biology 101 vocabulary for exam prep
TRANSCRIPT
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8/18/2019 Biology 101 Vocabulary for Exam Prep
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Lauren MarkishPeriod 7/8
Chapter 19: Introduction to Ecology
Vocaulary
!ection 1:
Ecology " the study o# the interactions et$een organis%s and
the li&ing and nonli&ing co%ponents o# their en&iron%ent'
(reenhouse E)ect " the %echanis% that insulates Earth #ro% the
deep #ree*e o# space' +his is ecause caron dio,ide and $ater
&apor intercept %uch o# the re-ected heat and direct it ack
to$ard Earth'
.iosphere " roadest %ost inclusi&e le&el o# organi*ation0 the thin&olu%e o# Earth and its at%osphere that supports li#e'
Ecosyste% " includes all o# the organis%s and the non"li&ing
en&iron%ent #ound in a particular place'
Co%%unity " all the interacting organis%s li&ing in an area'
Population " includes all the %e%ers o# a species that li&e in one
place at one ti%e'
!ection :
2aitat " $here an organis% li&es '
.iotic 3actors " the li&ing co%ponents o# the en&iron%ent'
4iotic 3actors " the physical and che%ical characteristics o# the
en&iron%ent'
+olerance Cur&e " a graph o# per#or%ance &ersus &alues o# anen&iron%ental &ariale such as te%perature'
4ccli%ation " process y $hich so%e organis%s can ad5ust their
tolerance to aiotic #actors0 occurs $ithin the li#eti%e o# an
indi&idual organis%'
Con#or%ers " organis%s that do not regulate their internal
conditions0 they change as their e,ternal en&iron%ent changes'
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6egulators " organis%s that use energy to control so%e o# their
internal conditions'
or%ancy " a state o# reduced acti&ity'
Migration " to %o&e to another %ore #a&orale haitat'6esources " the energy and %aterials the species needs'
iche " a species $ay o# li#e and/or the role the species plays in
its en&iron%ent0 includes the range o# conditions that the species
can tolerate the %ethods y $hich it otains needed resources
the nu%er o# o)spring it has its ti%e o# reproduction and all o#
its other interactions $ith its en&iron%ent'
3unda%ental iche " the range o# conditions that a species canpotentially tolerate and the range o# resources it can potentially
use'
6eali*ed iche " the range o# resources a species actually uses'
(eneralists " species $ith road niches0 they can tolerate a range
o# conditions and use a &ariety o# resources'
!pecialists " species that ha&e narro$ niches'
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Chapter : Populations
Vocaulary
!ection 1:
Population ensity " %easures ho$ cro$ded a population is0
al$ays e,pressed as the nu%er o# indi&iduals per unit o# area or
&olu%e'
ispersion " the spatial distriution o# indi&iduals $ithin the
population'
.irth 6ate " the nu%er o# irths occurring in a period o# ti%e'
eath 6ate/Mortality 6ate " the nu%er o# deaths in a period o#
ti%e'
4ge !tructure " the distriution o# indi&iduals a%ong di)erent
ages in an population'
!ur&i&orship Cur&es " cur&es on a chart that sho$ the likelihood o#
sur&i&al at di)erent ages throughout the li#eti%e o# the organis%'
!ection :
(ro$th 6ate " the a%ount y $hich a populations si*e changes
in a gi&en ti%e'
I%%igration " the %o&e%ent o# indi&iduals into a population'
E%igration " the %o&e%ent o# indi&iduals out o# the population'
.irth rate " death rate ; gro$th rate
E,ponential Model " descries a population that increases rapidly
a#ter only a #e$ generations'
E,ponential (ro$th " the larger the population gets the #aster it
gro$s'
Li%iting 3actor " a #actor that restrains the gro$th o# a population
Logistic Model " uilds on the e,ponential %odel ut accounts #or
the in-uence o# li%iting #actors'
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Carrying Capacity uals the death rate and gro$th stops'
ensity"independent #actors " reduce the population y the sa%e
proportion regardless o# the populations si*e'
ensity"dependent #actors " include resource li%itations and are
triggered y increasing population density'
Inreeding " %ating $ith relati&es'
!ection ?:
2unter"gatherer Li#estyle " otaining #ood y hunting ani%als and
gathering roots erries nuts shell@sh and #ruits'
4gricultural 6e&olution " $hen hu%ans disco&ered ho$ to
do%esticate ani%als and culti&ate certain plants #or #ood
e&eloped Countries " category that includes all o# the $orlds
%odern industriali*ed countries' Make up A o# the population'
e&eloping Countries " category that includes %ost countries in4sia and all o# the countries in Central 4%erica !outh 4%erica
and 4#rica' (enerally poorer than the %ore de&eloped countries'
Make up 8A o# the population'
Chapter 1: Co%%unity Ecology
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Vocaulary
!ection 1:
!y%ioses " the @&e %a5or types o# close interactions'
Predator " captures kills and consu%es another indi&idual'
Prey " indi&idual hunted y the predator
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species that re>uire the sa%e resource' Bhen si%ilar species
coe,ist each species uses only part o# the a&ailale resources'
Mutualis% " a cooperati&e relationship in $hich oth species
deri&e so%e ene@t'
Pollinators " ani%als that carry pollen'
Co%%ensalis% " an interaction in $hich one species ene@ts and
the other is not a)ected'
!ection :
!pecies 6ichness " the nu%er o# species a co%%unity contains'
!pecies i&ersity " relates the nu%er o# species in a co%%unityto the relati&e aundance o# each species'
!pecies"area E)ect " relationship that states that larger areas
usually contain %ore species than s%aller areas do'
!taility " indicates a co%%unitys resistance to change'
!ection ?:
!uccession " the gradual se>uential regro$th o# species in an
area'
Pri%ary !uccession " the de&elop%ent o# a co%%unity in an area
that has not supported li#e pre&iously such as are rock a sand
dune or an island #or%ed y a &olcanic eruption'
!econdary !uccession " the se>uential replace%ent o# species
that #ollo$s disruption o# an e,isting co%%unity'
Pioneer !pecies " the species that predo%inate early insuccession
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Vocaulary
!ection 1:
Producers " %anu#acture their o$n #ood
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+e%perate eciduous 3orests " characteri*ed y trees that lose all
o# their lea&es in the #all'
+e%perate grasslands " do%inated y grasses0 usually #or% in the
interior o# continents0 rain#all patterns are too dry to support
trees'
+ropical 6ain 3orests " characteri*ed y tall trees0 #ound near the
e>uator in 4sia 4#rica !outh 4%erica and Central 4%erica'
Canopy " a continuous layer that shades the tropical rain#orests
-oor'
Epiphytes " s%all plants that li&e on the ranches o# tall trees'
!ection :
Photic Fone " the part o# the ocean that recei&es sunlight
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