AGRICULTURE AND BIOPRODUCTS

THANKS TO PETE DESAI

“Knowledge Based Economy” a new Driver

Great Opportunity for Agriculture

Tremendous Prospects for Plant Science

The 20th Century: CCoonnvveerrggeennccee

Century of Physics & Chemistry

EEnntteerrttaaiinnmmeenntt

IInnffoorrmmaattiioonn TTeecchhnnoollooggyy

CCoommmmuunniiccaattiioonn

Mathematics

Mechanics

Quantum Mechanics

Chemistry / Physics

Material Science

Electronics

Microbiology

EEnneerrggyy

FFoooodd // AAAgggrrriiicccuuullltttuuurrreee

IInndduussttrriiaall MMaatteerriiaallss

TTrraannssppoorrttaattiioonn PPhhaarrmmaacceeuuttiiccaallss IInnssttrruummeennttss

Co-evolution and convergence of different scientific disciplines create many

new application opportunities with large societal benefits, both economic and

scientific.

CCoonnvveerrggeennccee

The 21st Century: Century of

Biotechnology, Physics & Chemistry

EEnntteerrttaaiinnmmeenntt

IInnffoorrmmaattiioonn TTeecchhnnoollooggyy

CCoommmmuunniiccaattiioonn

BIOTECHNOLOGY

Mathematics

Mechanics

Quantum Mechanics

Chemistry / Physics

Material Science

Electronics

Microbiology

EEnneerrggyy

FFoooodd // AAAgggrrriiicccuuullltttuuurrreee

IInndduussttrriiaall MMaatteerriiaallss

TTrraannssppoorrttaattiioonn PPhhaarrmmaacceeuuttiiccaallss IInnssttrruummeennttss

Co-evolution and convergence of different scientific disciplines create many

new application opportunities with large societal benefits, both economic and

scientific.

Molecular Biology

Nanotechnology Informatics

Electricity

Computers Flight

Technology and Global impact

Electricity

20th Century

Advances

Flight Computers

Molecular Biology

The next threshold in human progress

Informatics Nanotechnology

Did you know

Canada

Sales Per Year

Automobiles $ 47 Billion

Residential Housing $ 13 Billion

Computers $ 1.2 Billion

USA

Wall-Mart $ 339 Billion

Exxon $ 333 Billion

Did You Know

FOOD GROCERIES EXPENDITURE

Canada $ 64 Billion

USA $ 600+ Billion

FOOD for THOUGHT #1

Agriculture is a BIG Business

The pie is bigger than we ALL think

“THINK BIG”

The Age of Biology is beginning…

Unit of Heredity

(G. Mendel)

DNA structure

DNA sequencing

HGP

DNA is heredity

material

Corn hybrids

Genetic

code

First

transgenic

plants

First

commercial

biotech crops

1865 1920s 1944 1953 1965 1977 1982 1990 1994

7000

6000

5000

4000

3000

2000

1000

0

Million bp sequenced

1991 1993 1995 1997 1999

2000

• Over 6000 million bp sequenced

• 6 multi cellular genomes

• 60 microbial genomes

• Gene expression arrays, proteomics,

regulation cascades, HTS, SNPs….

• Over 100 million acres biotech crops

GGeennee MMeettaabboolliicc PPrrootteeiinn MMiiccrroo-- BBiioo--

GGeennoommiiccss EExxpprreessssiioonn PPaatthh EEnngg.. EEnnggiinneeeerriinngg BBiioollooggyy EEnnggiinneeeerriinngg FFeerrmmeennttaattiioonn

EEnnaabblliinngg TTeecchhnnoollooggiieess

FFuurrtthheerr BBuuiillddiinngg OOnn::

Platform Technologies

CCoonnttrrooll && MMaanniippuullaattee

DDiiggiittiizzee && AAnnaallyyzzee

DDiissccoovveerr

DDiirreecctteedd EEvvoolluuttiioonn

FFuunnccttiioonnaall GGeennoommiiccss

GGeennoommiicc SSeeqquueenncciinngg

PPrrootteeiinn EEnnggiinneeeerriinngg

PPrrootteeiinn FFuunnccttiioonn

PPrrootteeiinn SSttrruuccttuurree

CCeellll SSyysstteemmss

CChheemmoo GGeennoommiiccss

PPrrootteeiinn && CCeellll SSiiggnnaalliinngg

GGeennoommee PPrrootteeoommee LLiiffee NNeettwwoorrkkss

Improved primary production = renewable resources

Genomics to identify genes and regulation

of expression…

Chromosomes

Genes

DNA

Sequences

A

T

C

A

G

C

T

G

A

Proteomics

Metabolism

Regulation

Computer databases

Improved understanding of genes, gene function, and metabolic regulation

Improved primary production = renewable resources

Renewable resources are sustainable (Primary

energy capture to multiple uses)…

SOLAR ENERGY Ecological cycles

Fossil Fuels

CO2

Energy, Food, Feed, Fiber, & Chemicals

Consumption & Processing

> 1 million years

Photosynthesis

High energy

Carbohydrates Proteins Nucleic acids Lipids & Oils

Oxygen chemical bonds & carbon skeletons

Metabolites

Many chemicals

Traditional biomass approaches are

insufficient to meet demand…

Renewable Resources

T FORESTRY

TYPICAL BIOMASS

Bioenergy Platform

R Residues

A

D CROP I Residues T I

O PROCESS N Residues A

Hemi- cellulose

Other

Cellulose

Lignin

BIOFUELS

BIOPOWER

BIOPRODUCTS

L MUNICIPAL

Waste

High energy compounds Novel building blocks

- carbon skeletons

- novel polymers

recycling

Processing METHODS

Designed SOURCES

NEW FUTURE APPROACHES

A vision for renewable resources...

Demand National security Environmental footprint Rural development Economic sustainability

5-fold

5-fold again

Supplied from Renewables

Fossil fuel use is kept about flat

Supplied from

Fossil Fuels

TODAY 2020 2050

Source: Renewable Resources Vision 2020

World Energy Use = 382 Quads or 65 million Btu/yr/capita

Facts and Figures: World Energy Use…

BY TYPE: BY REGION:

Renewables

Far East

Nuclear 7%

Petroleum 40%

8%

Natural Gas 23%

Coal 22%

Africa

Middle East

E. Europe/F. Soviet

W. Europe

Canada & Mexico

C. & S. America

US

0 50 100 150

Quadrillion Btus

World Energy Use = 382 Quads

or 65 million Btu/yr/capita

Source: USDOE

Total renewable energy

use in the US = 7.5 Quads (<8% total consumption)

US Renewable Energy…

Total renewable energy

use in the US = 7.5 Quads (<8% total consumption) Today only ~4% of US

energy comes from

Ethanol Fuel 1.5%

Geothermal 5%

Solar & Wind 1.5%

Hydroelectric 47%

biomass

Today only ~3% of US chemicals and materials come from biomass

Wood and Waste 45%

Canada: reserves and time left…

Known reserves:

Crude oil = 4.7 B bbls Nat gas = 61 T cu ft Coal = 9.5 B tons

125

100

Proven Total projected

75 Y-axis is # YEARS

until reserves are gone 50

At current rates of domestic consumption plus export 25

0 Crude oil Nat gas Coal

Vision 2020 roadmap identifies several areas

and the need to integrate research...

Key areas for integrated research

Plant

Science

Genomics

Enzymes

Metabolism

Composition

Production

Unit costs Yield

Consistency

Infrastructure

Designer plants

Processing

Economics

Separations

Conversion

Bio-catalysts

Infrastructure

Utilization

(Materials)

Economics

Functionality

Performance

Novel uses

Utilization

(Demand)

Price/value

Performance

Perception

Science and technology impact

Source: Plant/Crop-Based Renewable Resources Roadmap

Methanol, H2

Bioenergy

Evolution of the bio-refinery?

Grains

Stover

Other/

Waste

Feed

Many derivatives

Biomass

Marine B

Oil I

Process O R

• Edible E • Industrial F

I Glycerol

N

+ fatty acids E

R

Y Residue

Recycling

Gasification

Fiber

Gluten

(Protein)

Starch

Products

Dextrose

B

I

O

P

R

O

C

E

S

S

I

N

G

HFCS

Organic acids

Amino acids

Levulinate

Xylose

Polyols

Chemicals

Butanol

Ethanol

BioFuels

Emerging Future: Duality in Feedstocks and Processes

OOiill BBaasseedd RReenneewwaabbllee RReessoouurrcceess BBaasseedd

9977%%

OOiill WWeellll

RReeffiinneerryy

8855%%

FFeeeedd // FFoooodd

2255%%

FFAARRMM

1155%%

CCoommmmooddiittyy PPrroocceessssoorr

xx%%

PPllaanntt EExxpprreessssiioonn

33%% EEnneerrggyy

PPeettrroocchheemmiiccaallss

OOiillss 7755%%

CCaarrbboo-- hhyyddrraattee

SSppeecciiaallttyy PPrroocceessssoorr

HHeeaatt

FFoooodd 8800%% 2200%%

PPrreessssuurree CCaattaallyysstt

BBiioopprroocceessssiinngg

Broad variety of commodity and differentiated chemicals and plastics

KEY COMPETENCIES

Catalysis Chem Engineering Material Science

KEY COMPETENCIES

Biotech Basics Bioprocessing Chem Engineering Material Science

LLiiqquuiidd oorr

SSoolliidd BBiioommaassss

GGaass

SSeeeedd

Technology Progress

BIOPROCESSING

FFeerrmmeennttaattiioonn

Biocatalysis Bioreactor Separation Recovery

EEnnzzyymmaattiicc

PPLLAANNTT EEXXPPRREESSSSIIOONN

Plant Growth Identity Preservation Separation

PPrroodduuccttss

PPrroodduuccttss

Opportunities for Plant-Produced,

Renewable Materials

VVaalluuee $$//LLbb..

PPhhaarrmmaa -- HHiigghh VVaalluuee PPrrootteeiinn MMaannuuffaaccttuurriinngg

AAgg -- ((CChheemmiiccaallss//SSeeeeddss))

NNuuttrriittiioonnaall SSuupppplleemmeennttss

EEnnzzyymmeess -- LLaarrggee VVoolluummee IInndduussttrriiaall CCaattaallyyssttss

FFoooodd IInnggrreeddiieennttss

SSppeecc CChheemm

-- PPGG,, OOlleeoocchheemmiiccaallss

CChheemmiiccaallss//PPoollyymmeerrss FFoooodd //FFeeeedd

-- PPLLAA,, PPHHAA’’ss

VVoolluummee

Use of biotech to modify existing

components…

Typical wood: (or stalks/fiber)

Cellulose (1,4-glucan) – tensile strength

Lignin (phenolic polymers) – rigidity

Hemicellulose (mixed polysaccharides)

Down regulated

via anti-sense

Typical processing involves

removing lignin from

cellulosic components.

Not only was lignin down,

growth of the trees was

significantly enhanced.

From: Hu et al, (1999) Nature Biotechnology, 17, pp 808-812.

Spider silk proteins…

Seven known protein types

Repetitive amino acid arrays

“Flagelliform” silk

Highly elastic (200% extension)

“Frame dragline” silk

Strength = 300,000 lbs/sq inch

Lighter than steel or petro-polymers

Aerospace

Structural engineering

Ballistic protection

Novel fibers for communications

Advances in renewables

Functional materials

New materials

Novel genes

Functional materials

Sea shells contain in interesting

materials…

Natural polymers such as polyaspartate will become more prominent as a future source of

renewable resources.

Bio-mineralization is

under genetic control

Biomimetics

New materials

This may turn out to be the least valuable material

Advances in renewables

• Nanoscale biopolymers for semiconductors

Millions of diverse species

Billions of diverse genes

Pharmaceuticals Nutraceuticals

Advances in renewables

Functional materials

New materials

Genes, proteins, chemicals

The marine environment has a vast array

of functional chemicals and polymers…

Millions of diverse species

Pharmaceuticals Nutraceuticals

Genes, proteins, chemicals

Novel genes

Functional materials

Biomimetics

New materials

Billions of diverse genes

Advances in renewables

Pulp & paper quality Degree of lignification

Enzyme modification of fibers

Gasification of residues • Methanol – fuels cells

• Base chemical molecules

Growth rate: productivity Pest protection Stress tolerance Wood quality

Bio-diversity: • Fungi

• Lichens/mosses

• Microbes

• Groundcover

• Insects

Advanced management • Remote sensing

Forestry bioresources…

Advanced management • Remote sensing

Growth rate: productivity

Pest protection Stress tolerance Wood quality

Bio-diversity: • Fungi

• Lichens/mosses

• Microbes

• Groundcover

• Insects

Pulp & paper quality

Degree of lignification

Enzyme modification of fibers

Gasification of residues • Methanol – fuels cells

• Base chemical molecules

Polylactic acid (PLA) from

grown carbon...

D

E Dimerization X

T Lactic

Controlled polymerization

R Fermentation

O S E

Acid Lactide Polylactide

NatureWorks® process PLA Resins • Melt processable

• Specific Mol Wts

• Polymer types

Thermoplastic &

other markets

Genomics can assist in moving special

fatty acids between plant species…

Fatty acids and/or their triglycerides

= renewable industrial materials.

Moving genes to high-yielding crops.

PLANT FATTY ACID USES

Coriander

Petroselinic (C18:1 6)

Nylon, Detergents

Cuphae Caprylate (C8:0) Detergents, lubricant

Forest vine Palmitoleic (C18:1 9) Detergents

Honesty Nervonic (C24:1 15) Slip agent

Jojoba Wax and esters (C40-44) Lubricant, cosmetics

Lesquerella Densipolic (12-OH C18:2 9,15) Coatings

Meadowfoam Arachidonic (C20:1 5) Anti-corrosion

Vernonia Vernolic (12-epoxy C18:1 9) Plasticizer, polymers

Improved primary production = renewable resources

Genomics to identify genes and regulation

of expression…

Chromosomes

Genes

DNA

Sequences

A

T

C

A

G

C

T

G

A

Proteomics

Metabolism

Regulation

Computer databases

Improved understanding of genes, gene function, and metabolic regulation

Improved primary production = renewable resources

Traits that are on the horizon...

Crop protection.

– New approaches via natural genes….

Crop performance.

– Fertilizer use efficiency, stress tolerance….

Compositional quality.

– Focus on feed moving to food (more slowly)

Nutraceutical & health related.

– Antioxidants, edible vaccines….

Industrial renewable resources.

– Raw materials inputs, few novel products.

The next generation will involve selecting

technology to fit consumer needs...

Structural Genomics

Functional Genomics

Germplasm Base

T

D

N Genes

A Mapping Sequencing Expression

Proteomics R Informational Science A

Bioinformatics I

T

Gene Shuffling S

MAB

Transgenics

Designer

Crops

Grown

Set of Future

Consumer

Needs

Food &

Materials

Manufacture

Separations

Processing

Harvest

IP Store

Viable businesses will be more integrated but along

a different dimension

What changes can you implement to increase

the probability for future sustainable development.

Achieving sustainable development will

require business sectors to reform new sets...

Emerging arena of “Health and Well-being”

PHARMA

FOOD PROCESSING

RESOURCE PRODUCTION (agriculture)

Viable businesses will be more integrated but along

a different dimension

CHEMICALS

Emerging arena of “Sustainable Industry”

MATERIALS

What changes can you implement to increase

the probability for future sustainable development.

The Value Chain

Wealth Creation

Technology Germplasm Seeds Grower Grain Primary Secondary Retailing

Handling Processing Processing

CONSUMER

The Value Chain

Agriculture industry must form new systems to create,

capture and deliver the value from the technology.

TTeecchhnnoollooggyy GGeerrmmppllaassmm SSeeeeddss GGrroowweerr GGrraaiinn PPrriimmaarryy SSeeccoonnddaarryy RReettaaiilliinngg

HHaannddlliinngg PPrroocceessssiinngg PPrroocceessssiinngg

Future focus on “output” traits will drive greater

co-ordination between all points in the value-chain.

Success Factors for Bio-Based

Economy

Consistent Supply Perceived

or Add Real Value

Functionality

Property

Create a New Innovative Product

Excellent Science

Resources to Commercialize

Success Factors for Bio-Based

Economy

Short Term Quick HITS FOCUS,

Focus. focus on WINNERS Need the

Biomass equivalent of:

- Ethylene

- Oil

It could be SUGARS from Biomass

not Valuable commodity - Food

FOOD for THOUGHT #2

NO one can do it alone

Major Successes will be through

Multi Disciplinary

“TEAM APPROACH”

Think Global

Act Local

If you do what you always did then

“You will get what you always got”

*