corrigendum : standard xii biology textbook edition 2021
TRANSCRIPT
Corrigendum : Standard XII Biology Textbook Edition 2021
Chapter 1: Reproduction in Lower and Higher Plants
PageNo.
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Right (R)
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Line No. Printed Matter Correction
1 R
Budding:Spore formation below the diagram 1.2
line 3
line 3
Yeast........ addition
in Algae, Chlorella Chlamymonas
Yeast and Protosiphon.
in unicellular Algae, Chlorella ,Chlamymonas and Diatoms;
1 R
Spore formation below the diagram 1.2
line 3 in Penicillium and Gemmules formation in and Gemma formation in
1 R
Spore formation below the diagram 1.2
line 5 Sponges Marchantia.
3 L Below the box line 4addition - Stamen consist ............. and anther ......................
Stamen consist ............. and anther having two anther lobes (theca).
3 LStructure of antherPara
Structure of anther:
A mature anther has generally two anther lobes and each anther lobe has two microsporangia or pollen sacs. Thus it is dithecus and tetrasporangiate. However in family Malvaceae, anther is monothecus, bisporangiate. An immature stage of anther is represented by group of parenchymatous tissue surrounded by single layered epidermis. The heterogenesity (differentiation) arises when some hypodermal cells get transformed into archesporial cells.
6 Rc. Xenogamy ... :
2 .......... one flower is deposited ........... .......... one flower are deposited ...........
7 L Fig. 1.8 title Fig. 1.8 : Pollination by wind (Maize) Fig. 1.8 : Pollination by wind (Maize plant)
7 L Fig. 1.8 labelling Seed (Kernel) grain (Kernel)
12 Fig.1.16 Title Fig. 1.16 : Development of Monocot EmbryoFig. 1.16 : Development of Monocot (grass) Embryo
13 R Fig. 1.18 Title Fig. 1.18 : Maize seed (Monocot) Fig. 1.18 : V.S. of Maize grain (Monocot)
14 L Try this box 3 ..clay. Mould the mixture into small balls and..clay. Mould the mixture with water into small balls and ....................
14 LBelow try this box
1 Dormancy is a state of metabolic arrest thatDormancy is a temporary state of metabolic arrest that.......
Chapter 3 : Inheritance and Variation
PageNo.
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49 L3.1 Chr..... para 2
line 1 • Gregor Mendel, son of the peasant farmer,• Gregor Mendel, son of a peasant
(farmer),
56 R para 1 line 2
Walter Sutton along with Theodor Boveri (1903) studied the parallel behaviour of Mendel’s factors (genes) and behaviour of chromosomes, at the time of meiosis.Addition in this para.
Walter Sutton along with Theodor Boveri (1903) studied the behaviour of Mendel’s factors (genes) and behaviour of chromosomes, at the time of meiosis. They concluded that the behaviour of genes and chromosomes is parallel. Since there are many characters (genes) while the number of chromosomes is limited, they concluded that each chromosome carries a large number of genes.
57 R Function line 1 Chromosomes are carriers of heredity.Chromosomes mainly act as carriers of hereditary material.
58 RSex Chromo...
para 2line 7
Euchromatin has large amount of DNA material, hence genetically active.
Euchromatin has DNA in extended state hence it is metabolically more active than the heterochromatin.
59 L linkage line 2
It is a known fact that several genes are present on the chromosome. As chromosomes are carriers of heredity, these genes have tendency to be inherited together. Such genes are called linked genes. This tendency of two or more genes present on the same chromosomes that are inherited together is known as linkage. This entire part be modified..
It is a known fact that several genes are closely located on each chromosome and are located very close to each other such genes have tendency to be inherited together and thus, called linked genes. This tendency of two or more genes present on the same chromosomes being inherited together, is known as linkage.
59 R Crossing over line 8 The ................. consist The ................. consists of .......
59 RCrossing
Over :
line 12-13
The phenomenon of crossing over is universal and it is necessary for the natural selection, because it increases the chances of variation.
The phenomenon of crossing over is by and large universal (except in male Drosophila). It is necessary for the natural selection because it increases the chances of variation.
60 LBox
para 1
Thomas Hunt Morgan was an American bi-ologist. He used fruit fly (Drosophila mela-nogaster) in genetic reserch ........................... crossing over.
Thomas Hunt Morgan was an American biologist. He used the fruit fly (Drosophila melanogaster) in genetic research ........................... crossing over.
60 LBox
para 2
Margan’s work played key role in the field of genetics. He was awarded a Nobel prize in 1933, in ......................... Medicine.
Morgan’s work played a key role in the field of genetics. He was awarded the Nobel prize in 1933, for ................. Medicine.
63 L Fig. 3.11 labelling Carrier daughter X Normal Male Carrier female X Normal Male
64 L Fig. 3.13 labelling Carrier daughter X Normal Male Carrier female X Normal Male
65 R
Something...box
para 2
line 2 about 10 cm long body. She has a proboscis.... about 10 cm long body and the proboscis...
67 RTurner’s Syndrome :
It is sex chromosomal disorder caused due to non-disjunction of chromosome during gamete formation. Individual born with Turner’s syndrome has 44 autosomes with XO.
It is a sex chromosomal disorder caused due to non-disjunction of X- chromosome during the formation of egg. Individual born with Turner’s syndrome has 44 autosomes and XO.
67 RKlinefelter’s syndrome (XXY males) :
line 1 It is chromosomal disorder caused due to It is a chromosomal disorder caused due to
67 RKlinefelter’s syndrome (XXY males) :
line 5 - 6
result of non-disjunction of X-chromosome during meiosis. Individual is male and has over all masculine development. Voice pitch is harsh and have under developed testis. They are tall with long arms, feminine development (development of breast i.e. Gynaecomastia) and no spermatogenesis, therefore, individuals are sterile.
result of non-disjunction of X-chromosomes during meiosis in the formation of ovum. Such an individual is a male and has overall masculine development with harsh voice pitch, under developed testes and are tall with long arms showing feminine features like development of breast i.e. Gynaecomastia and no spermatogenesis, therefore, individuals are sterile.
68 L MCQ 1 Caption1. Phenotypic ratio of incomplete dominance in Mirabilis jalapa.
1. F2
Phenotypic ratio of incomplete dominance in Mirabilis jalapa is ---
68 L MCQ 4 Caption4. When phenotypic and genotypic ratios are the same, then it is an example of ...........
4. When F2 phenotypic and genotypic ratios
are the same, then it is an example of ............
68 R MCQ 8 Choice d d. Super female = 44 + XXX d. Normal female = 44 + XXX
Chapter 4 : Molecular Basis of Inheritance
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70 R para 1line 1
from topOn the other hand DNA thought ... On the other hand the DNA thought ...
70 R4.2 The genetic
........line
3 to 7
................. on chromosome and that ......... are mainly composed of DNA and protein. Initially, ................................. that protein are ................ molecules and ................................
................. on chromosomes and that ......... are composed mainly of DNA and protein. Initially, ................................. that proteins are ................ and varied molecules and store .......................................................
70 L para 2 line 3 and 4
............... Let us study three important ..........
............................................. opinion................ Three following important ......................................................... opinion.
73 LPackag... Euka...
line 1and 2
Eukaryotes show well organized nucleus containing nuclear membrane, nucleolus and thread-like material in the form of chromosomes.
Eukaryotes show a well organized nucleus with nuclear membrane, nucleolus and ........................................ chromosomes.
73 R Para 1 line 4 , 5, 6
The nucleosome core is made up of two molecules of each of four types of histone proteins viz. H
2A, H
2B, H
3and H
4. H
1 protein
binds the DNA thread where it enters (arrives) and leaves the nucleosome.
The nucleosome core is an octamer made up of two molecules of each of four types of histone proteins viz. H
2A, H
2B, H
3and H
4. Histone protein
H1 binds the DNA thread where it enters (arrives)
and leaves the nucleosome.
73 R Para 2one nucleosome ............ Non-bistane chromosomal proteins (NHC)
One nucleosome (Fig 4.5) approximately contains 200 base pair (bp) long DNA helix, of which about 146 bp long segment is wound around each octamer and the remaining bp contribute as linker DNA (Fig. 4.5) connecting two successive nucleosomes. Nucleosomes are stained body made of repeating units of chromatin. When observed under electron microscope these appear as ‘beads-on-string’ but actually represent ‘string-on-beads’ (Fig 4.6). DNA helix of 200 bps wraps around the octamer by 1¾ turns. Six such nucleosomes get coiled repeatedly and then form solenoid that looks like a coiled telephone wire (Fig 4.7). The chromatin is around 10 nm thick fibre packed to form a solenoid structure of 30 nm diameter (300A0). Further supercoiling of solenoid tends to form a looped structure that further coils and condenses at metaphase stage to form the chromosomes. The packaging of chromatin at higher levels, need additional set of proteins that are called Non-Histone Chromosomal proteins (NHC).
75 LAutocatalytic...
Para 2
line 3The process by which DNA duplicates itself is called replication. Through replication, it forms two copies that are identical to it.Addition to line 3
The process by which DNA duplicates itself is called replication. Through replication, it forms two copies that are identical to each other and also to the parent DNA.
76 RMeselson’s
expt.step 1
1. Meselson and Stahl in 1958 performed an experiment to prove semiconservative nature (mode) of replication.
1. Meselson and Stahl in 1958 performed an experiment to verify the semiconservative nature (mode) of replication.
76 RMeselson’s
expt.step 2 They cultured .................... band is recorded To be deleted
76 RMeselson’s
expt.step 3
3. E. coli cells were then tranferred to 15N medium (heavy isotopic nitrogen) and allowed to replicate for several generations. At equilibrium point density gradient band was obtained, by using 6M CsCl
2. The
position of this band is recorded.
2. E. coli cells growing in 14N were transferred to 15N medium (heavy isotopic nitrogen) and allowed to replicate for several generations. At equilibrium point density gradient band was obtained, by using 6M CsCl
2(Cesium chloride).
The position of this band was recorded.
77 LMeselson’s
expt.step 4
4. The heavy DNA (15N) molecule can be distinguished from normal DNA by centrifugation in a 6M Cesium chloride (CsCl
2) density gradient. The density gradient
value of 6M CsCl2 and 15N DNA is almost
same. Therefore, at the equilibrium point 15N DNA will form a band. In this both the strands of DNA are labelled with 15N.
3. The heavy DNA (15N) molecule can be distinguished from normal DNA (14N) by centrifugation in a 6M CsCl
2 density gradient.
The density gradient value of 6M CsCl2 and
of 15N DNA is almost same. Therefore, at the equilibrium point 15N DNA will form a band. In this both the strands of DNA are labelled with 15N.
77 LMeselson’s
expt.step 5
5. Such E. coli cells were they transferred to another medium containing 14N i.e. normal (light) nitrogen. After first generation, the density gradient band for 14N 15N was obtained and its position was recorded. After second generation, two density gradient bands were obtained - one at 14N 15N position and other at 14N position.
4. Such E. coli cells were then transferred to another medium containing 14N i.e. normal (light) nitrogen. After first generation, the density gradient band for 14N - 15N (hybrid) was obtained and its position was recorded. After second generation, two density gradient bands were obtained - one at 14N - 15N position and other at 14N position.
77 LMeselson’s
expt.step 6
6. The position of bands after two generations clearly proved that DNA replication is Semiconservative.
5. The position of bands after two generations clearly proved that the DNA replication is Semiconservative. (Fig. 4.9)
77 R last box ........................... RNA to be made bold ........................... RNA to be made bold
82 RMutations.......... Code:
line 4place. It results in the change of genotype (i.e. character).
place. It results in the change of genotype expressed in the terms of phenotype (i.e. character).
85 L can you tell boxs Bullet 5 5. What is translocation? 5. What is translation?
90 L4. Southern
blottingline 1
4. Southern blotting: The separated DNA fragments are transferred to a nylon membrane or a nitrocellulose filter paper by placing it over the gel and soaking them with filter paper overnight.
4. Southern blotting: It is a technique used for detecting a specific DNA sequence, developed by E. Southern. The separated DNA fragments are transferred to a nylon membrane or a nitrocellulose filter paper by placing it over the gel and soaking them with filter paper overnight.
Chapter 5 : Origin and Evolution of life
PageNo.
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94 L5.1 Origin of
life para 1
line 1 The living matter shows attributes or The ‘living beings’ shows attributes or
94 L5.1 b Cosmozoic...
line 1 This theory advocates that life did not arise This theory advocates that life did not originate
94 L5.1 bCosmozoic...
Addition in the para....Antarctica. However this theory could not explain the origin of life of other planets hence it is not accepted.
94 L5.1 cSpontaneous...
According to this theory, life originated from non-living material spontaneously. This theory was disproved by Louis Pasteur.
According to this theory, life originated spontaneously from the interaction of non-living (inanimate) material i.e. abiogenetically. e.g. maggots from decaying meat. This theory was however disproved by Louis Pasteur.
94 Robserve and...
2. Louis Pasteur’s....
correction in the labelling.Broth boiled, Curved neck removed, Broth re-mained free of microorganisms, Microorganisms grew in broth
95 R para l last line of free oxygen and enzymes.of free oxygen and enzymes (non enzymatic reducing atmosphere).
97 LRNA World...para 3
line 3 suggests that early life must have been basedsuggests that early (first) life must have been based
98 L Darwinism line 5, 6 “On the origin of species by Natural Selection” “On the origin of species by means of Natural Selection”
98 RDarwinism ...postulates 2Struggle
line 4, 5, 6
2. Struggle for existence - Tendency of over production leads to the struggle for existence between the members of population for limited supply of food or to overcome adverse environmental conditions or for a space or to escape from enemies etc.
2. Struggle for existence - Tendency of over production leads to the struggle for existence between the members of population. The struggle is for limited supply of food, to overcome adverse environmental conditions, for space and mate, and or to escape from enemies etc.
98 RDarwinism ... postulates 4 Natural...
line 1, 2, 3
4. Natural selection - Organic variations can serve as evidence that for the some organisms have better adapted to survive
4. Natural selection - Organic variations can serve as evidence for some organisms that are better adapted to survive....
99 L5. Origin of new species
line 3 and 7
generation to generation, successive cycle and finally giving rise to a new species.
generation to generation, the successive ....... in the life cycle and finally gives rise to a new species.
99 L Evidences....
Evidences Darwinism include - (i) Evolution of long-necked Giraffe to pluck and eat more leaves from tall trees and woody climbers. This adaptation became fixed in the life for survival. The Giraffe borne tall could survive in famine heat areas. This adaptation was transmitted to their offspring. This is how, present long-necked Giraffe came to existence. (ii) Black colour peppered moths evolved gradually as new species. (iii) DDT resistance in mosquitoes-intensive DDT spraying destroyed all types of mosquitoes. However some mosquitoes developed resistance to DDT and survived the on slaught of DDT spray. Such resistant mosquitoes survived and reproduce giving rise to more resistant offspring.
Evidences for Darwinism - (i) Evolution of long-necked Giraffe to pluck and eat more leaves from tall trees and woody climbers. This adaptation became fixed in the life for survival. The Giraffe with long neck could survive better in grass land and woodland areas as compared to those having short necks. This adaptation was transmitted to their offspring. This is how, present long-necked Giraffe came to existence. (ii) Black colour peppered moths evolved gradually as new species. (iii) DDT resistance in mosquitoes : intensive DDT spraying destroyed many types of mosquitoes. However some mosquitoes developed resistance to DDT and survived the onslaught of DDT spray. Such resistant mosquitoes survive and reproduce giving rise to more resistant offspring.
99 L Drawbacks... a and not part of evolution... Additionand not part of evolution i.e. he was unable to distinguish between the environmental and hereditary variations.
99 R
e e. According to natural selection new species are formed by gradual accumulation of useful variations. If it is so, then their should be intermediate forms. But in most cases intermediate form were not recognised. Moreover, Darwinism also could not explain existence of neutral flowers and the sterility of hybrids.
e. According to natural selection new species are formed by gradual accumulation of useful variations. If it is so, then there should be intermediate forms. But in most cases intermediate forms were not recognized. Moreover, Darwinism also could not explain existence or occurence of neutral flowers and the sterility of hybrids.
99 R5.5 Mutation
Theory
last 2 line
these sudden changes are inheritable, and proposed the Mutation theory.
these sudden changes are heritable, and proposed the Mutation theory.
100 LObjections to
Mutation...
bullet 2 line 1 Rate of mutation is very slow as compared
Rate of mutation is very low as compared
100 LAlways
remember box
bullet 1 line 3 large, sudden, random and direction less.
large, sudden, random and directionless.
100 L 5.6 Modern....bullet 2line 3
Fisher, Sewall Wright, Medel, T. H. MorganFisher, Sewall Wright, Mendel, T. H. Morgan
100 L 5.6 Modern....
bullet 3 • Stebbins in his book discussed five key factors such as gene mutations, mutations in the chromosome structure and number, genetic recombinations natural selection and reproductive isolation, contributed in the evolution of new species.
• Stebbins in his book discussed five key factors viz. gene mutations, mutations in the chromosome structure and number, genetic recombinations, natural selection and reproductive isolation. These contributed in the evolution of new species.
101 Liv. genetic drift..
line 4-7 called genetic drift. For example, when the size of a population is severely reduced due to natural disasters like earthquakes, floods, fires, etc. cause elimination of particular
called genetic drift. For example, the size of a population is severely reduced due to natural disasters like earthquakes, floods, fires, etc. thus causing elimination of particular ...
101 R
b. Natural
selection
para 1
According to Darwin, natural selection is the main driving force leading to evolution. This holds that genetic variations rise within the population. The ‘fittest’ will be at the selective advantage and will be more likely to produce offsprings than the rest, as the ‘fit’ continues to enjoy greater survival and reproductivity, new species will eventually evolve.
According to Darwin, natural selection is the main driving force behind the evolution. This holds that genetic variations arise within the population. The ‘fittest’ will be at the selective advantage and will be more likely to produce more offsprings than the rest. The ‘fit’ continues to enjoy greater survival and reproductivity. New species will eventually evolve.
102 L para 1
Selection against harmful mutations leads to a mutation balance in which allele frequency of harmful recessives remain constant generation after generation.
Selection against harmful mutations leads to a mutation balance, in which allele frequency of harmful recessives remains constant generation after generation.
102 Rc. Isolation :
para 2
Number of isolating mechanisms are operated in nature and therefore divergence and speciation may occur. The isolating mechanisms are of two types namely, geographical isolation and reproductive isolation.
Number of isolating mechanisms operate in nature and may promote the divergence, and the speciation. The isolating mechanisms are of two types namely, geographical isolation and reproductive isolation.
102 R
I. Geographical
Isolation :
para 2
line 3they acquired new traits by mutations. The they acquire new traits by mutations. The
103 R Mutations -line 1-3from top
Mutations are already described earlier in this chapter. Gene mutations produce new alleles which are added to gene pool.
Mutations are already described earlier in this chapter. Gene mutations will alter the genetic make up and thus the gene pool.
103 RGenetic drift -
para 2
A bottle neck effect is seen when much of a population is killed due to a natural disaster and only a few remaining individuals are left to begin a new population.
The Bottle neck phenomenon is a type of genetic drift seen when much of a population is killed due to a natural disaster (e.g. Tsunami, Floods, Tornado, Disease epidemic etc.) and only a few individuals are left to begin a new population.
103 RNatural
selection
line 3 variations are selected by nature and leave variations are selected by nature and thus they leave the...
104 La. Stabilizing
selection :
bullet 1 line 2
acquired a mean character value. acquire a mean character value.
104 La. Stabilizing
selection :
bullet 2 line 5 compare to those who are over-weight or
compared to those who are over-weight or
104 La. Stabilizing
selection :
bullet 4 line 2-3
tend to maintain phenotypic stability within population, therefore, it is described as
tends to maintain phenotypic stability within the population, therefore, it is described as
104 Lb. Directional
selection :
bullet 1 line 1 In this type, more individuals acquired value
In this type, more individuals acquire a value
104 Lb. Directional
selection :
bullet 3 line 3, 4
trend within a population and shifting a trend within a population and shifting of the peak ...
104 Lb. Directional
selection :
bullet 4 line 1
e.g. Industrial melanism, DDT resitant Examples - Industrial melanism, DDT resistant
104 R
c. Disruptive
Natural
selection
bullet 2line 1,2
Nature select extreme phenotypes and eliminate intermediate. Hence two peaks
Nature selects extreme phenotypes and eliminates the intermediate. Hence two peaks
104 R
c. Disruptive
Natural
selection
line 5 to 6
Large beak sized birds feeds on large seeds Large beak sized birds feed on large seeds
105 L5.8 Hardy- Weinberg’s...
line 13 locus is always one. i.e. P + Q = 1. The genotypic
locus is always one. i.e. p + q = 1. The genotypic
105 L5.8 Hardy-
Weinberg’s...
line 16 is P2 + 2pq + q2 = 1 i.e. AA=P2, aa=q2 and for
is p2 + 2pq + q2 = 1 i.e. AA=p2, aa=q2 and for
105 L5.8 Hardy-
Weinberg’s...
line 18 Hence P2 + 2pq + q2 = 1 This is a binomial Hence p2 + 2pq + q2 = 1. This is a binomial
105 L5.8 Hardy-
Weinberg’s...
above the table
This can be explained by punnet square as follow.
This can be explained by Punnett square as follows :
105 L Table Hybrid Aa, Hybrid A a Hybrid Aa/pq, Hybrid A a/pq
105 L below the tableline 1-2 Like allele frequency, the genotypic
frequencies together are also equal to 1. Like the allele frequency, the genotypic frequencies together are also equal to 1. i.e. AA + 2Aa + aa = 1
106 LCan you tell box
Q.3 3. What is Homologous organs ? 3. What are Homologous organs ?
106 RC o n n e c t i n g link
Connecting link (missing link) :These are fossil forms transitional or intermediate between two groups of organisms. It shows some characters to both the groups. Thus it indicate the evolutionary line Seymouria (between amphibians and reptiles). e.g. Archaeopteryx (between reptiles and birds).
Connecting link (s) [(missing links)] :These are fossil forms transitional or intermediate between two groups of organisms. They show some characters akin to both the groups. Thus indicate the evolutionary line, e.g. Seymouria (between amphibians and reptiles) and Archaeopteryx (between reptiles and birds).
108 La. Homologous organs : pt.3
Addition in the para
3. In plants, thorns of Bougainvillea and tendrils of Cucurbita represent homology. Thorns of Bael and tendrils of passion flower are homologous.
108 Lb. Analogous organs :
Addition as point 44. Terminal leaflets of pea and apical bud in Vitis are modified into tendrils.
108 Rc. Vestigeal organs :
last line above the e.g.
with those organisms were these organs are fully developed.
with those organisms where these organs are fully developed.
109 L
5.11 a.
Allopatric
speciation
line 1-7
i. Allopatric speciation : Formation of a new species due to separation of a segment of population from the original population by distanced or a geographical barrier cutting across the species range. e.g. creeping glaciers, development of mountains. Migration of individual also causes allopatric speciation. The mode of evolution here is called adaptive radiation
i. Allopatric speciation : It is the formation of a new species due to separation of a segment of the population from its original population by distance or by a geographical barrier cutting across the species range. e.g. creeping glaciers and development of mountains. Migration of individuals also causes allopatric speciation. The mode of evolution here is called adaptive radiation...
109 Rii. Sympatric
speciation:
line 1-2 Formation of species within single population without
It is the formation of new species within single population without...
109 R Hybridisation :
Hybridisation :Two different species on crossing may give rise to a new species. e.g. Mule is a hybrid produced by interbreeding between a male donkey and a female horse. Hinny is offspring of male horse and female donkey.
Hybridisation :Two different species on crossing may give rise to a hybrid that on doubling of its chromosomes forms a new species. e.g. Triticum aestivum (hexaploid) and Gossypium herbaceum (tetraploid).
109 R
5.12 Geological
time scale :
para 1
line 3 tells us that life forms were not the same millions
tells us that life forms were not the same like todays, millions.....
110 Table 5.15column 4 and 5
Recent (Holocene), Angiosperms Recent (Holocene), Angiosperms dicots, monocots, spread of agriculture.
110 Table 5.15column 4 and 5
Pliocene - Hard woody plants conifers, grasslands bryophytes, monocots
Pliocene Hard woody plants conifers, bryophytes, monocots, grasslands dominated
110 Table 5.15column 4 and 5
Miocene- Abundance of deciduous trees origin of grasses
Abundance of deciduous trees, origin of grasses.
110 Table 5.15column 4 and 5
Palaeocene-Modernisation of flowering plants
Palaeocene- Advancement of flowering plants and grasses
110 Table 5.15
column 2 and 5
Cretaceous- Decline of ferns - sphenopsids (horsetails) and Gymnosperms Ginkos, Gnetales. 1st appearance of flowering plants.
Cretaceous- Decline of ferns - sphenopsids (horsetails) and Bennetitales Gymnosperms Ginkgos, Gnetales. 1st appearance of Angiospermic plants which begin to dominate land.
110 Table 5.15
column 2 and 5
Jurassic -Origin of angiospersms Dominance of lycopods, ferns, conifers, cycads.
Jurassic -Origin of angiosperms, Dominance of herbaceous lycopods, ferns, conifers, cycads.
110 Table 5.15
column 2 and 5
Triassic- Dominance of gymnosperms extinction of seed ferns
Triassic- Dominance of Bennetitales gymnosperms, extinction of seed ferns
111 Table 5.15
column 2 and 5
permian- Origin of conifers Decline of lycopods Abundance of ferns, cycads and conifers
permian- Origin of conifers, Decline of arborescent lycopods, Abundance of ferns, cycads and advanced conifers
111 Table 5.15
column 2 and 5
Carboniferous- Development of diverse pteridophytes, mosses and gymnosperms. age of ferns and coal forests, different fungal groups
Carboniferous- Development of diverse arborescent lycopods, mosses, seed ferns and primitive conifers. Age of ferns and coal forests, different fungal groups.
118 L Very short ans.
Q.3 3. If the variation occur in population by chance alone and not by natural selection and bring change in frequencies of an allele. What is it called?
3. If the variation occur in population by chance alone but not through natural selection and it brings change in frequency of an allele. What is it called?
118 L Q. 4 Match the following
column 2 c
3. Charles Darwin - c. Theory of acquired characters
3. Charles Darwin - c. Theory of inheritance of acquired characters
118 R Q.5 Long Ans.
3 3. By talking industrial melanism as one example. Explain the concept of natural selection.
3. By taking industrial melanism as one example, explain the concept of natural selection.
118 R Q.5 Long Ans.
6 6. What is Genetic variations? Explain the different factors responsible for genetic variations.
6. What are Genetic variations? Explain the different factors responsible for genetic variations.
Chapter 6 : Plant Water Relation
PageNo.
Column Left (L)
Right (R)
Heading/Paragraph
Line No. Printed Matter Correction
121 Rbelow iii. isotonic
Osmosis is of two types viz, Exo-osmosis and Endo-osmosis.
Osmosis is of two types viz, Exosmosis and Endosmosis.
121 R Exo-osmosis : It is the migration of solvent Exosmosis : It is the diffusion of solvent
121 R Endo-osmosis : It is the migration of the Endosmosis : It is the diffusion of the
123 L6.7
para 2last 3rd
linecells of endodermis and finally into the cell of
cells of endodermis (in monocot roots) and finally into the cell of...
126 R iii. line 1iii. If plant is smeared with vaseline in order to
iii. If plant leaves are smeared with vaseline in order to
127 L6.11 Transport
of foodline 1-2
All the plant parts require continous supply of food for nutrition and developement. In
All the plant parts require continous supply of food (photosynthate) for nutrition and developement. In
128 LLateral
translocation : line 1
Lateral translocation : It occurs in the root and
Lateral translocation : It occurs horizontally/laterally across the root and....
130 L para 2 line 4its lateral wall is thin and elastic. Guard cells .......................
its lateral (outer) wall is thin and elastic. Guard cells .......................
133 R Q.4Sub Q.
5.5. What is hydroponics? How is it useful in identifying the role of nutrients?
to be deleted altogether.
133 L Q. 3 11. How are minerals absorbed by the plants? to be transferred to Q.4 on page 152
Chapter 7 : Plant Growth and Mineral Nutrition
PageNo.
Column Left (L)
Right (R)
Heading/Paragraph
Line No. Printed Matter Correction
134 L7.1 Plant growth para 1
last line product of successive metabolism. product of successful metabolism.
134 R 7.2 A phase... line 4 cytoplasm. Meristematic cell undergoescytoplasm. Meristematic (particularly cambial) cell undergoes
135 box pt. 44. Increase in volume of a fruit - e.g. In watermelon flower, ovary after fertilization increases in
4. Increase in volume of a fruit - e.g. In watermelon flower, the ovary after fertilization increases in
137 L7.5 Growth
curve : last para last line
of growth, a sigmoid curve is obtained.of growth, a ‘s’ shaped i.e. sigmoid curve is obtained.
140 L Box line 2 - 3............ ester form, 2, 4-D and 2,4,5-T (dioxin) is known ............
............ ester form viz. 2, 4-D and 2, 4, 5-T (dioxin), is known ............
140 Lb. Gibberellins :
para 2line 13 GA3 is most common and biologically active
GA3 (= Gibberellic acid) is the most common
and biologically active
140 Rline 4
from topAddition
increase in length and converting genotypic dwarf to phenotypic tall plant. It also promotes bolting i.e.....
140 R c. Cytokinin : line 1-2It is another growth hormone that promotes cell division. Letham coined the term cytokinin.
It is another growth hormone that promotes cytokinesis during cell division. Letham coined the term cytokinin.
142 LPhotoperio....
para 1last 3 line
flowering. The influence of light is known as Photoperiodism and that of temperature, is Vernalization.
flowering. The influence of duration of light is known as Photoperiodism and that of low temperature, is Vernalization.
143 Lb. Long Day
Plants (LDP)line 1 Plants that flower during summer are .............
Plants that flower usually during summer are ..............
143 L Fig. 7.9 labellinga. Requires a relatively long of uninterrupted darkness.
a - SDP Requires a relatively long uninterrupted darkness.
143 L Fig. 7.9 labellingb. Requires a relatively small duration of darkness/ no darkness at all.
b - LDP Requires a relatively short duration of darkness/ no darkness at all.
143 RPhytochrome : para 2
line 1 The leaves produce light-receiving The leaves posses light-receiving....
143 R Phytochrome : below
the diagram
During day time, Pfr accumulates in the plants.
It inhibits flowering in SDP but initiates flowering in LDP. During dark period P
fr
changes into Pr, it stimulates/ promotes
flowering in SDP and inhibits flowering in LDP.
During day time, Pfr accumulates in the
plants because of conversion of Pr into P
fr.
It inhibits flowering in SDP but initiates flowering in LDP. During dark period, P
fr
changes into Pr which stimulates/ promotes
flowering in SDP but inhibits flowering in LDP.
144 R Advantages... bullet 1 • Crops can be produced earlier.• Crop plants by shortening of the juvenile phase attain early flowering.
144 R 7.12 Mineral line 1-2Plant absorbs water, gases, mineral, nutrients, etc. from surroundings. Green plants
Plant absorbs water, gases, minerals and nutrients from surroundings. Green plants
145 L para 1 line 5 the catalytic role e.g. Zn, Cu, Al, Si, etc. as the catalytic role e.g. Zn, Cu, Al, Si, Mn, B, Mo, Cl etc. as
145 L para 12nd last
lineS, etc. C, H, O are non mineral major elements. S, Ca and Fe. C, H, O are non mineral major
elements.
147 Lupper Do you
know boxbullet 3 line 1-2
• Catalytic functions : Many elements like Fe, Cu, Zn, Mg, Mn, Cl, etc. act as ...
• Catalytic functions : Many elements like Fe, Cu, Zn, Mg, Mn, Cl, MO, B act as ...
147 L Toxicity.... Addition in the paraThe phenomenon where toxic effect of one mineral is counter balanced by the other ion, is called antagonism.
147 Rb. Donnan
equilibrium :line 3 ions, after their entry into the cell, become
ions (i.e. anions), after their entry into the cell, become
148 L
7.13 Nitrogen
cycle:2nd last
linePlants need nitrogen in a reactive form usually Plants badly need nitrogen in a reactive
form usually
148 R Box 21 Industrial nitrogen fixation. Industrial nitrogen fixation:
149 L
Biological Nitrogenfixation :
para 2
line 2process and nitrogen fixers use 16 molecules of ....
process (endothermic reaction) and nitrogen fixers use 16 molecules of ...
149 L
Nitrification :
para 1 line 1Most of the soil bacteria participate in... Addition before the 1st line
Nitrification is exothermic reaction. Most of the soil bacteria participate in...
150Do you know
boxbullet 1
1. Soil nitrogen is replenished by excretion of animals, (as ammonia, urea and uric acid) ammonification and nitrification.
1. Soil nitrogen is replenished through the nitrogenous waste of animals, (as ammonia, urea and uric acid) via.ammonification and nitrification.
152 R Q.4 Sub Q. 5 Addition How are minerals absorbed by the plants?
Chapter 8 : Respiration and Circulation
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153 Rline 2
from topAddition
spaces are continuous. Exchange of gases takes place between the air and the tissue. Oxygen diffuses into.....
158 R Graph 8.7 labelling Oxygen ppO2 (mm Hg) Oxygen tension ppO
2 of blood
(mm Hg)
158 RCarbon
monoxide poisoning
line 7 - 8monoxide preventing oxygen from binding with hemoglobin. Thus less hemoglobin......
monoxide thus preventing oxygen from binding with it as a result less hemoglobin......
162 R internet my ... line 1Which is type of circulation present in amphibians ans reptiles ?
Which type of circulation is present in amphibians ans reptiles ?
Chapter 9 : Control and Coordination
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183 L Fig 9.2 labelling Flatworms e.g. Planaria Flatworms e.g. Planaria
202 L Eye line 6 ..... upper and lower eyelids eyelashes .... ..... upper and lower eyelids, eyelashes ....
212 R below the box line 7 transmitters adrenaline and nor-adrenaline transmitters - adrenaline and nor-adrenaline
215 R Pancreasline 3line 5
and endocrine gland. ... four kinds of hormone....
and an endocrine gland.... four types of hormone....
Chapter 10 : Human Health and Diseases
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239 R Middle periodline 6
second last line
conditions; capablity for .... establishing peer group defining ....
conditions; capability for ....
establishing peer group that helps in defining ....
Chapter 11 : Enhancement of Food Production
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246 RLower do you
know boxlast 2line
Molecular plant breeding, Tissue culture, rDNA technology, SCP, etc.
Molecular plant breeding, and rDNA technology.
247 R2. Evaluation...
line 4The selected parents must be healthy, vigorous ........
The two plants selected as parents must be healthy, vigorous ......
248 R para 2
Many high yielding, hybrid varieties of rice, wheat, sugarcane, millets, developed through hybridization, have helped farmer community to attain record agricultural production in India since 1961. This is called green revolution.
The cultivation of many high yielding, hybrid varieties of rice, wheat, sugarcane, millets, developed through hybridization, and the use of fertilizers pesticides and proper irrigation have helped farmer community to attain record agricultural production in India since 1961. This is called green revolution.
251 RAdvantages...
bullet 4 line 1
4. Genetically similar plants (clones) are 4. Genetically identical plants (clones) are
252 R 11.5 Bio.... line 1-3
It is a method in which crops are breed (produced) for having higher levels of vitamins, minerals and fats (i.e. better nutritive value). Addition of sentence
It is a method in which crops are bred (produced) for having higher levels of vitamins, minerals and fats (i.e. better nutritive value). It can also be achieved by supplementing nutrients from outside, besides through breeding.
258 R11.7 Microbes..
para 2 line 3-4
algae, fungi, bacteria, viruses, protozoans, nematodes, etc. and their products that exhibit benificial activities which are used for welfare
algae, fungi, bacteria, viruses, protozoans, nematodes etc. Their products having beneficial activities are used for welfare
259 R iv. Cheese:The milk is coagulated with lactic acid - addition to be done prior to the above sentence
It is the partially degraded concentrate of milk fat and caesin. The milk is coagulated with lactic acid
260 La. Production..
line 1-2 Beverage is a liquid used or prepared forBeverage is a non-alcoholic or alcoholic liquid produced or prepared and used for drinking e.g. ...
260 Rc. Production..
line 1-2
Vitamins are some organic nitrogenous compounds which are capable of performing many life-sustaining functions inside our body.
Vitamins are some complex organic nitrogenous compounds required in small amount and are capable of performing many life-sustaining functions of our body.
265 R Table 11.14headings
of columns
Pathogen HostPathogen (biocontrol agent) Host(target pest)
Chapter 12 : Biotechnology
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273. L para 2 line 4 way, using in vitro process. way, using ‘in vitro’ process.
280 R para 2line 1-4
The genes are inserted by the side of β-galactosidase gene of the plasmid. The recombinant plasmids were then separately transformed into E. coli host.
The genes for chain A and B are inserted next to β-galactosidase gene separately in separate plasmid vectors. The recombinant plasmids are then separately introduced into E. coli host cell.
280 R
Vaccineproduction: para 3
line 1 Vaccines have eliminated small pox, Vaccines have eliminated (eradicated) small pox, ...
281 LOral Vaccine:para 2
line 5-6important example is the production of flu vaccine by Bacillus which melts in the mouth.
important example is the production of flu vaccine by Bacillus subtilis which melts in the mouth.
281 Lb. Agriculture para 1
para 1 modified
Application of Biotechnology in Agriculture involves the use of genetically modified crops through the gene manipulation. The GM crop that are pest resistant, stress tolerants etc. are used in improving the productivity.
281 RGene therapy box
line 1 and 4
Gene therapy is the treatment of disease...or abnormality is responsible for the disease.
Gene therapy is the treatment of disease (disorder)......or abnormality is responsible for the disease (disorder).
281 RGene therapyPara 2
line 1 Most, if not all, diseases have a genetic Most, if not all, disorders have a genetic..
281 RGene therapyPara 2
line 3 partially responsible for the disease. For partially responsible for the disorder. For
281 R Gene therapy Bullet 2• Deliver genes that speed the destruction of cancer cells;
• Deliver genes that speed up the destruction of cancer cells;
283 R Highlighted boxGolden rice - a transgenic food crop used to reduce vitamin A deficiency disease.
Golden rice - a transgenic food crop used to reduce vitamin A deficiency disease (night blindness).
283 Rb. bioforti... para 2
line 1 Especially terrible is the blindness that Especially terrible is the night blindness that
283 Rb. bioforti... para 2
line 5 world cannot afford. To solve this problem, world do not easily afford. To solve this problem,
283 Rb. bioforti... para 2 line 9
The golden colour is due to vitamin A. TheyThe golden colour is due to beta carotene a precursor of vitamin A. They....
284 R para 1 line 11-12
called Flavr savr tomatoes) can remain on the vine until mature and be transported in a firm solid state.
called ‘Flavr savr’ tomatoes) can remain on the vine until mature (long shelf life) and be transported in a firm solid state.
285 L bullet d.d. Genetically engineered opium poppy to produce more powerful painkillers.
d. Products of Genetically engineered opium (poppy) used to produce more powerful (i.e. strong) painkillers - i.e. analgesics and sedatives.
285 L e. Transgenic.. line 5 in developing countries. Potatoes, tomatoes, in developing countries. GM Potatoes, tomatoes,
285 L e. Transgenic.. last line vaccine delivery. Addition in the ...vaccine delivery. Fruits of GM banana can be used as oral edible vaccine against Hepatitis - B.
288 L a. Herbicide.... line 1 Effects on the environment are a particular Effects on the environment are of a particular
288 L a. Herbicide.... line 8 crops in less than ideal conditions. However, crops in lesser ideal conditions. However,
288 R c. New Proteins last line ...unknown. ...unknown. eg. whey protein.
288 Rd. Food Additives ... para 1 line 5
and disease resistance to those countries ...and disease resistance to the people of those countries ...
288 Rd. Food Additives ... para 2 line 2-3
of antibiotic and vaccine-resistant strains of diseases.
of antibiotic and vaccine-resistant strains of pathogens.
291 R Q.3 short.... 1.1. Explain the properties of a good or ideal cloning vector for rDNA technology.
1. Explain the properties of a good and ideal cloning vector in rDNA technology.
291 R Q.3 short.... 2. 2. A PCR machine can rise temperature...2. In a PCR machine the temperature can be raised upto...
Chapter 13 : Organisms and Populations
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294 R Table 13.23rd diff.. in both
columns
Effect of temperature, rainfall and other abiotic factors.Flow of energy from one organism to other through ecosystem.
has effect of temperature, rainfall and other abiotic factors on its population.
shows impact of organisms upon the habitat.
294 R Table 13.2 5th diff.. Niche is an activity performed by organisms.Niche is an activity or role performed by organisms.
302 L Para 1 2nd last line
benefited in mutualism and both are harmed in competition.
benefited in mutualism and one or both may be harmed in the competition.
307 L MCQ 3 catption3. Association between sea anemone and Hermit crab in gastropod shell is that of ................
3. Association between sea anemone and clown fish is that of ................
Chapter 14 : Ecosystems and Energy flow
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308 L Para 1 line 16ecosystems while lakes, wetlands, rivers and...
ecosystems while lakes, wetlands, rivers, seas, oceans and....
308 L Para 2 line 2analyse the structure of the ecosystem, in order ...
analyse the structure and functions of the ecosystem, in order ...
308 L Para 2 line 3to appreciate the input (productivity), transfer ...
to appreciate the input (net productivity), transfer...
308 L Para 2 line 5 and the output (degradation and energy loss). and the output (as degradation and energy loss).
312 R Fig. 4.6 TitleFig. 14.6 : Energy loss with increasing trophic level
Fig. 14.6 : Energy flow showing loss at increasing trophic level
312 L below box line 7 saprotrophs. Decomposers secrete enzymessaprotrophs (saprobes). Decomposers secrete enzymes
313 L14.3
Ecological para 2
line 3 an inverted cone like structure. This concept an upright cone like structure. This concept
314 Lpara 1 line 1-5
Pyramid of energy is always upright, can never be inverted, because when energy flows from a particular trophic level to the next trophic level, some energy is always lost as heat at each step.
Pyramid of energy is always upright. It can never be inverted, because when energy flows from a particular trophic level only 10% pass on as net energy to the next trophic level, and large amount of energy is always lost as heat at each step.
314 L 14.4 Nutrient.. line 5 calcium, etc. present in the soil, varies in ...calcium, etc. present in the soil. Their concentration varies in...
316 L 14.5 Ecological line 3 ecosystem is occupied by the pioneer species. ecosystem is initially occupied by the pioneer species.
Chapter 15 : Biodiversity, Conservation and Environmental Issues
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321 R para 1 a defined area... Addition a defined area. In nut shell, biodiversity is the totality of genes species and ecosystem in a region (as per IUCN, UNEP and WRI).
322 La. Genetic...
para 1last 3rd
linespecies. You know about 1000 varieties of species. There are about 1000 varieties of
322 La. Genetic... para 2
line 1-4
Another case of genetic diversity is : a medicinal plant Rauwolfia vomitoria which secretes active component reserpine, is found in different Himalayan ranges. This plant
Another case of genetic diversity is a medicinal plant Rauwolfia serpentina which secretes (produces) active component reserpine. It is found in different Himalayan ranges. This plant....
323 R Below fig. 15.5 line 1-5
Humboldt observed that species richness does increase with the increase in area but upto a limit. Observe the graph for species-area relationship. For many species this curve is a rectangular hyperbola.
Humboldt observed that species richness increases with the increase in area but upto a certain limit. Observe the graph for species-area relationship. For many species this relationship is in the form of a rectangular hyperbola.
325 R15.4 Loss of para 2
last line overexploitation and reclamation. Additionoverexploitation and reclamation (of mangroove lands).
325 R Yellow box line 1 - 2Major mass extinction events occured between Cretaeous and Coenozoic period;
Major mass extinction events occurred between pleistocene and holocene epoch; between Cretaceous and Tertiary period;
325 R 15.4 Loss ofbelow
the box line 1-4
We are aware of five mass extinctions during various stages of history of earth (e.g. ice age). The current loss of biodiversity is considered to be the Sixth extinction which
We are aware of six mass extinctions during various stages of history of earth (e.g. ice age). The current loss of biodiversity extinction (holocene) is considered to be the seventh mass extinction which...
328 L15.5 Conservationpara 1
line 4 its optimum level and to derive sustainableits optimum level and also to derive sustainable
329 L para 1 line 1-4
India has three of world’s biodiversity hotspots (the areas with high density of biodiversity), Western ghats, Indo-Burma and Eastern-Himalayas. It has been estimated...
India has four of world’s biodiversity hotspots (the areas with high density of biodiversity) : Western ghats, Indo-Burma region, Sundaland and Eastern-Himalayas. It has been estimated....
331 L para 1line 3-4
Any substance that causes pollution, is called Pollutant. In order to protect and improve
Any substance - chemical or form of energy that adversely affect health of living organism including humans, is called Pollutant. In order to protect and improve
331 L Particu.... line 1-2 Particulate air pollutants may be solid or liquids. Particles with diameter 10 µm may
Particulate air pollutants are solids and also as fine liquid droplets called aerosols. Particles with diameter 10 µm may
334 L para 2 Addition in last line.... construction sites, industries, public functions, festivals, family functions etc.
334 RDomestic sewage
line 3human consumption. Solids are relatively easy...
human consumption and also affect aquatic plant and animals. Solids are relatively easy...
335 R Fig. 15.8Arrows in the figure shown in downward direction
Arrows in the figure to be shown in upward direction
338 Lbelow the fig.para 1
line 4-5cycle is repeated many times. Hence CO
2 and
CH4 are commonly called greenhouse gases.
cycle is repeated many times. Similar phenomenon prevails under green house/glass house. Hence it is called greenhouse effect. Gases CO
2 and CH
4 involved in the
process are called greenhouse gases.
338 Lbelow the fig.para 4
2nd last line
are emitted by fire extinguishers and air conditioners.
are emitted by fire extinguishers, jet planes, air conditioners etc.
342 R Q.3 Short... lin 44. Green house effect is boon or bane? Give your opinion.
4. Is green house effect boon or bane? Give your opinion.