Biology 3451

Entomology

Introduction

How the course is organized

Part 1: Guts ‘n’ Gonads

Internal and External Structure

1. All major body sections + associated appendages

2. All major organ systems and how they work.

Part 2: Tiptoe through the Orders

1. Insect evolution and paleontology

2. Characteristics of the insect orders and how they are related

Part 3: Assorted and Fascinating Topics

- such as: communication, overwintering strategies, mating systems, forensic entomology

Why we care about insects.

1. Annoyance

Why we care about insects.

2. Disease

Why we care about insects.

3. Competition

Why we care about insects.

4. Providers

Why we care about insects.

5. Fascination

History of Entomology

Egyptian Mythology- scarab (dung ) beetle

Cartouche of Pharaohs

History of Entomology

Egyptian Mythology

Flies

Elaterid beetle

Buprestid beetleRelated to myths of rebirth

May be model for shields used inbattle

Related to myths of rebirth

History of Entomology

Egyptian Mythology

Grasshoppers

Honey bees

Linked with solar cult of Re – bees were tears of Re

Represented life along the Nile

History of Entomology

North American Native Mythology

Navajo dragonfly

Dragonflies

-involved in creation myths

History of Entomology

North American Native Mythology

Navajo dragonfly

Dragonflies

-involved in creation myths

History of Entomology

North American Native Mythology

Hopi

Butterflies

-symbol of rebirth, regeneration, happiness, joy

History of Entomology

North American Native Mythology

Biting flies

Montagnais-’Big Biter’ – protector

of fish

History of Entomology

North American Native Mythology

Navajo dragonfly

Ant

-involved in creation myths

Why we care about insects.

6. Mythology – North America

AnishinababeHow fly saved the river

LenapeHow the butterfly came to be

BajaCricket and cougar

KlamathCricket and mountain lion

MiwokGrasshoppers

CheyenneDragonflyNez Percé

Katydid

TlingitHow mosquito came to be

CherokeeHow the bee got its stinger

KoasatiLocust and ant

InnuitBoy and mosquito

Mi’kmaqWhere the mosquito came from

Approximately 100 references to insects – most are negative

History of Entomology

Aristotle (384 - 322 BC)

History of the Animals

On the Parts of Animals

On the Generation of Animals

Contributions

1. Observations on behaviour/natural history

2. First attempt at taxonomy

3. Applied entomology (pest control)

4. Recognized metamorphosis

History of Entomology

Pliny the Elder (23 - 79 AD)

Historica Naturalis

History of Entomology

Albertus Magnus (1193 - 1280 )

De Animalibus-covered 33 insect species

History of Entomology

Anton van Leeuwenhoek (1632 - 1723)

-microscopy-described viviparity and parthenogensis in aphids

History of Entomology

Marcello Malpighi (1628 - 1694)

-published first detailed anatomyof any invertebrate (Bombyx)

History of Entomology

Jan Swammerdam (1637 - 1680)(“Father of Entomology”)

-microanatomical studies(mayfly, honeybee)

History of Entomology

John Ray (1628 - 1705)

-scheme for classification of all living things (including insects)

History of Entomology

Carl von Linné ( 1707 - 1778)(Linnaeus)

-binomial classification system-described over 2000 species of insects

History of Entomology

J.C. Fabricius (1745 - 1808)

-student of Linnaeus-classified insects based on mouthparts

Systema Entomologica (1775)-basis of insect classification

Philosophia Entomologica (1778)-first entomology text- described >10,000 species

History of Entomology

P.F.M.A. Dejean (1780 - 1845)

-first to specialize on one group of insects- described >22,000 species of beetles

History of Entomology

Thomas Say (1787 - 1834)

-wrote first treatise on insectsin North America

“American Entomology”

History of Entomology

400 300 200 100 0 100

1500 1600 1700 1800 1900

Aristotle Pliny the Elder Albertus Magnus

1100 1200 1300

Malpighi

Ray

Von Leeuwenhoek

Swammerdam

Linnaeus

Fabricius

Say

Invention of microscope

PHYLOGENY

Arthropoda

Myriapoda

Chelicerata

Hexapoda

Crustacea (crabs, lobsters, barnacles)

Pauropoda

Diplopoda (millipedes)

Chilopoda (centipedes)

Arachnida (spiders, mites, ticks)

Eurypterida (sea scorpions)

Xiphosura (horseshoe crabs)

Pycnogonida (sea spiders)

Trilobita (trilobites)

Symphyla

Mandibulata

PHYLOGENY

Arthropoda

Myriapoda

Chelicerata

Hexapoda

Crustacea (crabs, lobsters, barnacles)

Pauropoda

Diplopoda (millipedes)

Chilopoda (centipedes)

Arachnida (spiders, mites, ticks)

Eurypterida (sea scorpions)

Xiphosura (horseshoe crabs)

Pycnogonida (sea spiders)

Trilobita (trilobites)

Symphyla

The Insect Orders

Insecta

Hexapoda

Protura

Diplura

Collembola

The Insect Orders

Insecta

Archaeognatha

Thysanura

Pterygota

Paleoptera

Neoptera

Ephemeroptera

Odonata

Orthopteroids

PlecopteraEmbiidinaPhasmidaOrthopteraMantophasmatodeaZorapteraDictyopteraGrylloblatodea

Hemipteroids PsocodeaThysanopteraHemiptera

Endopterygota

The Insect Orders (continued

Insecta

Archaeognatha

Thysanura

Pterygota

Paleoptera

Neoptera

Orthopteroids

Hemipteroids

Endopterygota

Megaloptera

RhaphidiopteraNeuroptera

DipteraMecopteraSiphonaptera

TrichopteraLepidoptera

Coleoptera

? Strepsiptera

Hymenoptera

Animal Abundance - Number of Species

Animal Abundance - Number of Species

Relative Abundance of the Major Insect Divisions

From the phylogenetic tree: Endopterygota = Coleopteroids + Strepsiptera + Lepidopteroids + Dipteroids +

Hymenoptera

Exopterygota = Hemipteroids + Paleoptera + Orthopteroids

Apterygota = Thysanura + Archaeognatha

Insect Orders - Number of Species

Insect Orders - Number of Species (log plot)

WHY ARE INSECTS SO SUCCESSFUL?

1. Ability to fly

2. Reproductive capacity & adaptibility

3. Resist drying - exoskeleton

4. Small size

5. Metamorphosis

Next time

Why insects are crunchy!