Biology Standard 4

Name ___________________________________

Biology Standard 4 This information will be found in chapter 12, 9, 10, & 11

1. Compare/contrast DNA and RNA in the table: DNA RNA

Name

Description of the Molecule

Structure and Shape

Macromolecule Type

Structure (single or double)

Building Blocks

Name of Sugar

Phosphate? (Yes or No)

4 Nitrogen Bases

Leave Nucleus? (Yes or No)

a. Nitrogen bases that bond together in the center of the DNA molecule or to the side of the RNA

molecule are called _________________________________________.

i. In DNA, Guanine bonds with __________________________________ and Adenine

bonds with _____________________________________.

ii. In RNA, Guanine bonds with ___________________________________ and Adenine

bonds with _____________________________________.

b. Draw and label two complementary nucleotides.

2. (T/F) DNA, genes, and chromosomes compose the molecular basis of heredity.

a. _________________________________________ are structures in the nucleus of a cell

consisting essentially of one long thread of DNA that is tightly coiled.

b. _______________________________ is composed of nucleotides and provides the blueprint for

the synthesis of proteins by the arrangement of nitrogen bases; code of life or genetic code.

Biology Standard 4

c. A specific location on a chromosome is called a _____________________________ and it

consists of a segment of DNA that codes for a particular protein.

d. (T/F) Each chromosome consists of thousands of genes which determines the many different

proteins for an individual.

e. (T/F) Proteins are important because they determine characteristics of an organism.

3. How are specific proteins determined?

4. (T/F) Each cell in an organism’s body contains a complete set of chromosomes.

5. (T/F) Every organism has the same number of chromosomes.

6. (T/F) Organisms that are closely related share fewer genes than organisms that are not closely related.

7. What are sex chromosomes and what are the two types?

8. Any chromosome that is not a sex chromosome are called ___________________________________.

9. Autosomes contain (one, two, or three) pair of each type of chromosome.

a. Each pair consists of (one, two, or three) chromosomes that have genes for the same proteins.

b. How are chromosomes inherited?

10. Total number of chromosomes in humans is _______________ and there are _____________ pairs.

11. What is DNA replication?

a. (T/F) DNA replication is carried out by a series of enzymes.

b. What is the primary function of the first enzyme (helicase)?

c. (T/F) Each base exposed on the template strands can only bond to its complementary base pair.

d. The result is (two, three, or four) identical DNA molecules.

12. The process of cells making proteins when proteins are needed is called _________________________.

a. Which cell organelle does this process occur in?

b. During transcription DNA is copied into ___________________.

i. Explain the major steps of transcription.

Biology Standard 4

ii. This process starts in the nucleus but ends in the _______________________________.

c. During translation RNA is copied into ____________________________.

i. Compare/contrast mRNA, rRNA, tRNA.

ii. How many different types of tRNA molecules exist?

iii. Describe the structure of a tRNA molecule.

iv. This process begins when the mRNA attaches to what cell organelle?

v. Each 3-base nucleotide sequence on the mRNA is called a _______________________

which specifies a particular amino acid that will be placed in the chain to build the protein.

vi. Transcribe and translate the DNA sequence GAC.

vii. (T/F) The sequence of mRNA nucleotides determines the order of amino acids which

determines the structure and function of the protein.

viii. Explain the major steps of translation.

13. Mitosis is asexual reproduction and meiosis is _______________________________ reproduction.

a. Compare/contrast diploid and haploid.

b. The division resulting in a reduction in chromosome number is __________________________.

c. Meiosis occurs in two steps: Meiosis I and Meiosis II. Complete the table:

Biology Standard 4

Stage Main Events Cell Picture Stage Main Events Cell Picture

Interphase

Interphase

Prophase I Prophase II

Metaphase I

Metaphase II

Anaphase I

Anaphase II

Telophase I Telophase II

Cytokinesis

Cytokinesis

How many haploid cells after meiosis I? How many haploid cells after meiosis II?

Biology Standard 4

i. Chromosomes pair up & become visible as a cluster of 4 chromatids called a _________.

ii. A ______________________________________ chromosome pair consists of two

chromosomes containing the same type of genes from each parent.

iii. Each of the two daughter cells from meiosis I contain (one, two, or three) chromosome

from each parental pair.

14. ______________________________ is the study of patterns of inheritance and variations in organisms.

a. (T/F) Genes control each trait of a living thing by controlling the formation of an organism’s

proteins.

b. Since all autosomes are diploid, each cell contains (one, two, or three) genes for each trait.

c. What are alleles and when do they separate?

15. Explain the Law of Dominance.

16. Compare/contrast heterozygous and homozygous.

a. Circle the heterozygous genotype and underline the homozygous genotype: Aa BB bb

17. Compare/contrast genotype and phenotype.

a. Circle the genotype and underline the phenotype: Blue CC Dd Round

b. Circle the genotypes that would be tall: tt Tt TT

18. Compare/contrast dominant and recessive.

a. Circle the dominant allele and underline the recessive: e F g H

19. Explain the Law of Segregation.

20. Explain the Law of Independent Assortment.

a. (T/F) This law holds true for all genes unless the genes are in close proximity and are linked.

Biology Standard 4

21. _____________________________________ are used to predict the probable genetic combinations in

offspring.

a. Compare/contrast monohybrid and dihybrid cross.

b. Cross two heterozygous tall plants. List the genotypes and ratios of the offspring. List the

phenotypes and ratios of the offspring.

c. Cross one homozygous dominant yellow & heterozygous round plant to one heterozygous yellow

& homozygous recessive wrinkled plant. Y = dominant yellow, y = recessive green, R =

dominant round, r = recessive wrinkled. List the genotypes and ratios of the offspring. List the

phenotypes and ratios of the offspring.

YYrr YYrr

Yyrr Yyrr

Yyrr Yyrr

Biology Standard 4

22. (T/F) The chromosome theory of inheritance is a basic principle in biology that states genes are located

on chromosomes and that the behavior of chromosomes during meiosis accounts for inheritance patterns.

23. _______________________________________ - genes that are located on the same chromosome will

be inherited together.

a. (T/F) These genes travel together during gamete formation.

b. (T/F) This is an exception to the Mendelian principle of independent assortment.

24. What is crossing over and why is it important for genetic variation?

a. When does crossing over occur?

25. Compare/contrast incomplete dominance and codominance.

26. Having more than two alleles for a specific trait is called ______________________________________.

a. What are the 3 types of alleles for blood type?

b. What are the 4 types of blood?

27. Traits that are controlled by two or more genes are called _____________________________________.

a. Give an example of this type of trait.

28. Genes that are carried on either the X or Y chromosome result in ______________________________.

a. XX = ____________________________ XY = ____________________________________

b. What is the chance of having a female child? Male child?

c. Which sex chromosome carries more genes?

d. (T/F) Genes on sex chromosomes are called sex-linked genes.

e. X-linked genes are carried on the ____________ chromosome.

f. Y-linked genes are carried on the ____________ chromosome.

29. What is a pedigree?

a. Draw the symbol for an unaffected male and an affected male.

b. Draw the symbol for an unaffected female and an affected female.

c. What is meant by a symbol being partially filled in?

Biology Standard 4

d. Be able to interpret various types of pedigrees: dominant or recessive autosomal genetic

trait AND dominant or recessive sex-linked genetic trait.

30. The alteration of an organism’s DNA is called a ______________________________________; can

range from a change in one base pair to the insertion or deletion of large segments of DNA.

a. (T/F) Mutations always negatively affect an organism.

b. What is a mutagen?

c. (T/F) Most mutations are automatically repaired by the organism’s enzymes & have no effect.

d. If the mutant cell is a gamete (sex cell) the altered DNA and the mutation (will or will not) be

passed to the offspring and can result in genetic disorders.

i. Compare/contrast gene mutation and chromosomal mutation.

ii. Abnormal number of chromosomes is a result of ______________________________

which occurs during meiosis.

e. If the mutant cell is a body cell (somatic cell) the daughter cells can be affected by the altered

DNA and the mutation (will or will not) be passed to the offspring.

i. (T/F) Body cell mutations contribute to the aging process or the development of cancer.

31. The process of replacing specific genes in an organism in order to ensure that the organism expresses a

desired trait is called ____________________________________________________.

a. What is a gene map?

b. All of the genetic material in an organism is an organism’s _____________________________.

c. _____________________________________ - identical copy of a gene or an entire organism.

i. (T/F) Can be beneficial (organ transplants or saving species) or negative (genetic

disorders).

d. (T/F) In gene therapy, scientists insert a normal gene into an absent or abnormal gene.

32. ___________________________________________________ is the method of artificially selecting and

breeding only organisms with a desired trait to produce the next generation.

a. What is inbreeding?

b. A form of selective breeding that chooses & breeds organisms that show strong expression for

two different traits in order to produce offspring that express both traits is called

___________________________________________________.