology 8e john p.j. pinel copyright © pearson education 2011 based on the power point...

BIOPSYCHOLOGY 8eJohn P.J. Pinel

Copyright © Pearson Education 2011

Based on the Power Point Lecture Slides prepared by Jeffrey W. Grimm, Western Washington University

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TopicsTopics

1.1 What Is Biopsychology?

1.2 What Is the Relation between Biopsychology and the Other Disciplines of Neuroscience?

1.3 What Types of Research Characterize the Biopsychological Approach?

1.4 What Are the Divisions of Biopsychology?

1.5 Converging Operations: How Do Biopsychologists Work Together?

1.6 Scientific Inference: How Do Biopsychologists Study the Unobservable Workings of the Brain?

1.7 Critical Thinking about Biopsychological Claims

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The human brain Neurons

Neurons and the Human Brain

An amazingly intricate network of neurons

Cells that receive and transmit electrochemical signals

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Neuroscience

• The scientific study of the nervous system

• May prove to be the brain’s ultimate challenge: Does the brain have the capacity to understand something as complex as itself?

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The Purpose of This Chapter

Neuroscience comprises several related disciplines.

The primary purpose of this chapter is to introduce you to one of them:

Biopsychology

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1

2

3

4

Thinking Creatively about Biopsychology

Clinical Implications

The Evolutionary Perspective

Neuroplasticity

Four Major Themes of This Book

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What Is Biopsychology?

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Defining Biopsychology

Biopsychology is the scientific study of the biology of behavior.

What is

biopsychology?

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History of Biopsychology

The Organization of Behavior D.O. Hebb (1949)• Key factor in biopsychology’s

development into a major neuroscientific discipline

• Proposed that psychological phenomena might be produced by brain activity

• Helped discredit the notion that psychological functions were too complex to be derived from physiological activities

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What Is the Relation between Biopsychology and the Other Disciplines of Neuroscience?

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Biopsychology’s Relationship to Other Disciplines of Neuroscience

Biopsychology is an integrative discipline.

Biopsychologists draw together knowledge from the other neuroscientific disciplines and apply it to the study of behavior.

Biopsychology

Neuroanatomy

Neurochemistry

Neuropharmacology

Neurophysiology

Neuropathology

Neuroendocrinology

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Disciplines of Neuroscience That Are Relevant to Biopsychology

Neuroscience

Structure of the nervous

system

Chemical bases

of neural activity

Effects of drugs on neural activity

Functions and activities of the nervous system

Biopsychology

Neuroanatomy

NeurochemistryNeuropharmacology

Neurophysiology

Nervous system disorders

Neuropathology Neuroendocrinology

Interactions between the nervous

system and the endocrine system

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What Types of Research Characterize the Biopsychological Approach?

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Biopsychological Research

Three dimensions along which biopsychological research varies:

SUBJECTS

Human Nonhuman

METHODS

Experiments Nonexperiments

TYPES OF RESEARCH

Pure Applied

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NONHUMAN SUBJECTSHUMAN SUBJECTS

• They can follow instructions.

• They can report their subjective experiences.

• They are often cheaper to work with.

• They have a human brain.

• Simpler brains make it more likely that brain-behavior interactions will be revealed.

• Insights arise from the comparative approach –making comparisons with other species.

• There are fewer ethical restrictions.

Advantages of Human and Nonhuman Subjects

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Experiments

Used to determine cause-and-effect relationships

Between- and within-subjects designs

Independent and dependent variables (e.g., type of dog and level of fear)

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Dependent variable

Dependent variable

• Unintended differences between conditions that can influence the dependent variable

• Can be difficult to eliminate

• Can make experiments difficult to interpret

– Hard to tell how much of the effect on the dependent variable was caused by the independent variable and how much was caused by the confounded variable

Confounded Variables

?

Independent variable

Confoundedvariable

Dependent variable

?

? ??

?

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Example of Good Experimental Design

Lester and Gorzalka (1988)

• Demonstrated the Coolidge effect in female hamsters

• Showed that female hamsters were more sexually receptive to an unfamiliar male than to the male they had already copulated with during an earlier test

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Case StudiesQuasiexperimental Studies

• Studies of groups of subjects exposed to conditions in the real world

• Not real experiments as potential confounded variables have not been controlled

• Focus on a single case or subject (e.g. Jimmie G.)

• Usually more in-depth than other approaches

• Good source of testable hypotheses

• Major problem is generalizability: the degree to which results can be applied to other cases

Nonexperiments

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Pure and Applied Research

Pure Research:

Conducted for the purpose of

acquiring knowledge

Applied Research:Intended to bring about some direct benefit to humankind

Many research projects have

elements of both approaches.

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What Are the Divisions of Biopsychology?

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Six Major Divisions of Biopsychology

Physiologicalpsychology

Cognitiveneuroscience

Comparativepsychology

Neuro-psychology

Psycho-pharmacology

Psycho-physiology

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Physiological Psychology

• Division that studies the neural mechanisms of behavior

• Uses direct manipulation of the brain in controlled experiments (e.g. surgical and electrical methods of brain manipulation)

• Subjects usually laboratory animals

• Strong focus on pure research

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Psychopharmacology

• Similar to physiological psychology

• Focuses on the manipulation of neural activity and behavior with drugs

• Substantial portion of research is applied

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Neuropsychology

• Studies the psychological effects of brain damage in human patients

• Cannot be studied in humans by experimentation; focuses on case studies and quasiexperimental studies

• Has focused on cerebral cortex, since it is most likely to be damaged by accident or surgery

• Most applied of the biopsychological subdisciplines

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Psychophysiology

• Studies the relation between physiological activity and psychological processes in human subjects.

• Typically uses noninvasive procedures (e.g. electroencephalogram, measures of eye movement)

Adapted from Iacono & Koenig, 1983.

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Cognitive Neuroscience

• Newest division of biopsychology

• Focuses on the neural bases of cognition

• Often employs human subjects

• Key methods are functional brain imaging techniques

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Comparative Psychology

• Deals with biology of behavior• Compares different species to

understand evolution, genetics, and adaptiveness of behavior

• Uses laboratory and/or ethological research

• Areas of research that often employ comparative analysis:– Evolutionary psychology– Behavioral genetics

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Converging Operations: How Do Biopsychologists Work Together?

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Converging Operations

Using multiple approaches to address a single question• Strengths of one approach compensate

for the weaknesses of the others

Example: Korsakoff’s syndrome• Characterized by severe memory loss

• Initially believed to be a direct consequence of the toxic effects of alcohol on the brain

• Subsequent research: Largely caused by brain damage associated with thiamine deficiency, although the damage is accelerated by alcohol

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Scientific Inference: How Do Biopsychologists Study the Unobservable Workings of the Brain?

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Scientific Inference

The empirical method that biopsychologists use to study the unobservable

• Scientists measure what they can observe, use these measures as a basis for inferring what they can’t observe

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Illustration of Scientific Inference: Perception of Motion Under Four Different Conditions

Charlie: Can we divide these up somehow so each one comes onto the screen at once and they are bigger so you can really see each one (and so the conclusion is bigger as well)? done

Eye is stationary, and object is stationary; therefore, retinal image is stationary. No movement is seen.

1 Eye actively rotates upward, and Object is stationary; therefore, retinal Image moves up. No movement is seen.

2

Eye is stationary, and object moves down; therefore, retinal image moves up. Object is seen to move down.

3 Eye is passively rotated upward by finger, and object is stationary; therefore, retinal image moves up. Object is seen to move down.

4

Conclusion: Therefore, the brain sees as movement the total movement of an object’s image on the retina minus that portion produced by active movement of the eyes: It does not subtract passive movement of the eyes.

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Critical Thinking about Biopsychological Claims

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Critical Thinking

The ability to evaluate scientific claims by identifying potential omissions or weaknesses in the evidence

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Case Study

Subject: José Delgado

Claimed a charging bull could be tamed using stimulation of its caudate nucleus

Analysis:• Exciting account

reported in popular press

• Many possible alternative explanations

• Morgan’s Canon: Give precedence to the simplest interpretation for a behavioral observation

Case Study

Subject: Egas MonizDeveloped the prefrontal lobotomy, cutting connections between the prefrontal lobes and the rest of the brain to treat mental illness

Analysis:• Adoption for human

therapy based largely on study of a single chimpanzee (Becky)

• Inadequate postoperative evaluation of human patients

• Procedure can produce undesirable side effects: amorality, lack of foresight, emotional unresponsiveness, epilepsy, urinary incontinence


The Prefrontal Lobotomy

The leucotome was inserted six times into the patient’s brain with the cutting wire retracted.

After each insertion, the cutting wire was extruded and the leucotome rotated to cut out a core of tissue.

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Watch: Greetings

Watch: Themes of Biopsychology

Animation: The History of the Brain

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biopsychology 8e john p.j. pinel copyright © pearson education 2011 based on the power point...

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