study of biology copyright cmassengale1. what is biology? biology is the study of all living things...
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Study of Biology
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What is Biology?
• Biology is the study of all living things
• Living things are called organisms
• Organisms include bacteria, protists, fungi, plants, & animals
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All Living Things Share Common Characteristics
1. Basic Unit is the Cell2. They Reproduce3. All Based On Universal
Genetic Code (DNA)4. Grow & Develop
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Common Characteristics
5. Obtain & Use Materials & Energy
6. Respond To Their Environment
7. Maintain A Stable Internal Environment
8. AS A GROUP, Living Things Evolve, That Is They Change Over Time
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All Organisms are made of Cells
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Facts About Cells• Cells are the smallest living
unit of an organism• All cells contain living
material called cytoplasm• All cells are surrounded by a
cell membrane that controls what enters & leaves the cell
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More Cell Facts• Cells are complex &
highly organized• Cells have parts
called organelles that do different jobs
e.g. Chloroplasts in plants make sugars
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More Cell Facts• The simplest cells
are called Prokaryotes
• These cells DO NOT have a nucleus or membrane-bound organelles
• Bacteria are examples copyright cmassengale 9
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More Cell Facts• More complex cells
are called Eukaryotes
• These cells DO have a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles
• Plants, animals, protists, & fungi are examples
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Organisms are Grouped by their Number of Cells
• Unicellular Organisms–Living Organism Made Up Of One Cell
• Multicellular Organisms–Living Organism Made Up Of Many, Specialized Cells
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Organisms Reproduce to Pass on their Genetic
Traits
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Two Types of Reproduction
• Sexual Reproduction
• Involves 2 parents
• Egg fertilized by sperm to make a ZYGOTE
• Offspring DIFFERENT from parents
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Two Types of Reproduction
• Asexual Reproduction
• Involves a single organism or cell
• Cell divides• Offspring
IDENTICAL to parent
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Cells Have a Genetic Code
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Genetic Code
• DNA (deoxyribose nucleic acid) carries the genetic code for all organisms
• All organisms contain DNA• DNA codes for the proteins
that make up cells & do all the work
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Organisms Grow & Develop
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Growth & Development
• Organisms grow by producing MORE CELLS & by cell ENLARGEMENT
• Organisms develop as they mature into an adult organism
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Cells Require Food & Energy
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Food Requirements• Autotrophs can make
their own food• Photoautotrophs use
sunlight to make food (photosynthesis)
• Chemoautotrophs use chemicals such as iron & sulfur as their energy
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Food Requirements
• Heterotrophs can NOT make their own food
• They must consume other organisms
• Herbivores eat plants• Carnivores eat meat• Omnivores eat plants & animals
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Metabolism
• Sum of all the chemical reactions in an organism
• All require energy• Sunlight is the ultimate
energy for life on Earth
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Metabolism
• Cellular Respiration –Cells releasing the chemical energy stored in foods
6O2 + C6H12O6 6CO2 + 6H2O
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Organisms Respond to Stimuli
• Organisms Respond to stimuli (Temperature, Water, Food Supplies, etc.) In Order To Survive & Reproduce
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Homeostasis
• Keeping The Internal Environment (Homeostasis) Of The Cell or Organism Within The Ranges Required For Life
• Stable internal conditions of pH, temperature, water balance, etc.
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Living Things Evolve
• Groups Of Organisms (Not Individuals) Change Over Time In Order To Survive Within Changing Environments.
• Fossil records show changes in groups of organismscopyright cmassengale 26
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Life is Organized on Several Levels
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Levels• Atoms• Molecules• Organelles• Cells – life starts
here• Tissues• Organs• System• Organism
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Levels
• Population• Community• Ecosystem• Biosphere
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