Biology Study GuideFirst Trimester Exam on December 4

The Exam will ask 100 questions from chapters 1 thru 5. Questions will be based on the study guide attached.

Multiple ChoiceIdentify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.

____ 1. Which of the following is NOT a goal of science?a. to investigate and understand the natural worldb. to explain events in the natural worldc. to establish a collection of unchanging truthsd. to use derived explanations to make useful predictions

____ 2. Scientists will never know for sure why dinosaurs became extinct. Therefore, scientists shoulda. stop studying dinosaurs and study only living animals.b. work to raise live dinosaurs to study.c. continue to learn as much as they can about dinosaur extinction.d. accept the current theory about dinosaur extinction as the best possible theory.

____ 3. Science is best described as aa. set of facts.b. way of knowing.c. collection of beliefs.d. list of rules.

____ 4. The work of scientists usually begins witha. testing a hypothesis.b. careful observations.c. creating experiments.d. drawing conclusions.

____ 5. Information gathered from observing a plant grow 3 cm over a two-week period is calleda. inferences.b. variables.c. hypotheses.d. data.

____ 6. A hypothesisa. is based on personal belief.b. may be disproved by a single experiment.c. does not have to be tested to be accepted as probably correct.d. is a proven fact.

____ 7. Why is creativity considered a scientific attitude?a. Scientists need creativity to make good posters to explain their ideas.b. Creativity helps scientists come up with different experiments.c. Creative scientists imagine the results of experiments without doing them.d. Scientists who are creative are better at handling and training animals.

____ 8. After a scientist publishes a paper, someone else finds evidence that the paper’s hypothesis may not be correct. The scientist is unhappy, but studies the new evidence anyway. The scientist is showing which scientific attitude?a. creativityb. curiosityc. open-mindednessd. skepticism

____ 9. A scientist discovers an important breakthrough in cancer treatment. The scientist thinks the information could save thousands of lives and immediately announces the results on national television, skipping peer review. How might other scientists react to this news?a. They will be skeptical because the report was not peer-reviewed.b. They will quickly start to use the new treatment on their patients.c. They will congratulate the scientist for the discovery.d. They will denounce the work and call the scientist a fraud.

____ 10. What does a reviewer do during peer-review?a. Focus on mistakes in spelling.b. Change data to support results.c. Check for mistakes and bias.d. Repeat the experiments in the article.

____ 11. Suppose that a scientific idea is well-tested and can be used to make predictions in numerous new situations, but cannot explain one particular event. This idea is aa. hypothesis that is incorrect.b. hypothesis that must be retested.c. theory that should be discarded.d. theory that may need revision.

____ 12. How do scientific theories compare to hypotheses?a. Theories are the same as hypotheses.b. Theories unify a broad range of observations and hypotheses.c. Hypotheses combine the ideas of several theories to explain events.d. Hypotheses are the dominant view among scientists.

____ 13. A well-tested explanation that explains a lot of observations isa. a hypothesis.b. an inference.c. a theory.d. a controlled experiment.

____ 14. Which of the following is a question that can be answered by science?a. What is beauty?b. Is it ethical to do experiments on animals?c. How does DNA influence a person’s health?d. Do people watch too much television?

____ 15. A personal preference or point of view isa. a bias.b. a theory.c. a hypothesis.d. an inference.

____ 16. How does studying science help you be a better member of society?a. Learning the biases of science will help you know what is right or wrong.b. Understanding how science works will help you make better decisions.c. Memorizing science facts will help you become more intelligent.d. Knowing science will help you live without the aid of technology.

____ 17. Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of all living things?a. growth and developmentb. ability to movec. response to the environmentd. ability to reproduce

____ 18. Cells in multicellular organisms have many different sizes and shapes. These differences in cells is called cell specialization. Cell specialization allows cells toa. reproduce.b. perform different functions.c. respond to their environment.d. be less complex.

Figure 1–1

____ 19. Figure 1–1 illustrates which characteristic of living things?

a. Living things grow and developb. Living things are made up of cells.c. Living things need material and energy.d. Living things reproduce.

____ 20. Would a scientist who studies evolution also have to learn about other branches of biology? Why or why not?a. Yes; the other branches of biology are more important.b. Yes; the different branches of biology are interrelated.c. No; the other branches of biology do not affect evolution.d. No; each branch of biology is separate from the others.

____ 21. Focusing on which two central themes in biology would help a student understand why animals come in different shapes and sizes?a. cellular basis for life; homeostasisb. structure and function; unity and diversity of lifec. matter and energy; homeostasisd. science as a way of knowing; interdependence of nature

____ 22. What are the smallest objects that biologists study?a. cellsb. body organsc. moleculesd. organisms

____ 23. Biologists who work in the fields of genomics and molecular biology studya. the biosphereb. diseasesc. DNAd. trees

____ 24. The basic unit of length in the metric system is thea. gram.b. liter.c. yard.d. meter.

____ 25. How many meters are in 2.4 km?a. 240b. 2,400c. 24,000d. 240,000

____ 26. Using a universal system of measurement is MOST important during which part of scientific methodology?a. asking questionsb. forming a hypothesisc. collecting datad. drawing conclusions

____ 27. The three particles that make up atoms area. protons, neutrons, and isotopes.b. neutrons, isotopes, and electrons.c. positives, negatives, and neutrals.d. protons, neutrons, and electrons.

____ 28. What are found in the space surrounding the nucleus of an atom?a. protonsb. electronsc. neutronsd. ions

____ 29. Democritus believed that atomsa. were composed of electrons.b. were composed of protons.c. did not exist.d. could not be divided.

____ 30. If an atom contains 3 protons, 4 neutrons, and 3 electrons, its mass number isa. 3.b. 4.c. 7.d. 11.

____ 31. A chlorine atom that has 17 protons and 18 neutrons is calleda. chlorine-17.b. chlorine-18.c. chlorine-35.d. chlorine-1.

____ 32. Which of the following statements about a compound is true?a. The physical and chemical properties of a compound are usually very different from those

of the elements from which it is formed.b. Only the physical properties of a compound are usually the same as those of the elements

from which it is formed.c. Only the chemical properties of a compound are usually the same as those of the elements

from which it is formed.d. The physical and chemical properties of a compound are usually the same as those of the

elements from which it is formed.____ 33. A covalent bond is formed as the result of

a. transferring electrons.b. sharing electrons.c. transferring protons.d. sharing protons.

Figure 2–1

____ 34. Which property of water causes the curved surface shown in Figure 2–1?a. pHb. cohesionc. adhesiond. heat capacity

____ 35. In a water molecule, shared electrons spend more time around the oxygen atom than the hydrogen atoms. As a result, the oxygen atom isa. slightly negative.b. very negative.c. slightly positive.d. very positive.

____ 36. A solution is aa. combination of isotopes. b. chemical reaction.c. mixture in which the substances are evenly spread out.d. mixture in which undissolved substances do not settle out.

____ 37. If you stir salt into boiling water, you produce aa. mixture called a suspension.b. mixture called a solution.c. solution and suspension.d. mixture only.

____ 38. If the pH of stomach acid and of oven cleaner were measured,a. both would be below 7.b. both would be above 7.c. the pH of stomach acid would be above 7, but the pH of oven cleaner would be below 7.d. the pH of stomach acid would be below 7, but the pH of oven cleaner would be above 7.

____ 39. A map of eastern North America, showing the pH of rainfall in the various states, indicates that the pH of rain in New York State varies from 4.22 to 4.40. According to these figures, the most acidic rainfall in New York State has a pH ofa. 4.22.b. 4.30.c. 4.35.d. 4.40.

____ 40. A substance with a pH of 6 is calleda. an acid.b. a base.c. water.d. a suspension.

____ 41. Solutions that have more OH– than H+ ions area. reactants.b. acids.c. bases.d. enzymes.

____ 42. Carbon-12 is the most common isotope of carbon. It has 6 protons, 6 neutrons, and 6 electrons. Of its 6 electrons, 4 are valence electrons. How many covalent bonds can a carbon atom form?a. 1b. 4c. 6d. 12

____ 43. Which of the following is NOT a monomer?a. a glucose moleculeb. an amino acidc. a nucleotided. a protein

____ 44. Which of the following is NOT a function of proteins?a. store and transmit genetic informationb. help to fight diseasec. control the rate of reactionsd. move substances into or out of cells

____ 45. Which statement is true about macromolecules?a. Simple sugars are made of polysaccharides.b. Glycerol is made of fatty acids.c. Proteins are made of amino acids.d. Nucleotides are made of nucleic acids.

____ 46. When hydrogen and oxygen combine to form water, water isa. a product.b. a reactant.c. an enzyme.d. a catalyst.

____ 47. What is the process that changes one set of chemicals into another set of chemicals?a. cohesionb. hydrogen bondingc. chemical reactiond. dissolving

____ 48. If a reaction in one direction releases energy, the reaction in the opposite directiona. also releases energy.b. absorbs energy.c. destroys energy.d. cannot occur.

____ 49. Which of the following diagrams correctly shows the reaction pathway of a reaction that absorbs energy?a.

b.

c.

d.

____ 50. Which of the following statements is true about catalysts?a. Catalysts slow down the rate of chemical reactions.b. All catalysts are enzymes.c. Catalysts are used up during a chemical reaction.d. Catalysts lower the activation energy of a chemical reaction.

____ 51. A substance that speeds up the rate of a chemical reaction is calleda. a catalyst.b. a lipid.c. a molecule.d. an element.

____ 52. The branch of biology dealing with interactions among organisms and between organisms and their environment is calleda. economy.b. modeling.c. recycling.d. ecology.

____ 53. Which of the following descriptions about the organization of an ecosystem is correct?a. Communities make up species, which make up populations.b. Populations make up species, which make up communities.c. Species make up communities, which make up populations.d. Species make up populations, which make up communities.

____ 54. Which of the following is NOT a basic method used by ecologists to study the living world?a. experimentingb. animal trainingc. modelingd. observing

Figure 3–1

____ 55. The algae at the beginning of the food chain in Figure 3–1 area. primary consumers.b. decomposers.c. primary producers.d. heterotrophs.

____ 56. How do most primary producers make their own food?a. by using light energy to make carbohydratesb. by using chemical energy to make carbohydratesc. by changing water into carbon dioxide d. by breaking down remains to make carbon dioxide

____ 57. Which of the following organisms does NOT require sunlight to live?a. chemosynthetic bacteriab. algaec. treesd. photosynthetic bacteria

____ 58. Corn planted in a field that has been previously planted with legumes and then plowed under is likely to bea. less productive because legumes remove phosphorus from the soil.b. more productive because bacteria living on the roots of legumes fix nitrogen in the soil.c. more productive because nitrogen-fixing bacteria help to keep away pests.d. less productive because the legumes have already taken all the nitrogen, carbon, and

phosphorus from the soil.____ 59. The total amount of living tissue within a given trophic level is called the

a. organic mass.b. trophic mass.c. energy mass.d. biomass.

____ 60. What is an ecological model of the relationships that form a network of complex feeding interactions among organisms in a community from producers to decomposers?a. food webb. ecosystemc. food chaind. population

Figure 3–2

____ 61. What goes in Box 5 of the food web in Figure 3–2?a. herbivoresb. scavengersc. carnivoresd. decomposers

____ 62. What are the three kinds of ecological pyramids?a. producer, consumer, and decomposerb. energy, nutrient, and trophicc. energy, biomass, and numbersd. biotic, abiotic, and nutrient

____ 63. Only 10 percent of the energy stored in an organism can be passed on to the next trophic level. Of the remaining energy, some is used for the organism’s life processes, and the rest isa. used in reproduction.b. stored as body tissue.c. stored as fat.d. eliminated as heat.

____ 64. A word that means the same thing as consumer isa. producer.b. autotroph.c. heterotroph.d. carbohydrate.

____ 65. Matter can recycle through the biosphere becausea. matter does not change into new compounds.b. matter is assembled into chemical compounds.c. biological systems do not use up matter, they transform it.d. biological systems use only carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, and nitrogen.

____ 66. The repeated movement of water between Earth’s surface and the atmosphere is calleda. the water cycle.b. the condensation cycle.c. precipitation.d. evaporation.

Figure 3–3

____ 67. What is happening to water at D in Figure 3–3?a. Water is falling to the ground as precipitation.b. Water is evaporating from the ocean.c. Water is being taken up by plants through transpiration.d. Water is seeping into the ground to become groundwater.

____ 68. Which part of Figure 3–3 shows transpiration?a. A on the leftb. B on the leftc. A on the rightd. B on the right

____ 69. Carbon cycles through the biosphere in all of the following processes EXCEPTa. photosynthesis.b. transpiration.c. burning of fossil fuels.d. decomposition of plants and animals.

____ 70. Which part of the water cycle is a biological process?a. transpirationb. runoffc. precipitationd. condensation

____ 71. Nitrogen fixation is carried out primarily bya. humans.b. plants.c. bacteria.d. consumers.

____ 72. Which of the following has a direct role in the nitrogen cycle?a. bacteriab. legumesc. decomposersd. all of the above

____ 73. Organisms need nutrients in order toa. utilize hydrogen and oxygen.b. carry out essential life functions.c. recycle chemical compounds.d. carry out nitrogen fixation.

____ 74. The movements of energy and nutrients through living systems are different becausea. energy flows in one direction, and nutrients recycle.b. energy is limited in the biosphere, and nutrients are always available.c. nutrients flow in one direction, and energy recycles.d. energy forms chemical compounds, and nutrients are lost as heat.

____ 75. Why can’t the producers in some ecosystems make an unlimited supply of organic material?a. Temperatures are too hot for photosynthesis.b. Too many carnivores eat the producers.c. Energy needed to make organic material is lost as heat.d. One or more nutrients are in short supply.

____ 76. Animals that get energy by eating the carcasses of other animals that have been killed by predators or have died of natural causes are calleda. scavengers.b. omnivores.c. heterotrophs.d. detritivores.

____ 77. Phosphorus is very important for living things because living organisms need phosphorus toa. make carbohydrates.b. form DNA and RNA.c. perform transpiration.d. cycle energy.

____ 78. Each of the following is an abiotic factor in the environment EXCEPTa. plant life.b. soil type.c. rainfall.d. temperature.

____ 79. Which is a biotic factor that affects the size of a population in a specific ecosystem?a. average temperature of the ecosystemb. type of soil in the ecosystemc. number and kinds of predators in the ecosystemd. concentration of oxygen in the ecosystem

____ 80. Which is an example of how biotic and abiotic factors interact?a. Sunlight increases the temperature of pond water.b. Water and soil mix together to make mud.c. Tree roots split apart rocks in the ground.d. Humidity in the air forms fog in a valley.

____ 81. What is at the base of all ecological pyramids?a. consumersb. decomposersc. producersd. scavengers

Figure 3–4

____ 82. Which of the following is a food chain in the food web shown in Figure 3–4?a. tree, rabbit, hawk, snakeb. grass, grasshopper, snake, hawkc. grass, caterpillar, robin, hawkd. tree, deer, mountain lion, fox

____ 83. The average conditions of the atmosphere in a particular area are referred to as the area’sa. weather.b. latitude.c. ecosystem.d. climate.

____ 84. How does an area’s weather differ from the area’s climate?a. Weather involves temperature and precipitation and climate involves only temperature.b. An area’s weather depends on where it is located on Earth and the area’s climate does not.c. An area’s weather does not change very much and an area’s climate changes many times.d. Weather is the area’s day-to-day conditions and climate is the area’s average conditions.

____ 85. All of the following factors contribute to Earth’s climate EXCEPTa. latitude.b. longitude.c. transport of heat by winds.d. shape and elevation of landmasses.

____ 86. The greenhouse effect isa. something that has only occurred for the last 50 years.b. a natural phenomenon that maintains Earth’s temperature range.c. the result of the differences in the angle of the sun’s rays.d. an unnatural phenomenon that causes heat energy to be radiated back into the atmosphere.

____ 87. Earth has three main climate zones because of the differences in latitude and, thus,a. amount of precipitation received.b. distribution of sunlight.c. ocean currents.d. prevailing winds.

____ 88. The tendency for warm air to rise and cool air to sink results ina. global wind patterns.b. ocean upwelling.c. the seasons.d. regional precipitation.

____ 89. No two species can occupy the same niche in the same habitat at the same timea. because of the interactions that shape the ecosystem.b. unless the species require different abiotic factors.c. because of the competitive exclusion principle.d. unless the species require different biotic factors.

____ 90. An interaction in which an animal feeds on plants is calleda. carnivory.b. herbivory.c. predation.d. symbiosis.

Figure 4–1

____ 91. What would happen if the population of the bird species shown in the ecosystem in Figure 4–1 were to suddenly decrease?a. The grass population would increase.b. The fish population would increase.c. The fish would occupy the birds’ niche.d. The grass and fish would compete for resources.

____ 92. A wolf pack hunts, kills, and feeds on a moose. In this interaction, the wolves area. hosts.b. prey.c. mutualists.d. predators.

____ 93. A symbiotic relationship in which one organism is harmed and the other benefits isa. mutualism.b. parasitism.c. commensalism.d. predation.

____ 94. Primary succession would most likely occur aftera. a forest fire.b. a lava flow.c. farm land is abandoned.d. a severe storm.

____ 95. What is one difference between primary and secondary succession?a. Primary succession is rapid and secondary succession is slow.b. Secondary succession begins on soil and primary succession begins on newly exposed

surfaces.c. Primary succession modifies the environment and secondary succession does not.d. Secondary succession begins with lichens and primary succession begins with trees.

____ 96. Which of the following occurs during the ecological succession of an ecosystem?a. An ecosystem reaches a final, unchanging stage.b. Animals move out of the ecosystem until succession is complete.c. Living organisms modify their environment a little at a time.d. Parts of communities split off to form new communities.

____ 97. Which is a factor that could interrupt the progress of succession?a. colonization of surfaces by lichensb. different animals appearing at each stagec. another natural disturbanced. long-term fluctuations in climate

Figure 4–2

____ 98. Figure 4–2 shows succession in an ecosystem. What organisms are found in the climax community for this ecosystem?a. lichens and mossb. trees and shrubsc. weeds and grassesd. volcanoes and soil

____ 99. A tropical rain forest may not return to its original climax community after which of the following disturbances?a. burning of a forest fireb. clearing and farmingc. volcanic eruptiond. flooding after a hurricane

____ 100. Climate is a global factor that producesa. Earth’s unique ocean and atmosphere.b. the shape and elevation of landmasses.c. a wide range of environmental conditions that shape communities.d. solar energy within the atmosphere.

____ 101. Which biome is characterized by very low temperatures, little precipitation, and permafrost?a. desertb. temperate forestc. tundrad. tropical dry forest

____ 102. Which two biomes have the least precipitation?a. tropical rain forest and temperate grasslandb. tropical savanna and tropical dry forestc. tundra and desertd. boreal forest and temperate woodland and shrubland

____ 103. Which animal would be found in the biome that has cold to moderate winters, warm summers, and fertile soils; and is home to a variety of vegetation, such as coniferous trees, broadleaf deciduous trees, flowering shrubs, and ferns?a. whitetail deerb. polar bearc. iguanad. caribou

____ 104. Which landforms are not classified into a major biome?a. prairiesb. mountain rangesc. coastlinesd. islands

____ 105. The North Pole and the South Poles area. classified as tundra biomes.b. not home to any animals.c. not classified into major biomes.d. part of aquatic ecosystems.

____ 106. Aquatic organisms are affected by all of the following EXCEPTa. depth and flow of the water.b. temperature of the water.c. distance from another body of water.d. nutrients in the water.

____ 107. The nutrient availability of aquatic ecosystems is thea. amount of nitrogen, oxygen, and other elements dissolved in the water.b. number of other organisms present in the water.c. amount of rainfall the water receives.d. number of different animal species living in the water.

____ 108. Are you likely to find zooplankton in the aphotic, benthic zone of an ocean?a. Yes. Zooplankton are chemosynthetic autotrophs.b. Yes. Zooplankton can photosynthesize in the dark.c. No. Zooplankton feed on phytoplankton and phytoplankton cannot photosynthesize in the

dark.d. No. Zooplankton cannot chemosynthesize in the dark without the presence of oxygen in

the water.____ 109. Which of the following is NOT a freshwater ecosystem?

a. a riverb. a lakec. an estuaryd. a stream

____ 110. Which is one way a freshwater wetland differs from a lake or pond?a. Water flows in a lake or pond but never flows in a wetland.b. Wetlands are nesting areas for birds, but lakes and ponds are not.c. Water does not always cover a wetland as it does a lake or pond.d. Wetlands are salty, but lakes and ponds are fresh.

____ 111. A wetland that contains a mixture of fresh water and salt water is calleda. an estuary.b. a stream.c. a river.d. a pond.

____ 112. Which of the following is a factor that makes estuaries unique?a. They contain both phytoplankton and zooplankton.b. They are very deep and dark but contain a lot of producers.c. They are found in mountain ranges and are formed by melting snow.d. They have a lot of biomass but not a large variety of species.

____ 113. The photic zonea. extends to the bottom of the open ocean.b. extends to a depth of about 200 meters.c. is deep, cold, and permanently dark.d. is where chemosynthetic bacteria are the producers.

____ 114. Which of the following statements is NOT true about the open ocean?a. The open ocean has low levels of nutrients.b. Organisms in the deep ocean are exposed to frigid temperatures and total darkness.c. The open ocean begins at the low-tide mark and extends to the end of the continental

shelf.d. Most of the photosynthetic activity on Earth occurs in the open ocean within the photic

zone.____ 115. Which organism lives where it is sometimes submerged and routinely exposed to air, heat, battering waves,

and strong currents?a. barnacleb. squidc. dolphind. whale

____ 116. One of the main characteristics of a population is itsa. change over time.b. geographic range.c. dynamics.

d. habitat.____ 117. There are 150 Saguaro cactus plants per square kilometer in a certain area of Arizona desert. To which

population characteristic does this information refer?a. growth rateb. geographic rangec. age structured. population density

____ 118. What does the range of a population tell you that density does not?a. the number that live in an areab. the areas inhabited by a populationc. the births per unit aread. the deaths per unit area

____ 119. A small farming community in Texas covers 14 square kilometers. There are 420 individuals who live within the town limits. What is the population density of this community?a. 0.03 individuals per square kilometerb. 53 individuals per square kilometerc. 30 individuals per square kilometerd. 10.24 individuals per square kilometer

____ 120. Which of the following tells you population density?a. the number of births per yearb. the number of frogs in a pondc. the number of deaths per yeard. the number of bacteria per square millimeter

____ 121. The movement of organisms into a range is calleda. immigration.b. emigration.c. population shift.d. carrying capacity.

____ 122. Which of the following describes a population as its size decreases?a. The birthrate and the death rate remain the same.b. The death rate becomes lower than the birthrate.c. The death rate stays the same and the birthrate increases.d. The death rate becomes higher than the birthrate.

____ 123. If immigration and emigration numbers remain equal, which is the most important contributing factor to a slowed growth rate?a. increased birthrateb. constant death ratec. decreased birthrated. constant birthrate

____ 124. Which are two ways a population can decrease in size?a. immigration and emigrationb. increased death rate and immigrationc. decreased birthrate and emigrationd. emigration and increased birthrate

Figure 5–1

____ 125. The graph in Figure 5–1 shows the growth of a bacterial population. Which of the following correctly describes the growth curve?a. logisticb. limitingc. demographicd. exponential

____ 126. Suppose that a species of toads is introduced into a new environment in an attempt to reduce the population of insects. The toad has no natural predators in the new environment. The toad population would most likelya. increase exponentially.b. increase logistically.c. decrease rapidly and die out.d. remain the same.

____ 127. Which of the following graphs is a graph showing exponential growth?a.

b.

c.

d.

____ 128. During some kinds of population growth, the size of each generation of offspring is larger than the generation before it. So, as the population gets larger, it grows more quickly. This situation is calleda. logistic growth.b. growth density.c. exponential growth.d. multiple growth.

____ 129. Which factor might NOT contribute to an exponential growth rate in a given population?a. lower death ratesb. higher birthratesc. less competitiond. reduced resources

____ 130. The various growth phases through which most populations go are represented ona. a logistic growth curve.b. an exponential growth curve.c. a normal curve.d. a population curve.

____ 131. As resources in a population become less available, the populationa. declines rapidly.b. increases slowly.c. reaches carrying capacity.d. enters a phase of exponential growth.

____ 132. In a logistic growth curve, exponential growth is the phase in which the populationa. reaches carrying capacity.b. grows quickly.c. growth begins to slow down.d. growth stops.

____ 133. When the exponential phase of a logistic growth curve of a population ceases,a. the size of the population drops.b. the size of the population stays the same.c. population growth begins to slow down.d. population growth begins to speed up.

____ 134. How are Phase 1 and Phase 2 of logistic growth similar?a. A population is increasing, moving toward its carrying capacity during both phases.b. A population is at its carrying capacity during both phases.c. The death rate is higher than the birth rate during both phases.d. The emigration rate is higher than the immigration rate during both phases.

____ 135. If a population grows larger than the carrying capacity of the environment, thea. death rate may rise.b. birthrate may rise.c. death rate must fall.d. birthrate must fall.

Figure 5–2

____ 136. Using Figure 5–2, what is the most likely cause of the decrease in moose population immediately after 1995?a. Poisonous plants killed off many moose.b. Many moose reached old age and died.c. Overcrowding caused competition in the moose population.d. A decrease in predators caused competition in the moose population.

____ 137. Each of the following is a density-dependent limiting factor EXCEPTa. competition.b. temperature.c. crowding.d. disease.

____ 138. Which would be least likely to be affected by a density-dependent limiting factor?a. a small, scattered populationb. a population with a high birthratec. a large, dense populationd. a population with a high immigration rate

____ 139. Which density-dependent factors other than the predator/prey relationship affected the populations of moose and wolves on Isle Royale?a. extreme temperatures for the moose and flooding for the wolvesb. parasitic wasps for the wolves and clear-cut forest for the moosec. a hurricane followed by drought for both moose and wolvesd. food availability for the moose and disease for the wolf

____ 140. A disease resulting in the deaths of one third of a dense population of bats in a cave would be aa. density-dependent limiting factor.b. result of exponential growth.c. density-independent limiting factor.d. nutrient-limiting factor.

____ 141. Which of the following is a density-independent limiting factor?a. earthquakeb. diseasec. emigrationd. parasitism

____ 142. Which of the following is a density-independent limiting factor?a. a struggle for food, water, space, or sunlightb. predator/prey relationshipsc. the eruption of a volcanod. parasitism and disease

____ 143. After a natural disaster such as a hurricane or a drought, a populationa. can thrive and increase.b. can be mostly killed off.c. will experience exponential growth.d. will reach its carrying capacity.

Figure 5–3

____ 144. The graph in Figure 5–3 shows the changes in a mosquito population. What caused the changes seen in the graph?a. a reduction in resourcesb. a increase in predation.c. a density-independent limiting factord. a density-dependent limiting factor

____ 145. It is difficult to observe examples of completely density-independent limiting factors because density-independent limiting factorsa. strike only dense populations.b. often have a greater effect on denser populations.c. usually do not have any effect on populations.d. usually affect only a small part of a habitat.

____ 146. Demography is the scientific study ofa. parasitism and disease.b. modernized countries.c. human populations.d. none of the above

____ 147. Demographic transition is change from high birthrates and high death rates toa. exponential growth.b. low birthrates and low death rates.c. low birthrates and high death rates.d. indefinite growth.

____ 148. The human population experienced exponential growth aftera. agriculture began.b. plowing and irrigation began.c. the bubonic plague began.d. the Industrial Revolution began.

____ 149. The anticipated human population by the year 2050 is abouta. 7.8 billion.b. 9 billion.c. 9 trillion.d. 78 billion.

____ 150. In Rwanda, there are more young children than teenagers, and more teenagers than adults. This age structure indicates a population thata. has stopped growing.b. will double in 30 years.c. has a steady growth rate.d. will decrease in 30 years.

Modified True/FalseIndicate whether the statement is true or false. If false, change the identified word or phrase to make the statement true.

____ 151. An important goal of a scientist is to use evidence to learn about the natural world. _________________________

____ 152. Scientists usually believe ideas that are supported by evidence. _________________________

____ 153. “The bird has brown spots on its wings” is an example of an inference. _________________________

____ 154. For a hypothesis to have value, it must be testable. _________________________

____ 155. The scientific attitude of skepticism helps scientists come up with good experiments to test hypotheses. _________________________

____ 156. Scientists who have strong moral beliefs about the subject that they study may show bias in the way they interpret their data. _________________________

____ 157. Most plants and animals reproduce asexually. _________________________

____ 158. The smallest units in living things that are considered to be alive are organisms. _________________________

____ 159. All forms of life are connected to each other in a biosphere, which means a “living planet.” _________________________

____ 160. Paleontologists study dinosaurs and other ancient life. _________________________

____ 161. Biologists study life on all levels from molecules to the entire planet. _________________________________

____ 162. The basic unit of matter is the molecule. _________________________

____ 163. A substance made up of only one kind of atom is an element. _________________________

____ 164. The isotope oxygen-18 has 18 protons. _________________________

____ 165. Scientists show the composition of compounds by a kind of shorthand known as a chemical formula. ____________________

____ 166. When atoms share six electrons, they are joined by a double bond. _________________________

____ 167. When sugar is dissolved in water, the sugar and water are chemically combined. _________________________

____ 168. Buffers are weak acids or bases that can react with strong acids or bases to prevent sudden changes in pH. _________________________

____ 169. The molecules of life are all carbon-based. _________________________

____ 170. Carbon-carbon bonds can be single, double, or triple ionic bonds. _________________________

____ 171. The chemical reaction of and is irreversible. _________________________

____ 172. Proteins that speed up the rate of reactions in living things are substrates. _________________________

____ 173. Ecologists use tools such as binoculars and microscopes to model changes in the environment. _________________________

____ 174. Ecologists can make predictions using ecological models. _________________________

____ 175. Clouds are formed in the sky when water evaporates. _________________________

____ 176. Animals that feed on plants are called producers. _________________________

____ 177. The passage of energy from one organism to another according to a particular feeding sequence is called a food chain. _________________________

____ 178. Only about 10 percent of the energy in a trophic level is available to organisms at the next trophic level. _________________________

____ 179. Scientists classify the nitrogen, carbon, phosphorus, and water cycles as biogeochemical cycles. _________________________

____ 180. Aquatic ecosystems can receive a large input of a limiting nutrient from the runoff from heavily fertilized fields. _________________________

____ 181. A lake that is protected from receiving the runoff from a cultivated field is more likely to remain a healthy ecosystem. _________________________

____ 182. Seawater, sand on a beach, pebbles in the sand, and broken seashells are all examples of abiotic factors at a seashore. ___________________________

____ 183. An organism’s niche includes the way the organism gets what it needs to survive and reproduce. _________________________

____ 184. If too many herbivores live in a community, the predator population will decrease rapidly. _________________________

____ 185. A symbiotic relationship between organisms in which one species benefits and the other is neither helped nor harmed is mutualism. ______________________________

____ 186. A series of more-or-less predictable changes that occur in a community over time is ecological succession. _________________________

____ 187. The temperate forest biome is typically warmer and has more rainfall than the boreal forest biome. _________________________

____ 188. The tropical rain forest is characterized by a wet season and a dry season. _________________________

____ 189. The depth of the water in an aquatic ecosystem determines the amount of oxygen that living things receive there. ____________________

____ 190. Mangroves are salt-tolerant trees that are commonly found in the open ocean. _________________________

____ 191. The zones of the marine ecosystem are determined by distance from shore and depth. _________________________

____ 192. The number of individuals per unit area is a population’s growth rate. _________________________

____ 193. When you graph a population’s exponential growth over time, you will have an S-shaped graph. _________________________

____ 194. The exponential model of population growth accounts for the influence of carrying capacity. _________________________

____ 195. One of the best-known mechanisms of population control is the parasite-host relationship. _________________________

____ 196. Resource shortages triggered by increasing population size are density-independent limiting factors. _________________________

____ 197. Some human activities, such as damming rivers, are density-independent limiting factors. _________________________

____ 198. The human population grew slowly from the beginning of human existence, and then began to grow exponentially during the second half of the twentieth century. _________________________

____ 199. The population of a country whose age structure has many more children than people over 40 years of age will probably decrease rapidly in the future. _________________________

____ 200. An indication that a country has completed the demographic transition is a low birthrate and a low death rate. _________________________

CompletionComplete each statement.

201. Scientists try to use explanations of the natural world to understand patterns and make ____________________ about natural events.

202. A person who asks a lot of questions about the natural world is showing the scientific attitude of _________________________.

203. In science, a theory is a well-tested explanation that explains a lot of ____________________.

204. Charles Darwin’s ideas about change over time have been well tested by other scientists and is now considered to be a ____________________.

205. The combination of chemical reactions through which an organism builds up or breaks down materials as it carries out its life processes is called ____________________.

206. Inside all living things, chemical reactions happen that allow the organisms to grow and develop. Organisms need to take in ____________________ to fuel these reactions.

207. The field of biology that works on rewriting and editing the genetic code is ____________________.

208. A revised version of the original ____________________ system is called SI, or the International System of Units.

209. A mass of 3000 g is equal to ____________________ kg.

210. The subatomic particles that make up atoms are protons, neutrons, and ____________________.

211. Of the three subatomic particles, ___________ are most involved in forming chemical bonds.

212. The elements oxygen and hydrogen can combine explosively to form __________.

213. A chemical bond formed by the transfer of electrons is a(an) ____________________ bond.

214. Water’s ____________________ allows it to dissolve compounds such as table salt (NaCl).

215. The stomach produces a(an) ____________________ that lowers the pH and helps digest food.

216. The pH scale is a measurement system that indicates the concentration of ____________________ in solution.

217. Complex carbohydrates are to monosaccharides as polymers are to ____________________.

218. The elements or compounds that come out of a chemical reaction are ____________________.

219. Chemical reactions that ____________________ energy will not occur without a source of energy.

220. The energy need to start a chemical reaction is called the ____________________.

221. The name of an enzyme usually ends in ____________________.

222. The study of interactions among organisms and between organisms and their physical surroundings is called ____________________.

Figure 3–5

223. In the water cycle shown in Figure 3–5, the process of _________________________ occurs between transpiration and precipitation.

224. The water shown flowing over land in Figure 3–5 is called ____________________.

225. The use of radio tags, satellites, and microscopes are all techniques employed in the basic ecological research method of ____________________.

226. Autotrophs capture energy from sunlight or ____________________ to produce food.

227. Plant-eating animals such as cows are called ____________________.

228. Organisms that break down organic matter and return it to the environment are called ____________________.

Figure 3–1

229. In Figure 3–1, small fishes, squid, and sharks are ____________________, but zooplankton are not.

230. Suppose extra nitrogen were added to the ecosystem in which the organisms in Figure 3–1 live. The ____________________ population would increase almost immediately.

231. Living organisms require nitrogen to make nitrogen-containing compounds, such as ____________________ and nucleic acids.

232. Human activities such as mining and the production and application of fertilizer are part of the ____________________ cycle.

233. Organisms within an ecosystem are ____________________ factors in that ecosystem.

234. Average year-after-year conditions are to climate as day-to-day atmospheric conditions are to _________________.

235. Over time, some plants growing in an area are crowded out by other plants. The new plants use up water and nutrients needed by the previous plants. The disappearance of the first plants is due to ______________________________.

236. Predator is to prey as herbivore is to ____________________.

237. Regrowth of grasses, ferns, wildflowers, and saplings after a forest fire is an example of _______________ succession.

238. Abandoned farmland in North America usually returns to its original ____________________.

239. Mild, moist air from the Pacific Ocean and giant redwood trees characterize the ______________________________.

240. Mountain ranges are not usually classified into biomes because conditions vary by ____________________.

241. The ____________________ of an aquatic habitat depends partly on its distance from the equator and partly on its depth.

242. The water levels in estuaries change throughout the day because they are affected by ocean ____________________.

243. Asian elephants are found in India, Cambodia, Thailand, Vietnam, and Laos; this information describes the ____________________ of the Asian elephant population.

244. Emigration can cause a population to ____________________ in size.

245. Without any limiting factors, a population may grow ____________________.

246. The rise-and-fall cycle of a predator-prey relationship is a density-____________________ relationship.

247. Unusual weather and natural disasters are examples of density-____________________ limiting factors.

248. The change in growth rate that results from the change in birthrates and death rates is known as a ______________________________.

249. During early human history, the growth rate was low because the birthrate was high and the death rate was ____________________.

250. Scientists who study human populations and predict the growth rate of the world and of individual countries study the science of ____________________.