Anil K. Jain Dept. of Computer Science and Engineering

Michigan State University

http://biometrics.cse.msu.edu

October 2, 2014

Biometrics: A Personal Journey I

Acknowledgments

• IAPR TC4 on biometrics

• ICB 2012 organizers

• Research collaborators and colleagues

• Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, Google, NEC, Morpho, NIST, NIJ, FBI BCoE, NSF CITeR

• Students and postdocs

Who is This Person?

Who is This Person?

Sharath Pankanti (1995)

Kalle Karu (1996)

Nalini Ratha (1996)

Yu Zhong (1997)

Lin Hong (1998)

Yatin Kulkarni (1998)

Nicolae Duta (2000)

Salil Prabhakar (2001)

Vincent Hsu (2002)

Patrick Flynn (1990)

Arun Ross (2003)

Anoop Namboodiri

(2004)

Steve Krawczyk (2005)

Umut Uludag (2005)

Xiaoguang Lu (2006)

Hong Chen (2007)

Karthik Nandakumar (2008)

Yi Chen (2009)

Unsang Park (2009)

Jianjiang Feng (2010)

Zhifeng Li (2011)

Shengcai Liao (2012)

Abhishek Nagar (2012)

Brendan Klare

(2012)

Hee Seung Choi (2012)

Qijun Zhao (2012)

Alessandra Paulino (2013)

Eryun Liu (2013)

Scott Klum (2014)

Soweon Yoon (2014)

Sunpreet Arora (Current)

Lacey Best-Rowden (Current)

Charles Otto (Current)

Keyur Patel (Current)

Di Wen (2014)

Kai Cao (Current)

Hu Han (Current)

David Crouse (Current)

Students and Postdocs

My First Encounter With Biometrics

• ser·en·dip·i·ty noun \ˌser-ən-ˈdi-pə-tē\:

Luck that takes the form of finding valuable or pleasant things that are not looked for (Merriam-Webster)

• 1992: Project from IDA Supercomputing Research Center & NSA to port “image processing” operations on Splash-2, a reconfigurable custom parallel processor

• Two generic operations

– Image filtering (Gabor filters)

– Point matching (fingerprint matching)

Fingerprint Matching on Splash 2

N. Ratha, D. Rover and A.K. Jain, "An FPGA-Based Point pattern Matching Processor with application to Fingerprint Matching", CAMP `95, Italy

Sun SPARCstation host ~100 MHz CPU; 512 MB RAM

• Sequential matcher on the host: 70 matches/sec

• Parallel version on Splash 2 @1 MHz clock: ~ 6,300 matches/sec

Each board has 16 Xilinx 4010s as PEs (512 KB memory); X0 controls data flow into the board

Fingerprints

“Perhaps the most beautiful and

characteristic of all superficial marks (on

human body) are the small furrows with

the intervening ridges and their pores

that are disposed in a singularly complex

yet even order on the under surfaces of

the hands and feet.” Francis Galton, Nature, June 28, 1888

Latent Segmentation and Enhancement

True mate retrieved at rank 2 with (latent + “new template”) as input to COTS matcher

3D Fingerprint Phantom

2D fingerprint image

Electronic 3D phantom

Outline

• What I learned?

–Many facets of biometrics

–Application & system requirements

–Progress in sensing & computing technology

–Game changers

–What’s next?

• Summary

Prof. Tyfun Agkul, Istanbul Technical University

Biometrics

Biometrics

Many Facets of Biometrics

Image & signal

processing

Machine learning

Crypto-graphy

Sensor design & embedded system

Security & privacy

Human factors

What does it mean to say we work in biometrics?

System is More than the Recognition Algorithm

http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/media/95649/The-components-of-an-automated-teller-machine

Biometrics is a small embedded component

Biometric

Sensor

Designing a Biometric System

Texas Health hospital system uses palm scans to ID patients

Recognition of coal mine workers, China

• Purpose, target population, system requirements

Sensing Technology

Identix 12.5cm x 18cm x 6cm; 1 lb.

Cost: ~$1,500 (1995)

Digital Persona (Optical)

Morpho “Finger on the Fly” (Contactless)

Lumidigm (Multispectral)

Authentec, Swipe sensor (Capacitive)

Goodix (Capacitive)

New Sensors Bring New Challenges

392x257 pixels (500PPI)

96x96 pixels (500PPI)

U.are.U 4500 fingerprint reader

Touch fingerprint reader from Goodix

Mobile Unlock With Iris

DeltaID.com

Michigan AFIS (1989)

Enrollment of 724K; average of 400 tenprint search/day @15K comparisons/sec. Courtesy Scott Blanchard, MSP

Michigan AFIS (2014)

3.M enrollment; 2K tenprint search/day, 35 latent search/day, 5 latent palm search/day @25M comparisons/sec

Game Changers

OBIM (formerly US VISIT) (2004)

Game Changers

Walt Disney Theme Park (2005)

FBI Next Generation Identification (2008)

http://www.fbi.gov/about-us/cjis/fingerprints_biometrics/ngi/ngi2/

Game Changers

FBI installed the first AFIS in1980; IAFIS launched in 1999

~700 million unique ID numbers have been issued

Name

Parents

Gender

DoB

PoB

Address

1568 3647 4958 Basic demographic data and biometrics

stored centrally

UID = 1568 3647 4958

10 fingerprints, 2 irises & face image

Central UID database

India’s Aadhaar Project (2009)

https://portal.uidai.gov.in/uidwebportal/dashboard.do

Game Changers

Game Changers

Apple’s Touch ID (2013)

Apple Pay (2014)

Game Changers

Worldwide mobile payments to total ~ $1 Trillion by 2014

• Biometrics + non-biometric sensing

• Biometrics forever

• Forensics biometrics forensics

• Privacy

What’s Next?

Biometric Sensors in a Mobile

Biometric + Non-biometric User Data

Inertial Measurement Unit (IMU)

Beyond Identity

Biometric Forever

An Afghan woman shows her inked finger after casting her vote at a polling station in Bamiyan, Afghanistan, on June 14. (Photo: Kamran Shefayee, AP) USA Today, Sep. 22, 2014

Fingerprint capture of an infant at a health clinic in Cotonou, Benin

Back to Forensics

• “Strengthening Forensic Science in the United

States: A Path Forward”, NRC report, 2009

• Need for statistical underpinning for forensic

procedures

Doubts About Bite-Mark Forensics (NY Times , Sept 16, 2014)

Dr. Levine, a dental expert, testifying at Ted Bundy’s trial, linking Bundy’s crooked teeth to a bite on a 20-year-old victim in Florida, 1979; obscure field of “forensic dentistry” became respectable

Mold of Howard’s teeth used to link him to crime

Eddie Lee Howard Jr., 61, has appealed his conviction to MS Supreme Court

Eddie Lee Howard, Jr. on death row for two decades

Shoeprint

Tire mark

Bite mark Hair Blood stain

Shell casing

Saliva

Fiber

Latent fingerprint

Latent palmprint

“Doubtful” Forensic Evidence

Security vs. Privacy

Summary

• Technical depth and domain knowledge is necessary to make a contribution

• Choice of right problem at the right time

• Don’t loose sight of “why biometrics?”

• Be familiar with state of the art

• The best part: training & mentoring students