biology lecture slide week 2
DESCRIPTION
Biology Lecture Slide Week 2TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Biology Lecture Slide Week 2](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022052622/5592db0e1a28ab093c8b45e7/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
CELL STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF ORGANELLES
![Page 2: Biology Lecture Slide Week 2](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022052622/5592db0e1a28ab093c8b45e7/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
IN THIS TOPIC
Structure and functions : Cell wall Cell membrane Organelles
Movement of molecules/substances in and out of the cell
![Page 3: Biology Lecture Slide Week 2](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022052622/5592db0e1a28ab093c8b45e7/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
CELL WALL
![Page 4: Biology Lecture Slide Week 2](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022052622/5592db0e1a28ab093c8b45e7/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Outside the cell membrane
In plant cell, prokaryotes, some protista and fungi only.
Components : middle lamella primary wall secondary wall Plasmodesmata
![Page 5: Biology Lecture Slide Week 2](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022052622/5592db0e1a28ab093c8b45e7/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Land plants : Cellulose Lignin Suberin
Waxy Waterproof (some tissue)
Functions : Cell shape Support and mechanical strength Prevent haemolysis ‘skin’ Carbohydrate store
![Page 6: Biology Lecture Slide Week 2](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022052622/5592db0e1a28ab093c8b45e7/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
CELL MEMBRANE
![Page 7: Biology Lecture Slide Week 2](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022052622/5592db0e1a28ab093c8b45e7/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Both in animal and plant cell
Selective permeable
Composed of : Proteins Glycoprotein Glycolipids Phospholipid Cholesterol and lipoprotein (a few)
![Page 8: Biology Lecture Slide Week 2](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022052622/5592db0e1a28ab093c8b45e7/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Fluid mosaic model
Lipid bilayer Phospholipid Hydrophilic head (polar) Hydrophobic tail (non-polar)
Embedded protein Embedded between layer Integral protein Peripheral protein (not embedded) Free movement within layer As carrier and channel protein
Cholesterol Make phospholipid stay in position
‘Fluid’ protein and lipid molecules able to shift and move laterally
‘Mosaic’ the protein molecules form mosaic-like patterns when viewed
from the top.
![Page 9: Biology Lecture Slide Week 2](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022052622/5592db0e1a28ab093c8b45e7/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
![Page 10: Biology Lecture Slide Week 2](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022052622/5592db0e1a28ab093c8b45e7/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Functions of cell membrane
Barrier Maintain internal environment of
cell Communication between cell Markers to foreign materials Transportation
(Text book page 29)
![Page 11: Biology Lecture Slide Week 2](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022052622/5592db0e1a28ab093c8b45e7/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
ORGANELLES
![Page 12: Biology Lecture Slide Week 2](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022052622/5592db0e1a28ab093c8b45e7/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
1. Nucleus2. Endoplasmic reticulum3. Golgi apparatus4. Mitochondria5. Lysosomes6. Ribosomes7. Chloroplasts8. Centrioles9. Vesicles
![Page 13: Biology Lecture Slide Week 2](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022052622/5592db0e1a28ab093c8b45e7/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Nucleus
![Page 14: Biology Lecture Slide Week 2](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022052622/5592db0e1a28ab093c8b45e7/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Nucleus
‘The Control Centre’
Available in all eukaryotes excepts ; Sieve tube of phloem R_ _ _ _ oo _ _ _ l l
![Page 15: Biology Lecture Slide Week 2](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022052622/5592db0e1a28ab093c8b45e7/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Components of nucleus
nuclear envelope
nucleoplasm
nucleolus
chromatin
![Page 16: Biology Lecture Slide Week 2](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022052622/5592db0e1a28ab093c8b45e7/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Nuclear envelope
Two outer membranes (lipid bilayers) Innermost surface has DNA attachment
sites
Nuclear porebilayer facing cytoplasm Nuclear envelope
bilayer facing
nucleoplasm
![Page 17: Biology Lecture Slide Week 2](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022052622/5592db0e1a28ab093c8b45e7/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Nucleolus dark spot in the middle of the nucleus produce ribosomes
Functions : Store genetics material and information
Site of cell division Produce RNA & DNA
![Page 18: Biology Lecture Slide Week 2](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022052622/5592db0e1a28ab093c8b45e7/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Endoplasmic reticulum
![Page 19: Biology Lecture Slide Week 2](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022052622/5592db0e1a28ab093c8b45e7/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
In animal cells, continuous with
nuclear membrane
Extends throughout cytoplasm
Two regions - rough and smoothRough ER Smooth ER
![Page 20: Biology Lecture Slide Week 2](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022052622/5592db0e1a28ab093c8b45e7/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Functions
ROUGH ER SMOOTH ER
Prominent in cells that manufacture protein for export ; digestive enzymes, hormones, structural protein or antibodies
Necessary for steroid synthesis, metabolism and detoxification of substances in liver, phospholipid synthesis and excitation-contraction coupling in skeletal muscle
With ribosome Without ribosome
![Page 21: Biology Lecture Slide Week 2](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022052622/5592db0e1a28ab093c8b45e7/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Golgi body
![Page 22: Biology Lecture Slide Week 2](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022052622/5592db0e1a28ab093c8b45e7/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Puts finishing touches on proteins and lipids that arrive from ER
Packages finished material for shipment to final destinations
Material arrives and leaves in vesicles
![Page 23: Biology Lecture Slide Week 2](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022052622/5592db0e1a28ab093c8b45e7/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
![Page 24: Biology Lecture Slide Week 2](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022052622/5592db0e1a28ab093c8b45e7/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Mitochondria
![Page 25: Biology Lecture Slide Week 2](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022052622/5592db0e1a28ab093c8b45e7/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
ATP-producing powerhouses
(aerobic respiration)
Membranes form two distinct
compartments
ATP-making machinery
embedded in inner
mitochondrial membrane
![Page 26: Biology Lecture Slide Week 2](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022052622/5592db0e1a28ab093c8b45e7/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
outercompartment
innercompartment
outer membrane inner membrane
repeated foldings of inner membrane (cristae)
![Page 27: Biology Lecture Slide Week 2](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022052622/5592db0e1a28ab093c8b45e7/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Lysosomes
![Page 28: Biology Lecture Slide Week 2](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022052622/5592db0e1a28ab093c8b45e7/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
a vesicle with enzymes digest biological macromolecules ER to Golgi body Autophagy Autolysis
![Page 29: Biology Lecture Slide Week 2](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022052622/5592db0e1a28ab093c8b45e7/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
![Page 30: Biology Lecture Slide Week 2](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022052622/5592db0e1a28ab093c8b45e7/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Ribosomes
![Page 31: Biology Lecture Slide Week 2](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022052622/5592db0e1a28ab093c8b45e7/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Function as the site of mRNA translation during protein synthesis
Free-wheeling in cytoplasm / attached to ER
TWO subunits ; small and large
![Page 32: Biology Lecture Slide Week 2](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022052622/5592db0e1a28ab093c8b45e7/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
![Page 33: Biology Lecture Slide Week 2](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022052622/5592db0e1a28ab093c8b45e7/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Chloroplasts
![Page 34: Biology Lecture Slide Week 2](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022052622/5592db0e1a28ab093c8b45e7/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Site of photosynthesis
![Page 35: Biology Lecture Slide Week 2](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022052622/5592db0e1a28ab093c8b45e7/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Centrioles
![Page 36: Biology Lecture Slide Week 2](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022052622/5592db0e1a28ab093c8b45e7/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Type of cytoskeleton (network of fiber) In mitosis; source of mitotic spindle Functions ;
Organise the formation of spindle fiber Organise the formation of cilia and flagella
(9+2 / 9+3)
![Page 37: Biology Lecture Slide Week 2](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022052622/5592db0e1a28ab093c8b45e7/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
![Page 38: Biology Lecture Slide Week 2](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022052622/5592db0e1a28ab093c8b45e7/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
vesicles
![Page 39: Biology Lecture Slide Week 2](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022052622/5592db0e1a28ab093c8b45e7/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
a sac In cytoplasm Types ;
Lysosome Peroxisome Shuttle vesicles Secretory vesicles Endocytosis vesicles Storage vesicles
![Page 40: Biology Lecture Slide Week 2](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022052622/5592db0e1a28ab093c8b45e7/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
♫ ♪ Take 5 ♫ ♪
![Page 41: Biology Lecture Slide Week 2](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022052622/5592db0e1a28ab093c8b45e7/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
MOVEMENT OF MOLECULES/SUBSTANCES IN AND OUT OF THE CELL
![Page 42: Biology Lecture Slide Week 2](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022052622/5592db0e1a28ab093c8b45e7/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
The movement of molecules are based on concentration gradient
Concentration gradient ; Means the number of molecules or ions in one
region is different than the number in another region
In the absence of other forces, a substance moves from a region where it is more concentrated to one where it’s less concentrated - “down” gradient
![Page 43: Biology Lecture Slide Week 2](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022052622/5592db0e1a28ab093c8b45e7/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
Passive transport
Active transport
Endocytosis
Exocytosis
![Page 44: Biology Lecture Slide Week 2](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022052622/5592db0e1a28ab093c8b45e7/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
PASSIVE TRANSPORT
Does not require ATP High to low of concentration gradient
Types ; Diffusion Osmosis Facilitated diffusion
![Page 45: Biology Lecture Slide Week 2](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022052622/5592db0e1a28ab093c8b45e7/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
Diffusion
movement of molecules or ions down a concentration gradient
the molecules move using a natural kinetic energy
![Page 46: Biology Lecture Slide Week 2](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022052622/5592db0e1a28ab093c8b45e7/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
![Page 47: Biology Lecture Slide Week 2](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022052622/5592db0e1a28ab093c8b45e7/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
what determines the rate of diffusion?
![Page 48: Biology Lecture Slide Week 2](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022052622/5592db0e1a28ab093c8b45e7/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
Steepness of concentration gradient◦ Steeper gradient, faster diffusion
Molecular size◦ Smaller molecules, faster diffusion
Temperature◦ Higher temperature, faster diffusion
Surface area◦ Higher surface area, faster diffusion
![Page 49: Biology Lecture Slide Week 2](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022052622/5592db0e1a28ab093c8b45e7/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
Molecules that diffuse through cell membranes
Oxygen – Non-polar so diffuses very quickly.
Carbon dioxide – Polar but very small so diffuses quickly.
Water – Polar but also very small so diffuses quickly.
![Page 50: Biology Lecture Slide Week 2](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022052622/5592db0e1a28ab093c8b45e7/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
Simple Diffusion
small, nonpolar molecules
(ex. O2, CO2)
Polar molecules(ex. Glucose, water)
ions(ex. H+, Na+, K+)
LIPID-SOLUBLE WATER-SOLUBLE
LIPID-SOLUBLE
![Page 51: Biology Lecture Slide Week 2](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022052622/5592db0e1a28ab093c8b45e7/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
Facilitated diffusion
movement of molecules or ions down a concentration gradient with the help of transport protein
Types of transport protein ; Carrier protein Channel protein
![Page 52: Biology Lecture Slide Week 2](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022052622/5592db0e1a28ab093c8b45e7/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
glucose transporter
solute (glucose)
low
[ conc’n] of glucose outside cell > inside
Glucose binds
Protein change shapeGlucose is exposed to fluid on the
other side of the membrane, detaches, leaves channel
![Page 53: Biology Lecture Slide Week 2](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022052622/5592db0e1a28ab093c8b45e7/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
Osmosis
Water movement across a partially permeable
membrane from an area of high
water potential (low solute concentration) to an area of low water potential (high solute concentration)
![Page 54: Biology Lecture Slide Week 2](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022052622/5592db0e1a28ab093c8b45e7/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
HypotonicSolution
membrane permeable towater but not to solutes
HypertonicSolution
![Page 55: Biology Lecture Slide Week 2](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022052622/5592db0e1a28ab093c8b45e7/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
Tonicity 2% sucrosesolution
distilled water
10%sucrose solution
2%sucrose solution
Hypotonic Conditions
Hypertonic Conditions
Isotonic Conditions
![Page 56: Biology Lecture Slide Week 2](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022052622/5592db0e1a28ab093c8b45e7/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
Isotonic solution Hypotonic solution Hypertonic solution
H2O H2O
(1) Normal (2) Lysed
H2O
H2O H2O H2O
Animalcell
Plantcell
(4) Flaccid (5) Turgid (6) Shriveled (plasmolyzed)
(3) Shriveled
Plasmamembrane
H2O
H2O
![Page 57: Biology Lecture Slide Week 2](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022052622/5592db0e1a28ab093c8b45e7/html5/thumbnails/57.jpg)
ACTIVE TRANSPORT
Transport of molecule
Low to high of concentration gradient
require ATP
Involves carrier protein
![Page 58: Biology Lecture Slide Week 2](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022052622/5592db0e1a28ab093c8b45e7/html5/thumbnails/58.jpg)
ATP
ADP
Pi
higher calcium concentration
lower calcium concentration
Calcium enter tunnel
Calcium pump
ATP transfer a phosphate group
Shape change –Ca release
Shape returns o its resting position
![Page 59: Biology Lecture Slide Week 2](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022052622/5592db0e1a28ab093c8b45e7/html5/thumbnails/59.jpg)
![Page 60: Biology Lecture Slide Week 2](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022052622/5592db0e1a28ab093c8b45e7/html5/thumbnails/60.jpg)
ENDOCYTOSIS
Transport of macromolecules
Involves formation of vesicle
Into the cell
Two types; Phagocytosis Pinocytosis
![Page 61: Biology Lecture Slide Week 2](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022052622/5592db0e1a28ab093c8b45e7/html5/thumbnails/61.jpg)
![Page 62: Biology Lecture Slide Week 2](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022052622/5592db0e1a28ab093c8b45e7/html5/thumbnails/62.jpg)
phagocyticvesicle
ediblebacterium
amoeba
Phagocytosis
![Page 63: Biology Lecture Slide Week 2](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022052622/5592db0e1a28ab093c8b45e7/html5/thumbnails/63.jpg)
Phagocytosis; “cellular eating”.
In phagocytosis, the cell engulfs a particle by extending pseudopodia around it and packaging it in a large vacuole.
The contents of the vacuole are digested when the vacuole fuses with a lysosome.
![Page 64: Biology Lecture Slide Week 2](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022052622/5592db0e1a28ab093c8b45e7/html5/thumbnails/64.jpg)
In pinocytosis; “cellular drinking”
a cell creates a vesicle around a droplet of extracellular fluid.
![Page 65: Biology Lecture Slide Week 2](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022052622/5592db0e1a28ab093c8b45e7/html5/thumbnails/65.jpg)
EXOCYTOSIS
Transport of molecules Out of a cell Enclosed in vesicle Move to cell surface membrane Fuse release
![Page 66: Biology Lecture Slide Week 2](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022052622/5592db0e1a28ab093c8b45e7/html5/thumbnails/66.jpg)
![Page 67: Biology Lecture Slide Week 2](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022052622/5592db0e1a28ab093c8b45e7/html5/thumbnails/67.jpg)
Both diffusion and facilitated diffusion are forms of passive transport of molecules down their concentration gradient, while active transport requires an investment of energy to move molecules against their concentration gradient.
![Page 68: Biology Lecture Slide Week 2](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022052622/5592db0e1a28ab093c8b45e7/html5/thumbnails/68.jpg)
Sekian &
terima kasih