biology warm-ups biology 2012-2013 ms. chabot. week 1
TRANSCRIPT
Standard #1• Students will be able to define a problem by:– Posing questions about the natural world.– Conduct observations.– Plan investigations.– Use tools to gather data.– Evaluate others’ investigations.
Question #1:Scientists begin all investigations/experiments by making observations.What is the term used to describe the statement generated by using inferences and prior knowledge?
Hypothesis
Standard 2• Student will compare and
contrast different types of microscopes.
Question 2:Describe the following types of microscopes:•Compound microscope: uses 2 mirrors and a light source to magnify images.•Dissecting microscope: Uses 2 mirrors and a light source with LOW magnification to view dissections.•Scanning electron: passes electron over the surface of DEAD specimens to view very small structures.•Transmission electron: Passes electrons through DEAD specimens to view very small structures.
Standard 3
• Student will compare and contrast different types of microscopes.
Question 3:What type of microscope is most commonly used in a high school science lab?Compound Light Microscope
What kind of microscope is used to study viruses?ANY Electron Microscope
Standard 4
• Students will accurately place the order of events that occur in a scientific investigation.
Question 4:Place the following events in order according to the Scientific Method.Make observations, Generate hypothesis, Design an experiment, Collect data, Draw conclusions
Standard 5• Students will explain the
properties of water, including:
DESCRIBE– Adhesion: allows water to
stick to other substances.– Cohesion: attraction between
water molecules– Ability to moderate
temperature: keeps temperature constant
– Expansion upon freezing– Universal solvent: dissolves
many substances
Question 6What property of water allows it to stick to other water molecules? COHESION
Standard 6• Students will explain
how the properties make water essential for life on Earth.
Question 7What property of water allows for a meniscus to form in a graduated cylinder?ADHESION
Why is this property of water important to organisms? Allows water to move through bloodstream.
Standard 7• Students will identify
and describe the basic molecular structure of carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids.
Question 8What type of macromolecule is composed of chains of amino acids that are joined together by peptide bonds? PROTEINS
What are the functions of this macromolecule? Structure, enzymes, antibodies.
Standard 8• Students will explain
how enzymes speed up the rate of a biochemical reaction by lowering the reaction’s activation energy.
Question 9What is the name of the region where a reactant binds to an enzyme? ACTIVE SITE
SKETCH THIS GRAPH!
Question 10A change in pH can change the shape of a protein.
What is this change (in protein shape) due to heat and pH called? DENATURE/UNRAVEL
Why might a change in pH stop an enzyme from working? Loss of ACTIVE SITE, Loss of SHAPE.
Standard 9• Students will describe
and explain the cell theory.
• New investigations in science influenced the development of the modern cell theory.
QUESTION 11•What are the 3 statements that summarize the modern cell theory?
– all living things are made of cells.
– Cells are the basic units of structure and function in living things.
– New cells are produced from existing cells.
•What common misconception was disproved by the cell theory?
– Spontaneous generation
Standard 10
Students will understand the science behind the development of the cell theory.
Question 12•What inventions and discoveries were necessary for the cell theory to be accepted?– Disprove spontaneous
generation (Pasteur and Redi).
– Invention of microscope (Leeuwonhoek).– Discovery and ID of cells
(Hooke).
Standard 11
Students will compare and contrast Eukaryotic and Prokaryotic cells.
Question 13Which of the following is found in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes?A.LysosomeB.MitochondriaC.Nucleus
D.Ribosome
Standard 12Students will compare and contrast the
organelles found in plant and animal cells that allow them to perform specific
functions.
Standard 12• Students will compare and contrast the
organelles found in plant and animal cells that allow them to perform specific functions.
Compare and ContrastHypothesis and Theory
Hypothesis Theory• Can be
revised• Used by
scientists• Well-tested• Combines
hypothesis and observations
• Possible explanation for events
• Based on observations and inferences
Match the following biology-related words with their correct descriptions.
WORDS
• Homeostasis
• Evolution
• Interdependence
• Cellular basis for life
• Biology
• Metabolism
DESCRIPTIONS• Internal environment remains
steady.• Organisms change over time• All form of life on Earth are
connected• Living things are made of cells.• The study of LIFE• All chemical reactions that
occur in living things.
Construct a pH chart and label with the following items:
• Numbers to represent the pH of a substance.
• Acid• Base• Neutral• Weak acid• Weak base• Strong acid• Strong base
Answer the following questions about Organic Macromolecules.
• Which type of macromolecule is composed of chains of amino acids held together by peptide bonds?
PROTEINS• Which class of macromolecule is used as a rapidly
available energy source?CARBOHYDRATE
• What is the role of the following nucleic acids in living things?– DNA : Carry info for making proteins– RNA : change genetic code from DNA to protein– ATP : cellular energy
Enzymes and Lock and Key Mechanism
Describe how a lock and key mimic how an enzyme functions in the body.
The enzyme acts like a lock, with a specific bonding site called the ACTVIE SITE. The chemical is the key that will fit specifically into the ACTIVE SITE to catalyze (speed up) the chemical reaction.
Review Question #6
• What 3 subatomic particle make up an atom?– PROTONS + charge / in nucleus– NEUTRONS no charge /
in nucleus– ELECTRONS - charge /
surrounds nucleusSKETCH THE ATOM ABOVE IN YOUR
STANDARD NOTEBOOK
Review Question #7• What is an ION? A charged atom, # Protons does not
= # Electrons.• What is an ISOTOPE? An atom with a different Mass
Number/Atomic Weight so a different # of Neutrons.• Complete the table below.
ELEMENT SYMBOL ATOMIC NUMBER
MASS NUMBER
PROTONS NEUTRONS ELECTRONS NEUTRAL/ ION/ ISOTOPE
Hydrogen
H 1 1 1 0 0 +1 Ion
Carbon C 6 12 6 6 6 Neutral
Carbon C 6 14 6 8 6 ISOTOPE
Chlorine Cl 17 35 17 18 18 -1 Ion
Review Question #8• What are the 2 main types of chemical bonds?– IONIC BOND transfers electron(s) from one atom to
another.– COVALENT BOND shares electrons between atoms.
SKETCH EACH EXAMPLE BELOW AND LABEL PROPERLY
Review Question #9
• What are the main elements of all macromolecules and all living things?– Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Phosphorus, Sulfur,
Nitrogen
• What happens to chemical bonds during chemical reactions?– Bonds are made and broken to transform one set
of chemicals into another.
Review Question #10
Complete the following sentences concerning chemical reactions:
•Chemical reactions that RELEASE energy often occur on their own/spontaneously.
•Chemical reactions that ABSORB energy will not occur without a source of energy.
Standard 12Students will describe how structures in cells are directly related to their function in the cell.
Cell Membrane– AKA Plasma Membrane– Selectively permeable
• Controls what enters/exits the cell
– Made of LIPIDS/fats– Contains protein channels
that allow large substances and water to pass through
Cell Membrane– AKA Plasma Membrane– Provides support and shape to the
cell.– Selectively permeable– Made of LIPIDS/fats– Contains protein channels that
allow large substances and water to pass through
QUESTION:What does HYDROPHILIC mean? Water-lovingWhat does HYDROPHOBIC mean? Water-fearing
Standard 12Students will describe how structures in cells are directly related to their function in the cell.
Membrane Proteins– Embedded in the phospholipid
bilayer of the cell membrane.– SOME allow substances to pass
through that are:– SOME act as membrane
markers/FLAGS for cell ID.
QUESTION:What substances must use a membrane protein embedded in the cell membrane to move into and out of the cell? Water and Large molecules like glucose
Standard 13Students will explain the role of the cell membrane during active and PASSIVE transport
• Passive transport means to move substances into and out of the cell without consuming the cell’s energy, ATP.
QUESTION;Describe each type of PASSIVE transport below:•Diffusion: movement of a solute from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration.•Osmosis: movement of WATER from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration.•Facilitated Diffusion: movement of a solute from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration through a membrane protein.
Standard 13
QUESTION:What happens to cell size in the following situations:•ISOTONIC: concentration is the same so cell does not change size.•HYPOTONIC: solute concentration is lower in solution than the cell, water moves in and cell SWELLS.•HYPERTONIC: solute concentration is higher in solution than the cell, water leaves the cell and cell SHRINKS.
Concentration Gradients, ISOTONIC, HYPERTONIC, and HYPOTONIC
A CONCENTRATION GRADIENT is the difference of dissolved SOLUTES present on either side of a cell membrane.
Standard 14 - 1
Students will identify the reactants, products, and functions of photosynthesis.
QUESTION:Most of the energy on Earth comes from what source?
THE SUN
Standard 14 - 2Students will identify the reactants, products, and functions of photosynthesis.
QUESTIONS:What organelle is present in plant cells that performs the process of photosynthesis? CHLOROPLASTWhat chemical is present in this organelle is needed for photosynthesis? CHLOROPHYLL
Standard 14 - 3
Students will identify the REACTANTS, products, and functions of photosynthesis.
QUESTION:What reactants do plants use to create stored carbohydrates?
CARBON DIOXIDE and WATER and THE SUN
Standard 14 - 4
Students will identify the reactants, PRODUCTS, and functions of photosynthesis.
QUESTION:What does the process of photosynthesis produce when complete? CARBOHYDRATES and OXYGEN
Standard 14 - 5Students will identify the reactants, products, and functions of photosynthesis.
QUESTION:Write the chemical equation that demonstrates photosynthesis.
Standard 15-1
Identify the reactants, products, and basic functions of aerobic and anaerobic cellular respiration
What organelle performs the process of cellular respiration? MITOCHONDRIA
What organisms contain this organelle? PLANTS and ANIMALS
Standard 15-2
Identify the reactants, PRODUCTS, and basic functions of aerobic and anaerobic cellular respiration
What is produced in the process of cellular respiration? ATP Adenosine TriPhosphate ENERGY!!!
SKETCH and LABEL the molecule above
Standard 15-3
Identify the reactants, PRODUCTS, and basic functions of aerobic and anaerobic cellular respiration
What do organisms use ATP for? Movement, reproduction, cell transport, homeostasis… LIFE…BIOLOGY.
Standard 15-4
Identify the REACTANTS, products, and basic functions of aerobic and anaerobic cellular respiration
What ingredients/reactants are needed for cellular respiration? Carbohydrates and Oxygen
Standard 15-5
Identify the reactants, products, and basic functions of aerobic and anaerobic cellular respiration
What is the chemical equation used to demonstrate cellular respiration?
Standard 15-6
The PRODUCTS of photosynthesis, sugar and oxygen are the REACTANTS needed for cellular respiration.
The PRODUCTS of cellular respiration, CO2 and H2O are the REACTANTS needed for photosynthesis.
REVIEW #2Identify the steps performed during
AEROBIC cellular respiration to produce up to 36 molecules of ATP.
FIRST, What does “AEROBIC” mean?WITH OXYGEN
STEP 1: Glycolysis = means “breaking sugar.” Breaks a 6-carbon sugar into 2, 3-carbon molecules that enter the Kreb Cycle.
STEP 2: Kreb Cycle = allows the 3-carbon molecules to be further broken down to produce ATP and high energy electron carriers that are then sent through the Electron Transport Chain.
STEP 3: Electron Transport Chain = moves electron across the mitochondria to produce the bulk of the ATP made
REVIEW #3Identify the steps performed during
ANAEROBIC cellular respiration to produce 4 molecules of ATP.
What does “ANAEROBIC” mean?WITHOUT OXYGEN
STEP 1: Glycolysis = means “breaking sugar.” Breaks a 6-carbon sugar into 2, 3-carbon molecules that enter Lactic Acid Fermentation.
STEP 2: Lactic Acid Fermentation = breaks down the 3-carbon molecules into smaller and smaller units, creating MUCH LESS ATP than through AEROBIC respiration.
Standard 16 - 1Students will explain how the structures of plant tissues and organs are directly related to their roles in physiological processes.
Question:Which of the following structures perform photosynthesis in plants?A.RootsB.Cones
C.LeavesD.Veins
What makes these structures special? They contain chlorophyll
Standard 16 - 1Students will explain how the structures of plant tissues and organs are directly related to their roles in physiological processes.
Question:Which plant structure is NOT involved in sexual reproduction?A.ovaryB.pistalC.stamen
D.stem
Standard 16 - 3Xylem transports water and nutrients from the ground upward
Vascular tissue transports water and nutrients
Fibrous roots small, shallow roots
Taproots single, large, deep root
Phloem carries food from photosynthesis to other plant parts.
Guard cells transports water in the leaves
Veins control movement into and out of Stems plant
Stem transports between roots and leaves
Standard 16 - 4Students will explain the difference between MONOCOT and DICOT plants.
MONOCOT DICOT
Seeds Single Double
Leaves Parallel veins Branching veins
Flowers Multiples of 3 Multiples of 4 or 5
Stems Scattered vascular bundles Arranged vascular bundles
Roots Fibrous roots Taproots
Standard 17-2Students will describe the relationship between the cell cycle and cancer.What is cancer? Mitosis gone crazy; cells divide uncontrollably.How is cancer and the cell cycle related? When the cell cycle, which controls the rate and timing of cell division, is not precise, cell growth increases causing the development of a tumor.How can a change in the cell cycle effect cancer development? The faster the cell cycle is moving from birth to death of a cell, the more likely cancer will develop.
Standard 17-3Students will describe mutations that can lead to cancer development.What is a mutation? Mutations are changes that occur in the genetics of an organism.What are examples of mutagens? UV light, cigarette smoking, poor diet, pollution, alcohol.How do mutations affect cancer development? Mutations can alter the rate and timing of cell division, causing the cell cycle to increase in the rate and timing of cell division.