Biological TreatmentProcesses

Outline

Overview31 Criteria for Successful Biological Treatment32 Principles of Biological Reactions33Wastewater Treatment Ponds34 Anaerobic Treatment Processes

Wastewater Treatment

bull Physical process

Primary

21 Overview of Treatment Processes

Preliminary amp Primary TreatmentPhysical chemical processes to prepare wastewater for biological treatmentRemoval of solids mainlyUsually cheaper easier than secondary processesExamplesa equalisation (flow and load)b neutralisationc settling of solidsd flotation of oil and greasee filtration etc

21 Overview of Treatment Processes

Secondary Treatment

Biological removal of biodegradable mostly soluble organic compounds (carbon removal)Aerobicallybull activated sludge plantsbull aerated pondsbull trickling filters etc

Anaerobicallybull non-aerated pondsbull high rate anaerobic (biogas) plants

Tertiary TreatmentRemoval of specific pollutants with physical chemical andor biological methodsExamplesa adsorption of organics by activated carbonb precipitation or flocculation of phosphate

etcc biological nitrogen removald disinfection

In general costs increase with increasing degree of treatment

Wastewater Treatment

bull Physical process

Primary

Outline

Overview31 Criteria for Successful Biological Treatment32 Principles of Biological Reactions33Wastewater Treatment Ponds34 Anaerobic Treatment Processes

31 Criteria for Successful Biological Treatment

Produce biological catalyst (biomass)bull source of energybull source of cellular components (C H N O P

S etc)Maintain biomassbull adequate environment (T pH toxics)bull adequate retention time (rate of treatment)

Separation of biomassbull grow suitable types of organisms ie floc

forming bacteria

Outline

Overview31 Criteria for Successful Biological Treatment32 Principles of Biological Reactions33 Wastewater Treatment Ponds34 Anaerobic Treatment Processes

32 Principles of Biological ReactionsA Three Important Biological Reactions

Aerobic CHO + O2 biomass + CO2 + H2O

asymp 50 asymp 50 respiratory metabolism

AnaerobicCHO biomass + CO2 + CH4 + H20

10 - 20 80 - 90 fermentative metabolism

PhotosynthesisCO2 + H2O biomass + O2 energy supplied externally (light)

B Aerobic or Anaerobic

1000100 10000 100000

1

10

100

01

Wastewater COD (mgL)

Hyd

rau

lic

Ret

enti

on

Tim

e (

day

s)

Aerobic treatment

Anaerobic digestion

High Rate AnaerobicTreatment

Low Rate AnaerobicTreatment

32 Principles of Biological Reactions

C Nutrient Requirements Major elements C H O NMinor elementsbull P DNARNA phospholipids ATPbull S for proteins amino acidsbull K in RNA coenzymesbull Mg in RNA coenzymes as cation

Trace elementsbull Often essential Ca Mn Fe Co Cu Znbull Rarely essential B Na Al Si Cl V Cr Ni As Se Mo

Sn I

Outline

Overview31 Criteria for Successful Biological Treatment32 Principles of Biological Reactions33 Wastewater Treatment Ponds34 Anaerobic Treatment Processes

34 Wastewater Treatment Ponds

Applied mostly in rural industries and small communitiesMain benefits are low construction and operating costClassification based on biological activity form of aeration and influent composition

POND TYPE BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITY

TYPE OFAERATION

Anaerobic Anaerobic Avoided

Facultative (Stabilisation)

Anaerobic Aerobic Natural

Aerated Aerobic Mechanical

Aerobic (Maturation Oxidation)

Aerobic Natural

1 Anaerobic Ponds

CharacteristicsHigh organic loadDeep (3-6m)Biomass formation small (5-15 of C in feed)

Anaerobic Pond Design amp Operation

Operational Considerationsbull BOD removal 60-80bull Scum formation to contain odour emissionsbull Monitor pH (should be 64 - 78)

Parameter Unit Typical values

Loading (volumetric)

kg BOD5m3d

01-03

Temperature degC 25-35

Mean HRT days 6-25

Influent COD mgL 1000-6000

Effluent COD mgL 200-1000

2 Facultative Ponds

Characteristicsbull ldquotwo zonerdquo environment depth 15 - 4 m

largebull microbial diversity medium organic load

odour free

Facultative Pond Design amp Operation

Design Area Loading Ratebull 40 - 140 kg BOD5had Tgt15oCbull 20 - 40 kg BOD5had Tlt15oCbull HRT 5 - 30 days

Operational Considerationsbull Maintain aerobic conditions Beware

of over-loading causing the pond to turn anaerobic - odour problems

3 Aerated Ponds

Characteristicsbull Mode is determined by the mixing intensitybull Completely mixed PV = 23 - 4 Wm3bull Facultative PV asymp 08 Wm3

Aerated Pond Design amp Operation

Design bull HRT 05 - 3 daysbull Aeration capacity asymp 2BOD loadbull Aerators 1 - 15 kg O2kWhbull ΔBOD 50 - 70

Operational Considerationsbull Can be very efficient for soluble BOD COD

removal but solids concentrations too high for discharge (irrigation ok)

4 Aerobic (Oxidation) Ponds

Characteristicsbull Natural oxygenation (wind

photosynthesis) large surface area shallow (1 - 15m) low organic loading

bull Suitable for treating effluent from anaerobic ponds

Aerobic Pond Design amp Operation

Design 40 - 120 kg BOD5hadOperational Considerationsbull Maintain aerobic conditions Beware

of over-loading causing the pond to turn anaerobic

Outline

Overview31 Criteria for Successful Biological Treatment32 Principles of Biological Reactions33Wastewater Treatment Ponds34 Anaerobic Treatment Processes

34 Anaerobic Treatment Processes

Treatment under exclusion of oxygenCarbon mainly converted to methane (CH4) and carbon dioxide (CO2)Used for high organic loadingsEfficient and economic CODBOD removalLow rate systems use very long HRT eg Anaerobic pondsHigh rate systems use low HRT but need biomass retention mechanism eg UASBIncrease rate of biological action by increasing temperature

Anaerobic Process Principles

Pathways of organics in anaerobic treatment

Fast growingrobust bacteria

Slow growing pHsensitive archaea

Process types

A Single-stage processesbull Long solids amp hydraulic retention times

(HRT)bull Eg Anaerobic digesters (20-30 d HRT) Anaerobic ponds (10-30 d HRT)

B Two-stage (high rate) processesbull Short HRT in first stage no biomass

retentionbull Short HRT but with biomass retention in

second stage usually pH controlledbull Eg UASB Hybrid fluidised bed reactors etc

A Single Stage Process

Biogas

Treated effluent

Wastewater

SLUDGE DIGESTER

Mixing mechanicallyor often by biogasrecirculation

1 Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket (UASB)

Treated effluent

Biogas

FromPre-acidificationTank

Gas collector

Granular biomass

Gas collectionbelow waterlevel to reduceturbulence atoverflow

Uniform flowdistributionessential

Sludge blanket

2 Hybrid Reactor

Treated effluent

Biogas

FromPre-acidificationTank Granular biomass

Uniform flowdistributionessential

Packed bed(plastic material)for biofilm growth

Sludge blanket

B Two-Stage Reactor Performance

COD removal 60 - 95BOD removal 80 - 95Gas production 03-06 m3kg CODremoved

Methane production 02-035 m3kg CODremoved

Methane conc 55 - 75Sludge production 005-01 kg VSSkgCODremoved

Two-stage high-rate hybrid reactor for abattoir amp industrial wastewater

Anaerobic Reactor Design

1 Pre-acidification tankbull Often on the basis of an equalisation

tank (also variable volume operation)bull Typical HRT 12-24 hbull pH 5-6 if controlled 4-5 if

uncontrolledbull Mixing usually only by inflow 1048782

importance to minimise solids in influent

bull Covered tank gas vented and treated or incinerated (with biogas in boiler or flare)

Anaerobic Reactor Design

2 Methanogenic (2nd stage) reactorbull Volume-based organic loading rate (OLR)

Cin biodegradable COD conc in influent mgL

Q wastewater flow rate m3dVR methanogenic bioreactor volume m3Typical HRT 12-24 h Solids RT 10-150 daysUsually heated to operate at 30 - 40degC

RV

QCinOLR

High Rate Anaerobic Treatment

Typical process flowsheet using Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket (UASB) reactor

Acidif Tank

Mix Tank

Sludgeblanket

Methanogenesis

Acidogenesis

Biogas

Biomassretention asgranules

Recycle and mix tank reduce pHcontrol dosing

CSTR-type tank usually not heated

Anaerobic Reactor Design

OLR designs for various reactor typesbull UASB 1048782 6-12 kg

CODm3dbull Internal Circulation 1048782 15-25 kg

CODm3dbull Fluidisedexpanded bed 104878212-20 kg

CODm3dbull Hybrid Reactor 1048782 6-12 kg CODm3d

OLR varies with degradability temp pHhellipHydraulic loading up to 24 m3(m2

reactor

area d)

Gas loading 70 - 200 m3 gas (m2reactor area

d)

Questions

Documentation

Terima Kasih

• Biological Treatment Processes
• Outline
• Wastewater Treatment
• 21 Overview of Treatment Processes
• 21 Overview of Treatment Processes (2)
• Slide 6
• Wastewater Treatment (2)
• Outline (2)
• 31 Criteria for Successful Biological Treatment
• Outline (3)
• 32 Principles of Biological Reactions
• B Aerobic or Anaerobic
• 32 Principles of Biological Reactions
• Outline (4)
• 34 Wastewater Treatment Ponds
• 1 Anaerobic Ponds
• Anaerobic Pond Design amp Operation
• 2 Facultative Ponds
• Facultative Pond Design amp Operation
• 3 Aerated Ponds
• Aerated Pond Design amp Operation
• 4 Aerobic (Oxidation) Ponds
• Aerobic Pond Design amp Operation
• Outline (5)
• 34 Anaerobic Treatment Processes
• Anaerobic Process Principles
• Process types
• A Single Stage Process
• 1 Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket (UASB)
• 2 Hybrid Reactor
• B Two-Stage Reactor Performance
• Slide 32
• Anaerobic Reactor Design
• Anaerobic Reactor Design (2)
• High Rate Anaerobic Treatment
• Anaerobic Reactor Design (3)
• Questions
• Documentation
• Terima Kasih

Outline

Overview31 Criteria for Successful Biological Treatment32 Principles of Biological Reactions33Wastewater Treatment Ponds34 Anaerobic Treatment Processes

Wastewater Treatment

bull Physical process

Primary

21 Overview of Treatment Processes

Preliminary amp Primary TreatmentPhysical chemical processes to prepare wastewater for biological treatmentRemoval of solids mainlyUsually cheaper easier than secondary processesExamplesa equalisation (flow and load)b neutralisationc settling of solidsd flotation of oil and greasee filtration etc

21 Overview of Treatment Processes

Secondary Treatment

Biological removal of biodegradable mostly soluble organic compounds (carbon removal)Aerobicallybull activated sludge plantsbull aerated pondsbull trickling filters etc

Anaerobicallybull non-aerated pondsbull high rate anaerobic (biogas) plants

Tertiary TreatmentRemoval of specific pollutants with physical chemical andor biological methodsExamplesa adsorption of organics by activated carbonb precipitation or flocculation of phosphate

etcc biological nitrogen removald disinfection

In general costs increase with increasing degree of treatment

Wastewater Treatment

bull Physical process

Primary

Outline

Overview31 Criteria for Successful Biological Treatment32 Principles of Biological Reactions33Wastewater Treatment Ponds34 Anaerobic Treatment Processes

31 Criteria for Successful Biological Treatment

Produce biological catalyst (biomass)bull source of energybull source of cellular components (C H N O P

S etc)Maintain biomassbull adequate environment (T pH toxics)bull adequate retention time (rate of treatment)

Separation of biomassbull grow suitable types of organisms ie floc

forming bacteria

Outline

Overview31 Criteria for Successful Biological Treatment32 Principles of Biological Reactions33 Wastewater Treatment Ponds34 Anaerobic Treatment Processes

32 Principles of Biological ReactionsA Three Important Biological Reactions

Aerobic CHO + O2 biomass + CO2 + H2O

asymp 50 asymp 50 respiratory metabolism

AnaerobicCHO biomass + CO2 + CH4 + H20

10 - 20 80 - 90 fermentative metabolism

PhotosynthesisCO2 + H2O biomass + O2 energy supplied externally (light)

B Aerobic or Anaerobic

1000100 10000 100000

1

10

100

01

Wastewater COD (mgL)

Hyd

rau

lic

Ret

enti

on

Tim

e (

day

s)

Aerobic treatment

Anaerobic digestion

High Rate AnaerobicTreatment

Low Rate AnaerobicTreatment

32 Principles of Biological Reactions

C Nutrient Requirements Major elements C H O NMinor elementsbull P DNARNA phospholipids ATPbull S for proteins amino acidsbull K in RNA coenzymesbull Mg in RNA coenzymes as cation

Trace elementsbull Often essential Ca Mn Fe Co Cu Znbull Rarely essential B Na Al Si Cl V Cr Ni As Se Mo

Sn I

Outline

Overview31 Criteria for Successful Biological Treatment32 Principles of Biological Reactions33 Wastewater Treatment Ponds34 Anaerobic Treatment Processes

34 Wastewater Treatment Ponds

Applied mostly in rural industries and small communitiesMain benefits are low construction and operating costClassification based on biological activity form of aeration and influent composition

POND TYPE BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITY

TYPE OFAERATION

Anaerobic Anaerobic Avoided

Facultative (Stabilisation)

Anaerobic Aerobic Natural

Aerated Aerobic Mechanical

Aerobic (Maturation Oxidation)

Aerobic Natural

1 Anaerobic Ponds

CharacteristicsHigh organic loadDeep (3-6m)Biomass formation small (5-15 of C in feed)

Anaerobic Pond Design amp Operation

Operational Considerationsbull BOD removal 60-80bull Scum formation to contain odour emissionsbull Monitor pH (should be 64 - 78)

Parameter Unit Typical values

Loading (volumetric)

kg BOD5m3d

01-03

Temperature degC 25-35

Mean HRT days 6-25

Influent COD mgL 1000-6000

Effluent COD mgL 200-1000

2 Facultative Ponds

Characteristicsbull ldquotwo zonerdquo environment depth 15 - 4 m

largebull microbial diversity medium organic load

odour free

Facultative Pond Design amp Operation

Design Area Loading Ratebull 40 - 140 kg BOD5had Tgt15oCbull 20 - 40 kg BOD5had Tlt15oCbull HRT 5 - 30 days

Operational Considerationsbull Maintain aerobic conditions Beware

of over-loading causing the pond to turn anaerobic - odour problems

3 Aerated Ponds

Characteristicsbull Mode is determined by the mixing intensitybull Completely mixed PV = 23 - 4 Wm3bull Facultative PV asymp 08 Wm3

Aerated Pond Design amp Operation

Design bull HRT 05 - 3 daysbull Aeration capacity asymp 2BOD loadbull Aerators 1 - 15 kg O2kWhbull ΔBOD 50 - 70

Operational Considerationsbull Can be very efficient for soluble BOD COD

removal but solids concentrations too high for discharge (irrigation ok)

4 Aerobic (Oxidation) Ponds

Characteristicsbull Natural oxygenation (wind

photosynthesis) large surface area shallow (1 - 15m) low organic loading

bull Suitable for treating effluent from anaerobic ponds

Aerobic Pond Design amp Operation

Design 40 - 120 kg BOD5hadOperational Considerationsbull Maintain aerobic conditions Beware

of over-loading causing the pond to turn anaerobic

Outline

Overview31 Criteria for Successful Biological Treatment32 Principles of Biological Reactions33Wastewater Treatment Ponds34 Anaerobic Treatment Processes

34 Anaerobic Treatment Processes

Treatment under exclusion of oxygenCarbon mainly converted to methane (CH4) and carbon dioxide (CO2)Used for high organic loadingsEfficient and economic CODBOD removalLow rate systems use very long HRT eg Anaerobic pondsHigh rate systems use low HRT but need biomass retention mechanism eg UASBIncrease rate of biological action by increasing temperature

Anaerobic Process Principles

Pathways of organics in anaerobic treatment

Fast growingrobust bacteria

Slow growing pHsensitive archaea

Process types

A Single-stage processesbull Long solids amp hydraulic retention times

(HRT)bull Eg Anaerobic digesters (20-30 d HRT) Anaerobic ponds (10-30 d HRT)

B Two-stage (high rate) processesbull Short HRT in first stage no biomass

retentionbull Short HRT but with biomass retention in

second stage usually pH controlledbull Eg UASB Hybrid fluidised bed reactors etc

A Single Stage Process

Biogas

Treated effluent

Wastewater

SLUDGE DIGESTER

Mixing mechanicallyor often by biogasrecirculation

1 Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket (UASB)

Treated effluent

Biogas

FromPre-acidificationTank

Gas collector

Granular biomass

Gas collectionbelow waterlevel to reduceturbulence atoverflow

Uniform flowdistributionessential

Sludge blanket

2 Hybrid Reactor

Treated effluent

Biogas

FromPre-acidificationTank Granular biomass

Uniform flowdistributionessential

Packed bed(plastic material)for biofilm growth

Sludge blanket

B Two-Stage Reactor Performance

COD removal 60 - 95BOD removal 80 - 95Gas production 03-06 m3kg CODremoved

Methane production 02-035 m3kg CODremoved

Methane conc 55 - 75Sludge production 005-01 kg VSSkgCODremoved

Two-stage high-rate hybrid reactor for abattoir amp industrial wastewater

Anaerobic Reactor Design

1 Pre-acidification tankbull Often on the basis of an equalisation

tank (also variable volume operation)bull Typical HRT 12-24 hbull pH 5-6 if controlled 4-5 if

uncontrolledbull Mixing usually only by inflow 1048782

importance to minimise solids in influent

bull Covered tank gas vented and treated or incinerated (with biogas in boiler or flare)

Anaerobic Reactor Design

2 Methanogenic (2nd stage) reactorbull Volume-based organic loading rate (OLR)

Cin biodegradable COD conc in influent mgL

Q wastewater flow rate m3dVR methanogenic bioreactor volume m3Typical HRT 12-24 h Solids RT 10-150 daysUsually heated to operate at 30 - 40degC

RV

QCinOLR

High Rate Anaerobic Treatment

Typical process flowsheet using Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket (UASB) reactor

Acidif Tank

Mix Tank

Sludgeblanket

Methanogenesis

Acidogenesis

Biogas

Biomassretention asgranules

Recycle and mix tank reduce pHcontrol dosing

CSTR-type tank usually not heated

Anaerobic Reactor Design

OLR designs for various reactor typesbull UASB 1048782 6-12 kg

CODm3dbull Internal Circulation 1048782 15-25 kg

CODm3dbull Fluidisedexpanded bed 104878212-20 kg

CODm3dbull Hybrid Reactor 1048782 6-12 kg CODm3d

OLR varies with degradability temp pHhellipHydraulic loading up to 24 m3(m2

reactor

area d)

Gas loading 70 - 200 m3 gas (m2reactor area

d)

Questions

Documentation

Terima Kasih

• Biological Treatment Processes
• Outline
• Wastewater Treatment
• 21 Overview of Treatment Processes
• 21 Overview of Treatment Processes (2)
• Slide 6
• Wastewater Treatment (2)
• Outline (2)
• 31 Criteria for Successful Biological Treatment
• Outline (3)
• 32 Principles of Biological Reactions
• B Aerobic or Anaerobic
• 32 Principles of Biological Reactions
• Outline (4)
• 34 Wastewater Treatment Ponds
• 1 Anaerobic Ponds
• Anaerobic Pond Design amp Operation
• 2 Facultative Ponds
• Facultative Pond Design amp Operation
• 3 Aerated Ponds
• Aerated Pond Design amp Operation
• 4 Aerobic (Oxidation) Ponds
• Aerobic Pond Design amp Operation
• Outline (5)
• 34 Anaerobic Treatment Processes
• Anaerobic Process Principles
• Process types
• A Single Stage Process
• 1 Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket (UASB)
• 2 Hybrid Reactor
• B Two-Stage Reactor Performance
• Slide 32
• Anaerobic Reactor Design
• Anaerobic Reactor Design (2)
• High Rate Anaerobic Treatment
• Anaerobic Reactor Design (3)
• Questions
• Documentation
• Terima Kasih

Wastewater Treatment

bull Physical process

Primary

21 Overview of Treatment Processes

Preliminary amp Primary TreatmentPhysical chemical processes to prepare wastewater for biological treatmentRemoval of solids mainlyUsually cheaper easier than secondary processesExamplesa equalisation (flow and load)b neutralisationc settling of solidsd flotation of oil and greasee filtration etc

21 Overview of Treatment Processes

Secondary Treatment

Biological removal of biodegradable mostly soluble organic compounds (carbon removal)Aerobicallybull activated sludge plantsbull aerated pondsbull trickling filters etc

Anaerobicallybull non-aerated pondsbull high rate anaerobic (biogas) plants

Tertiary TreatmentRemoval of specific pollutants with physical chemical andor biological methodsExamplesa adsorption of organics by activated carbonb precipitation or flocculation of phosphate

etcc biological nitrogen removald disinfection

In general costs increase with increasing degree of treatment

Wastewater Treatment

bull Physical process

Primary

Outline

Overview31 Criteria for Successful Biological Treatment32 Principles of Biological Reactions33Wastewater Treatment Ponds34 Anaerobic Treatment Processes

31 Criteria for Successful Biological Treatment

Produce biological catalyst (biomass)bull source of energybull source of cellular components (C H N O P

S etc)Maintain biomassbull adequate environment (T pH toxics)bull adequate retention time (rate of treatment)

Separation of biomassbull grow suitable types of organisms ie floc

forming bacteria

Outline

Overview31 Criteria for Successful Biological Treatment32 Principles of Biological Reactions33 Wastewater Treatment Ponds34 Anaerobic Treatment Processes

32 Principles of Biological ReactionsA Three Important Biological Reactions

Aerobic CHO + O2 biomass + CO2 + H2O

asymp 50 asymp 50 respiratory metabolism

AnaerobicCHO biomass + CO2 + CH4 + H20

10 - 20 80 - 90 fermentative metabolism

PhotosynthesisCO2 + H2O biomass + O2 energy supplied externally (light)

B Aerobic or Anaerobic

1000100 10000 100000

1

10

100

01

Wastewater COD (mgL)

Hyd

rau

lic

Ret

enti

on

Tim

e (

day

s)

Aerobic treatment

Anaerobic digestion

High Rate AnaerobicTreatment

Low Rate AnaerobicTreatment

32 Principles of Biological Reactions

C Nutrient Requirements Major elements C H O NMinor elementsbull P DNARNA phospholipids ATPbull S for proteins amino acidsbull K in RNA coenzymesbull Mg in RNA coenzymes as cation

Trace elementsbull Often essential Ca Mn Fe Co Cu Znbull Rarely essential B Na Al Si Cl V Cr Ni As Se Mo

Sn I

Outline

Overview31 Criteria for Successful Biological Treatment32 Principles of Biological Reactions33 Wastewater Treatment Ponds34 Anaerobic Treatment Processes

34 Wastewater Treatment Ponds

Applied mostly in rural industries and small communitiesMain benefits are low construction and operating costClassification based on biological activity form of aeration and influent composition

POND TYPE BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITY

TYPE OFAERATION

Anaerobic Anaerobic Avoided

Facultative (Stabilisation)

Anaerobic Aerobic Natural

Aerated Aerobic Mechanical

Aerobic (Maturation Oxidation)

Aerobic Natural

1 Anaerobic Ponds

CharacteristicsHigh organic loadDeep (3-6m)Biomass formation small (5-15 of C in feed)

Anaerobic Pond Design amp Operation

Operational Considerationsbull BOD removal 60-80bull Scum formation to contain odour emissionsbull Monitor pH (should be 64 - 78)

Parameter Unit Typical values

Loading (volumetric)

kg BOD5m3d

01-03

Temperature degC 25-35

Mean HRT days 6-25

Influent COD mgL 1000-6000

Effluent COD mgL 200-1000

2 Facultative Ponds

Characteristicsbull ldquotwo zonerdquo environment depth 15 - 4 m

largebull microbial diversity medium organic load

odour free

Facultative Pond Design amp Operation

Design Area Loading Ratebull 40 - 140 kg BOD5had Tgt15oCbull 20 - 40 kg BOD5had Tlt15oCbull HRT 5 - 30 days

Operational Considerationsbull Maintain aerobic conditions Beware

of over-loading causing the pond to turn anaerobic - odour problems

3 Aerated Ponds

Characteristicsbull Mode is determined by the mixing intensitybull Completely mixed PV = 23 - 4 Wm3bull Facultative PV asymp 08 Wm3

Aerated Pond Design amp Operation

Design bull HRT 05 - 3 daysbull Aeration capacity asymp 2BOD loadbull Aerators 1 - 15 kg O2kWhbull ΔBOD 50 - 70

Operational Considerationsbull Can be very efficient for soluble BOD COD

removal but solids concentrations too high for discharge (irrigation ok)

4 Aerobic (Oxidation) Ponds

Characteristicsbull Natural oxygenation (wind

photosynthesis) large surface area shallow (1 - 15m) low organic loading

bull Suitable for treating effluent from anaerobic ponds

Aerobic Pond Design amp Operation

Design 40 - 120 kg BOD5hadOperational Considerationsbull Maintain aerobic conditions Beware

of over-loading causing the pond to turn anaerobic

Outline

Overview31 Criteria for Successful Biological Treatment32 Principles of Biological Reactions33Wastewater Treatment Ponds34 Anaerobic Treatment Processes

34 Anaerobic Treatment Processes

Treatment under exclusion of oxygenCarbon mainly converted to methane (CH4) and carbon dioxide (CO2)Used for high organic loadingsEfficient and economic CODBOD removalLow rate systems use very long HRT eg Anaerobic pondsHigh rate systems use low HRT but need biomass retention mechanism eg UASBIncrease rate of biological action by increasing temperature

Anaerobic Process Principles

Pathways of organics in anaerobic treatment

Fast growingrobust bacteria

Slow growing pHsensitive archaea

Process types

A Single-stage processesbull Long solids amp hydraulic retention times

(HRT)bull Eg Anaerobic digesters (20-30 d HRT) Anaerobic ponds (10-30 d HRT)

B Two-stage (high rate) processesbull Short HRT in first stage no biomass

retentionbull Short HRT but with biomass retention in

second stage usually pH controlledbull Eg UASB Hybrid fluidised bed reactors etc

A Single Stage Process

Biogas

Treated effluent

Wastewater

SLUDGE DIGESTER

Mixing mechanicallyor often by biogasrecirculation

1 Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket (UASB)

Treated effluent

Biogas

FromPre-acidificationTank

Gas collector

Granular biomass

Gas collectionbelow waterlevel to reduceturbulence atoverflow

Uniform flowdistributionessential

Sludge blanket

2 Hybrid Reactor

Treated effluent

Biogas

FromPre-acidificationTank Granular biomass

Uniform flowdistributionessential

Packed bed(plastic material)for biofilm growth

Sludge blanket

B Two-Stage Reactor Performance

COD removal 60 - 95BOD removal 80 - 95Gas production 03-06 m3kg CODremoved

Methane production 02-035 m3kg CODremoved

Methane conc 55 - 75Sludge production 005-01 kg VSSkgCODremoved

Two-stage high-rate hybrid reactor for abattoir amp industrial wastewater

Anaerobic Reactor Design

1 Pre-acidification tankbull Often on the basis of an equalisation

tank (also variable volume operation)bull Typical HRT 12-24 hbull pH 5-6 if controlled 4-5 if

uncontrolledbull Mixing usually only by inflow 1048782

importance to minimise solids in influent

bull Covered tank gas vented and treated or incinerated (with biogas in boiler or flare)

Anaerobic Reactor Design

2 Methanogenic (2nd stage) reactorbull Volume-based organic loading rate (OLR)

Cin biodegradable COD conc in influent mgL

Q wastewater flow rate m3dVR methanogenic bioreactor volume m3Typical HRT 12-24 h Solids RT 10-150 daysUsually heated to operate at 30 - 40degC

RV

QCinOLR

High Rate Anaerobic Treatment

Typical process flowsheet using Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket (UASB) reactor

Acidif Tank

Mix Tank

Sludgeblanket

Methanogenesis

Acidogenesis

Biogas

Biomassretention asgranules

Recycle and mix tank reduce pHcontrol dosing

CSTR-type tank usually not heated

Anaerobic Reactor Design

OLR designs for various reactor typesbull UASB 1048782 6-12 kg

CODm3dbull Internal Circulation 1048782 15-25 kg

CODm3dbull Fluidisedexpanded bed 104878212-20 kg

CODm3dbull Hybrid Reactor 1048782 6-12 kg CODm3d

OLR varies with degradability temp pHhellipHydraulic loading up to 24 m3(m2

reactor

area d)

Gas loading 70 - 200 m3 gas (m2reactor area

d)

Questions

Documentation

Terima Kasih

• Biological Treatment Processes
• Outline
• Wastewater Treatment
• 21 Overview of Treatment Processes
• 21 Overview of Treatment Processes (2)
• Slide 6
• Wastewater Treatment (2)
• Outline (2)
• 31 Criteria for Successful Biological Treatment
• Outline (3)
• 32 Principles of Biological Reactions
• B Aerobic or Anaerobic
• 32 Principles of Biological Reactions
• Outline (4)
• 34 Wastewater Treatment Ponds
• 1 Anaerobic Ponds
• Anaerobic Pond Design amp Operation
• 2 Facultative Ponds
• Facultative Pond Design amp Operation
• 3 Aerated Ponds
• Aerated Pond Design amp Operation
• 4 Aerobic (Oxidation) Ponds
• Aerobic Pond Design amp Operation
• Outline (5)
• 34 Anaerobic Treatment Processes
• Anaerobic Process Principles
• Process types
• A Single Stage Process
• 1 Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket (UASB)
• 2 Hybrid Reactor
• B Two-Stage Reactor Performance
• Slide 32
• Anaerobic Reactor Design
• Anaerobic Reactor Design (2)
• High Rate Anaerobic Treatment
• Anaerobic Reactor Design (3)
• Questions
• Documentation
• Terima Kasih

21 Overview of Treatment Processes

Preliminary amp Primary TreatmentPhysical chemical processes to prepare wastewater for biological treatmentRemoval of solids mainlyUsually cheaper easier than secondary processesExamplesa equalisation (flow and load)b neutralisationc settling of solidsd flotation of oil and greasee filtration etc

21 Overview of Treatment Processes

Secondary Treatment

Biological removal of biodegradable mostly soluble organic compounds (carbon removal)Aerobicallybull activated sludge plantsbull aerated pondsbull trickling filters etc

Anaerobicallybull non-aerated pondsbull high rate anaerobic (biogas) plants

Tertiary TreatmentRemoval of specific pollutants with physical chemical andor biological methodsExamplesa adsorption of organics by activated carbonb precipitation or flocculation of phosphate

etcc biological nitrogen removald disinfection

In general costs increase with increasing degree of treatment

Wastewater Treatment

bull Physical process

Primary

Outline

Overview31 Criteria for Successful Biological Treatment32 Principles of Biological Reactions33Wastewater Treatment Ponds34 Anaerobic Treatment Processes

31 Criteria for Successful Biological Treatment

Produce biological catalyst (biomass)bull source of energybull source of cellular components (C H N O P

S etc)Maintain biomassbull adequate environment (T pH toxics)bull adequate retention time (rate of treatment)

Separation of biomassbull grow suitable types of organisms ie floc

forming bacteria

Outline

Overview31 Criteria for Successful Biological Treatment32 Principles of Biological Reactions33 Wastewater Treatment Ponds34 Anaerobic Treatment Processes

32 Principles of Biological ReactionsA Three Important Biological Reactions

Aerobic CHO + O2 biomass + CO2 + H2O

asymp 50 asymp 50 respiratory metabolism

AnaerobicCHO biomass + CO2 + CH4 + H20

10 - 20 80 - 90 fermentative metabolism

PhotosynthesisCO2 + H2O biomass + O2 energy supplied externally (light)

B Aerobic or Anaerobic

1000100 10000 100000

1

10

100

01

Wastewater COD (mgL)

Hyd

rau

lic

Ret

enti

on

Tim

e (

day

s)

Aerobic treatment

Anaerobic digestion

High Rate AnaerobicTreatment

Low Rate AnaerobicTreatment

32 Principles of Biological Reactions

C Nutrient Requirements Major elements C H O NMinor elementsbull P DNARNA phospholipids ATPbull S for proteins amino acidsbull K in RNA coenzymesbull Mg in RNA coenzymes as cation

Trace elementsbull Often essential Ca Mn Fe Co Cu Znbull Rarely essential B Na Al Si Cl V Cr Ni As Se Mo

Sn I

Outline

Overview31 Criteria for Successful Biological Treatment32 Principles of Biological Reactions33 Wastewater Treatment Ponds34 Anaerobic Treatment Processes

34 Wastewater Treatment Ponds

Applied mostly in rural industries and small communitiesMain benefits are low construction and operating costClassification based on biological activity form of aeration and influent composition

POND TYPE BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITY

TYPE OFAERATION

Anaerobic Anaerobic Avoided

Facultative (Stabilisation)

Anaerobic Aerobic Natural

Aerated Aerobic Mechanical

Aerobic (Maturation Oxidation)

Aerobic Natural

1 Anaerobic Ponds

CharacteristicsHigh organic loadDeep (3-6m)Biomass formation small (5-15 of C in feed)

Anaerobic Pond Design amp Operation

Operational Considerationsbull BOD removal 60-80bull Scum formation to contain odour emissionsbull Monitor pH (should be 64 - 78)

Parameter Unit Typical values

Loading (volumetric)

kg BOD5m3d

01-03

Temperature degC 25-35

Mean HRT days 6-25

Influent COD mgL 1000-6000

Effluent COD mgL 200-1000

2 Facultative Ponds

Characteristicsbull ldquotwo zonerdquo environment depth 15 - 4 m

largebull microbial diversity medium organic load

odour free

Facultative Pond Design amp Operation

Design Area Loading Ratebull 40 - 140 kg BOD5had Tgt15oCbull 20 - 40 kg BOD5had Tlt15oCbull HRT 5 - 30 days

Operational Considerationsbull Maintain aerobic conditions Beware

of over-loading causing the pond to turn anaerobic - odour problems

3 Aerated Ponds

Characteristicsbull Mode is determined by the mixing intensitybull Completely mixed PV = 23 - 4 Wm3bull Facultative PV asymp 08 Wm3

Aerated Pond Design amp Operation

Design bull HRT 05 - 3 daysbull Aeration capacity asymp 2BOD loadbull Aerators 1 - 15 kg O2kWhbull ΔBOD 50 - 70

Operational Considerationsbull Can be very efficient for soluble BOD COD

removal but solids concentrations too high for discharge (irrigation ok)

4 Aerobic (Oxidation) Ponds

Characteristicsbull Natural oxygenation (wind

photosynthesis) large surface area shallow (1 - 15m) low organic loading

bull Suitable for treating effluent from anaerobic ponds

Aerobic Pond Design amp Operation

Design 40 - 120 kg BOD5hadOperational Considerationsbull Maintain aerobic conditions Beware

of over-loading causing the pond to turn anaerobic

Outline

Overview31 Criteria for Successful Biological Treatment32 Principles of Biological Reactions33Wastewater Treatment Ponds34 Anaerobic Treatment Processes

34 Anaerobic Treatment Processes

Treatment under exclusion of oxygenCarbon mainly converted to methane (CH4) and carbon dioxide (CO2)Used for high organic loadingsEfficient and economic CODBOD removalLow rate systems use very long HRT eg Anaerobic pondsHigh rate systems use low HRT but need biomass retention mechanism eg UASBIncrease rate of biological action by increasing temperature

Anaerobic Process Principles

Pathways of organics in anaerobic treatment

Fast growingrobust bacteria

Slow growing pHsensitive archaea

Process types

A Single-stage processesbull Long solids amp hydraulic retention times

(HRT)bull Eg Anaerobic digesters (20-30 d HRT) Anaerobic ponds (10-30 d HRT)

B Two-stage (high rate) processesbull Short HRT in first stage no biomass

retentionbull Short HRT but with biomass retention in

second stage usually pH controlledbull Eg UASB Hybrid fluidised bed reactors etc

A Single Stage Process

Biogas

Treated effluent

Wastewater

SLUDGE DIGESTER

Mixing mechanicallyor often by biogasrecirculation

1 Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket (UASB)

Treated effluent

Biogas

FromPre-acidificationTank

Gas collector

Granular biomass

Gas collectionbelow waterlevel to reduceturbulence atoverflow

Uniform flowdistributionessential

Sludge blanket

2 Hybrid Reactor

Treated effluent

Biogas

FromPre-acidificationTank Granular biomass

Uniform flowdistributionessential

Packed bed(plastic material)for biofilm growth

Sludge blanket

B Two-Stage Reactor Performance

COD removal 60 - 95BOD removal 80 - 95Gas production 03-06 m3kg CODremoved

Methane production 02-035 m3kg CODremoved

Methane conc 55 - 75Sludge production 005-01 kg VSSkgCODremoved

Two-stage high-rate hybrid reactor for abattoir amp industrial wastewater

Anaerobic Reactor Design

1 Pre-acidification tankbull Often on the basis of an equalisation

tank (also variable volume operation)bull Typical HRT 12-24 hbull pH 5-6 if controlled 4-5 if

uncontrolledbull Mixing usually only by inflow 1048782

importance to minimise solids in influent

bull Covered tank gas vented and treated or incinerated (with biogas in boiler or flare)

Anaerobic Reactor Design

2 Methanogenic (2nd stage) reactorbull Volume-based organic loading rate (OLR)

Cin biodegradable COD conc in influent mgL

Q wastewater flow rate m3dVR methanogenic bioreactor volume m3Typical HRT 12-24 h Solids RT 10-150 daysUsually heated to operate at 30 - 40degC

RV

QCinOLR

High Rate Anaerobic Treatment

Typical process flowsheet using Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket (UASB) reactor

Acidif Tank

Mix Tank

Sludgeblanket

Methanogenesis

Acidogenesis

Biogas

Biomassretention asgranules

Recycle and mix tank reduce pHcontrol dosing

CSTR-type tank usually not heated

Anaerobic Reactor Design

OLR designs for various reactor typesbull UASB 1048782 6-12 kg

CODm3dbull Internal Circulation 1048782 15-25 kg

CODm3dbull Fluidisedexpanded bed 104878212-20 kg

CODm3dbull Hybrid Reactor 1048782 6-12 kg CODm3d

OLR varies with degradability temp pHhellipHydraulic loading up to 24 m3(m2

reactor

area d)

Gas loading 70 - 200 m3 gas (m2reactor area

d)

Questions

Documentation

Terima Kasih

• Biological Treatment Processes
• Outline
• Wastewater Treatment
• 21 Overview of Treatment Processes
• 21 Overview of Treatment Processes (2)
• Slide 6
• Wastewater Treatment (2)
• Outline (2)
• 31 Criteria for Successful Biological Treatment
• Outline (3)
• 32 Principles of Biological Reactions
• B Aerobic or Anaerobic
• 32 Principles of Biological Reactions
• Outline (4)
• 34 Wastewater Treatment Ponds
• 1 Anaerobic Ponds
• Anaerobic Pond Design amp Operation
• 2 Facultative Ponds
• Facultative Pond Design amp Operation
• 3 Aerated Ponds
• Aerated Pond Design amp Operation
• 4 Aerobic (Oxidation) Ponds
• Aerobic Pond Design amp Operation
• Outline (5)
• 34 Anaerobic Treatment Processes
• Anaerobic Process Principles
• Process types
• A Single Stage Process
• 1 Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket (UASB)
• 2 Hybrid Reactor
• B Two-Stage Reactor Performance
• Slide 32
• Anaerobic Reactor Design
• Anaerobic Reactor Design (2)
• High Rate Anaerobic Treatment
• Anaerobic Reactor Design (3)
• Questions
• Documentation
• Terima Kasih

21 Overview of Treatment Processes

Secondary Treatment

Biological removal of biodegradable mostly soluble organic compounds (carbon removal)Aerobicallybull activated sludge plantsbull aerated pondsbull trickling filters etc

Anaerobicallybull non-aerated pondsbull high rate anaerobic (biogas) plants

Tertiary TreatmentRemoval of specific pollutants with physical chemical andor biological methodsExamplesa adsorption of organics by activated carbonb precipitation or flocculation of phosphate

etcc biological nitrogen removald disinfection

In general costs increase with increasing degree of treatment

Wastewater Treatment

bull Physical process

Primary

Outline

Overview31 Criteria for Successful Biological Treatment32 Principles of Biological Reactions33Wastewater Treatment Ponds34 Anaerobic Treatment Processes

31 Criteria for Successful Biological Treatment

Produce biological catalyst (biomass)bull source of energybull source of cellular components (C H N O P

S etc)Maintain biomassbull adequate environment (T pH toxics)bull adequate retention time (rate of treatment)

Separation of biomassbull grow suitable types of organisms ie floc

forming bacteria

Outline

Overview31 Criteria for Successful Biological Treatment32 Principles of Biological Reactions33 Wastewater Treatment Ponds34 Anaerobic Treatment Processes

32 Principles of Biological ReactionsA Three Important Biological Reactions

Aerobic CHO + O2 biomass + CO2 + H2O

asymp 50 asymp 50 respiratory metabolism

AnaerobicCHO biomass + CO2 + CH4 + H20

10 - 20 80 - 90 fermentative metabolism

PhotosynthesisCO2 + H2O biomass + O2 energy supplied externally (light)

B Aerobic or Anaerobic

1000100 10000 100000

1

10

100

01

Wastewater COD (mgL)

Hyd

rau

lic

Ret

enti

on

Tim

e (

day

s)

Aerobic treatment

Anaerobic digestion

High Rate AnaerobicTreatment

Low Rate AnaerobicTreatment

32 Principles of Biological Reactions

C Nutrient Requirements Major elements C H O NMinor elementsbull P DNARNA phospholipids ATPbull S for proteins amino acidsbull K in RNA coenzymesbull Mg in RNA coenzymes as cation

Trace elementsbull Often essential Ca Mn Fe Co Cu Znbull Rarely essential B Na Al Si Cl V Cr Ni As Se Mo

Sn I

Outline

Overview31 Criteria for Successful Biological Treatment32 Principles of Biological Reactions33 Wastewater Treatment Ponds34 Anaerobic Treatment Processes

34 Wastewater Treatment Ponds

Applied mostly in rural industries and small communitiesMain benefits are low construction and operating costClassification based on biological activity form of aeration and influent composition

POND TYPE BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITY

TYPE OFAERATION

Anaerobic Anaerobic Avoided

Facultative (Stabilisation)

Anaerobic Aerobic Natural

Aerated Aerobic Mechanical

Aerobic (Maturation Oxidation)

Aerobic Natural

1 Anaerobic Ponds

CharacteristicsHigh organic loadDeep (3-6m)Biomass formation small (5-15 of C in feed)

Anaerobic Pond Design amp Operation

Operational Considerationsbull BOD removal 60-80bull Scum formation to contain odour emissionsbull Monitor pH (should be 64 - 78)

Parameter Unit Typical values

Loading (volumetric)

kg BOD5m3d

01-03

Temperature degC 25-35

Mean HRT days 6-25

Influent COD mgL 1000-6000

Effluent COD mgL 200-1000

2 Facultative Ponds

Characteristicsbull ldquotwo zonerdquo environment depth 15 - 4 m

largebull microbial diversity medium organic load

odour free

Facultative Pond Design amp Operation

Design Area Loading Ratebull 40 - 140 kg BOD5had Tgt15oCbull 20 - 40 kg BOD5had Tlt15oCbull HRT 5 - 30 days

Operational Considerationsbull Maintain aerobic conditions Beware

of over-loading causing the pond to turn anaerobic - odour problems

3 Aerated Ponds

Characteristicsbull Mode is determined by the mixing intensitybull Completely mixed PV = 23 - 4 Wm3bull Facultative PV asymp 08 Wm3

Aerated Pond Design amp Operation

Design bull HRT 05 - 3 daysbull Aeration capacity asymp 2BOD loadbull Aerators 1 - 15 kg O2kWhbull ΔBOD 50 - 70

Operational Considerationsbull Can be very efficient for soluble BOD COD

removal but solids concentrations too high for discharge (irrigation ok)

4 Aerobic (Oxidation) Ponds

Characteristicsbull Natural oxygenation (wind

photosynthesis) large surface area shallow (1 - 15m) low organic loading

bull Suitable for treating effluent from anaerobic ponds

Aerobic Pond Design amp Operation

Design 40 - 120 kg BOD5hadOperational Considerationsbull Maintain aerobic conditions Beware

of over-loading causing the pond to turn anaerobic

Outline

Overview31 Criteria for Successful Biological Treatment32 Principles of Biological Reactions33Wastewater Treatment Ponds34 Anaerobic Treatment Processes

34 Anaerobic Treatment Processes

Treatment under exclusion of oxygenCarbon mainly converted to methane (CH4) and carbon dioxide (CO2)Used for high organic loadingsEfficient and economic CODBOD removalLow rate systems use very long HRT eg Anaerobic pondsHigh rate systems use low HRT but need biomass retention mechanism eg UASBIncrease rate of biological action by increasing temperature

Anaerobic Process Principles

Pathways of organics in anaerobic treatment

Fast growingrobust bacteria

Slow growing pHsensitive archaea

Process types

A Single-stage processesbull Long solids amp hydraulic retention times

(HRT)bull Eg Anaerobic digesters (20-30 d HRT) Anaerobic ponds (10-30 d HRT)

B Two-stage (high rate) processesbull Short HRT in first stage no biomass

retentionbull Short HRT but with biomass retention in

second stage usually pH controlledbull Eg UASB Hybrid fluidised bed reactors etc

A Single Stage Process

Biogas

Treated effluent

Wastewater

SLUDGE DIGESTER

Mixing mechanicallyor often by biogasrecirculation

1 Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket (UASB)

Treated effluent

Biogas

FromPre-acidificationTank

Gas collector

Granular biomass

Gas collectionbelow waterlevel to reduceturbulence atoverflow

Uniform flowdistributionessential

Sludge blanket

2 Hybrid Reactor

Treated effluent

Biogas

FromPre-acidificationTank Granular biomass

Uniform flowdistributionessential

Packed bed(plastic material)for biofilm growth

Sludge blanket

B Two-Stage Reactor Performance

COD removal 60 - 95BOD removal 80 - 95Gas production 03-06 m3kg CODremoved

Methane production 02-035 m3kg CODremoved

Methane conc 55 - 75Sludge production 005-01 kg VSSkgCODremoved

Two-stage high-rate hybrid reactor for abattoir amp industrial wastewater

Anaerobic Reactor Design

1 Pre-acidification tankbull Often on the basis of an equalisation

tank (also variable volume operation)bull Typical HRT 12-24 hbull pH 5-6 if controlled 4-5 if

uncontrolledbull Mixing usually only by inflow 1048782

importance to minimise solids in influent

bull Covered tank gas vented and treated or incinerated (with biogas in boiler or flare)

Anaerobic Reactor Design

2 Methanogenic (2nd stage) reactorbull Volume-based organic loading rate (OLR)

Cin biodegradable COD conc in influent mgL

Q wastewater flow rate m3dVR methanogenic bioreactor volume m3Typical HRT 12-24 h Solids RT 10-150 daysUsually heated to operate at 30 - 40degC

RV

QCinOLR

High Rate Anaerobic Treatment

Typical process flowsheet using Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket (UASB) reactor

Acidif Tank

Mix Tank

Sludgeblanket

Methanogenesis

Acidogenesis

Biogas

Biomassretention asgranules

Recycle and mix tank reduce pHcontrol dosing

CSTR-type tank usually not heated

Anaerobic Reactor Design

OLR designs for various reactor typesbull UASB 1048782 6-12 kg

CODm3dbull Internal Circulation 1048782 15-25 kg

CODm3dbull Fluidisedexpanded bed 104878212-20 kg

CODm3dbull Hybrid Reactor 1048782 6-12 kg CODm3d

OLR varies with degradability temp pHhellipHydraulic loading up to 24 m3(m2

reactor

area d)

Gas loading 70 - 200 m3 gas (m2reactor area

d)

Questions

Documentation

Terima Kasih

• Biological Treatment Processes
• Outline
• Wastewater Treatment
• 21 Overview of Treatment Processes
• 21 Overview of Treatment Processes (2)
• Slide 6
• Wastewater Treatment (2)
• Outline (2)
• 31 Criteria for Successful Biological Treatment
• Outline (3)
• 32 Principles of Biological Reactions
• B Aerobic or Anaerobic
• 32 Principles of Biological Reactions
• Outline (4)
• 34 Wastewater Treatment Ponds
• 1 Anaerobic Ponds
• Anaerobic Pond Design amp Operation
• 2 Facultative Ponds
• Facultative Pond Design amp Operation
• 3 Aerated Ponds
• Aerated Pond Design amp Operation
• 4 Aerobic (Oxidation) Ponds
• Aerobic Pond Design amp Operation
• Outline (5)
• 34 Anaerobic Treatment Processes
• Anaerobic Process Principles
• Process types
• A Single Stage Process
• 1 Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket (UASB)
• 2 Hybrid Reactor
• B Two-Stage Reactor Performance
• Slide 32
• Anaerobic Reactor Design
• Anaerobic Reactor Design (2)
• High Rate Anaerobic Treatment
• Anaerobic Reactor Design (3)
• Questions
• Documentation
• Terima Kasih

Tertiary TreatmentRemoval of specific pollutants with physical chemical andor biological methodsExamplesa adsorption of organics by activated carbonb precipitation or flocculation of phosphate

etcc biological nitrogen removald disinfection

In general costs increase with increasing degree of treatment

Wastewater Treatment

bull Physical process

Primary

Outline

Overview31 Criteria for Successful Biological Treatment32 Principles of Biological Reactions33Wastewater Treatment Ponds34 Anaerobic Treatment Processes

31 Criteria for Successful Biological Treatment

Produce biological catalyst (biomass)bull source of energybull source of cellular components (C H N O P

S etc)Maintain biomassbull adequate environment (T pH toxics)bull adequate retention time (rate of treatment)

Separation of biomassbull grow suitable types of organisms ie floc

forming bacteria

Outline

Overview31 Criteria for Successful Biological Treatment32 Principles of Biological Reactions33 Wastewater Treatment Ponds34 Anaerobic Treatment Processes

32 Principles of Biological ReactionsA Three Important Biological Reactions

Aerobic CHO + O2 biomass + CO2 + H2O

asymp 50 asymp 50 respiratory metabolism

AnaerobicCHO biomass + CO2 + CH4 + H20

10 - 20 80 - 90 fermentative metabolism

PhotosynthesisCO2 + H2O biomass + O2 energy supplied externally (light)

B Aerobic or Anaerobic

1000100 10000 100000

1

10

100

01

Wastewater COD (mgL)

Hyd

rau

lic

Ret

enti

on

Tim

e (

day

s)

Aerobic treatment

Anaerobic digestion

High Rate AnaerobicTreatment

Low Rate AnaerobicTreatment

32 Principles of Biological Reactions

C Nutrient Requirements Major elements C H O NMinor elementsbull P DNARNA phospholipids ATPbull S for proteins amino acidsbull K in RNA coenzymesbull Mg in RNA coenzymes as cation

Trace elementsbull Often essential Ca Mn Fe Co Cu Znbull Rarely essential B Na Al Si Cl V Cr Ni As Se Mo

Sn I

Outline

Overview31 Criteria for Successful Biological Treatment32 Principles of Biological Reactions33 Wastewater Treatment Ponds34 Anaerobic Treatment Processes

34 Wastewater Treatment Ponds

Applied mostly in rural industries and small communitiesMain benefits are low construction and operating costClassification based on biological activity form of aeration and influent composition

POND TYPE BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITY

TYPE OFAERATION

Anaerobic Anaerobic Avoided

Facultative (Stabilisation)

Anaerobic Aerobic Natural

Aerated Aerobic Mechanical

Aerobic (Maturation Oxidation)

Aerobic Natural

1 Anaerobic Ponds

CharacteristicsHigh organic loadDeep (3-6m)Biomass formation small (5-15 of C in feed)

Anaerobic Pond Design amp Operation

Operational Considerationsbull BOD removal 60-80bull Scum formation to contain odour emissionsbull Monitor pH (should be 64 - 78)

Parameter Unit Typical values

Loading (volumetric)

kg BOD5m3d

01-03

Temperature degC 25-35

Mean HRT days 6-25

Influent COD mgL 1000-6000

Effluent COD mgL 200-1000

2 Facultative Ponds

Characteristicsbull ldquotwo zonerdquo environment depth 15 - 4 m

largebull microbial diversity medium organic load

odour free

Facultative Pond Design amp Operation

Design Area Loading Ratebull 40 - 140 kg BOD5had Tgt15oCbull 20 - 40 kg BOD5had Tlt15oCbull HRT 5 - 30 days

Operational Considerationsbull Maintain aerobic conditions Beware

of over-loading causing the pond to turn anaerobic - odour problems

3 Aerated Ponds

Characteristicsbull Mode is determined by the mixing intensitybull Completely mixed PV = 23 - 4 Wm3bull Facultative PV asymp 08 Wm3

Aerated Pond Design amp Operation

Design bull HRT 05 - 3 daysbull Aeration capacity asymp 2BOD loadbull Aerators 1 - 15 kg O2kWhbull ΔBOD 50 - 70

Operational Considerationsbull Can be very efficient for soluble BOD COD

removal but solids concentrations too high for discharge (irrigation ok)

4 Aerobic (Oxidation) Ponds

Characteristicsbull Natural oxygenation (wind

photosynthesis) large surface area shallow (1 - 15m) low organic loading

bull Suitable for treating effluent from anaerobic ponds

Aerobic Pond Design amp Operation

Design 40 - 120 kg BOD5hadOperational Considerationsbull Maintain aerobic conditions Beware

of over-loading causing the pond to turn anaerobic

Outline

Overview31 Criteria for Successful Biological Treatment32 Principles of Biological Reactions33Wastewater Treatment Ponds34 Anaerobic Treatment Processes

34 Anaerobic Treatment Processes

Treatment under exclusion of oxygenCarbon mainly converted to methane (CH4) and carbon dioxide (CO2)Used for high organic loadingsEfficient and economic CODBOD removalLow rate systems use very long HRT eg Anaerobic pondsHigh rate systems use low HRT but need biomass retention mechanism eg UASBIncrease rate of biological action by increasing temperature

Anaerobic Process Principles

Pathways of organics in anaerobic treatment

Fast growingrobust bacteria

Slow growing pHsensitive archaea

Process types

A Single-stage processesbull Long solids amp hydraulic retention times

(HRT)bull Eg Anaerobic digesters (20-30 d HRT) Anaerobic ponds (10-30 d HRT)

B Two-stage (high rate) processesbull Short HRT in first stage no biomass

retentionbull Short HRT but with biomass retention in

second stage usually pH controlledbull Eg UASB Hybrid fluidised bed reactors etc

A Single Stage Process

Biogas

Treated effluent

Wastewater

SLUDGE DIGESTER

Mixing mechanicallyor often by biogasrecirculation

1 Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket (UASB)

Treated effluent

Biogas

FromPre-acidificationTank

Gas collector

Granular biomass

Gas collectionbelow waterlevel to reduceturbulence atoverflow

Uniform flowdistributionessential

Sludge blanket

2 Hybrid Reactor

Treated effluent

Biogas

FromPre-acidificationTank Granular biomass

Uniform flowdistributionessential

Packed bed(plastic material)for biofilm growth

Sludge blanket

B Two-Stage Reactor Performance

COD removal 60 - 95BOD removal 80 - 95Gas production 03-06 m3kg CODremoved

Methane production 02-035 m3kg CODremoved

Methane conc 55 - 75Sludge production 005-01 kg VSSkgCODremoved

Two-stage high-rate hybrid reactor for abattoir amp industrial wastewater

Anaerobic Reactor Design

1 Pre-acidification tankbull Often on the basis of an equalisation

tank (also variable volume operation)bull Typical HRT 12-24 hbull pH 5-6 if controlled 4-5 if

uncontrolledbull Mixing usually only by inflow 1048782

importance to minimise solids in influent

bull Covered tank gas vented and treated or incinerated (with biogas in boiler or flare)

Anaerobic Reactor Design

2 Methanogenic (2nd stage) reactorbull Volume-based organic loading rate (OLR)

Cin biodegradable COD conc in influent mgL

Q wastewater flow rate m3dVR methanogenic bioreactor volume m3Typical HRT 12-24 h Solids RT 10-150 daysUsually heated to operate at 30 - 40degC

RV

QCinOLR

High Rate Anaerobic Treatment

Typical process flowsheet using Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket (UASB) reactor

Acidif Tank

Mix Tank

Sludgeblanket

Methanogenesis

Acidogenesis

Biogas

Biomassretention asgranules

Recycle and mix tank reduce pHcontrol dosing

CSTR-type tank usually not heated

Anaerobic Reactor Design

OLR designs for various reactor typesbull UASB 1048782 6-12 kg

CODm3dbull Internal Circulation 1048782 15-25 kg

CODm3dbull Fluidisedexpanded bed 104878212-20 kg

CODm3dbull Hybrid Reactor 1048782 6-12 kg CODm3d

OLR varies with degradability temp pHhellipHydraulic loading up to 24 m3(m2

reactor

area d)

Gas loading 70 - 200 m3 gas (m2reactor area

d)

Questions

Documentation

Terima Kasih

• Biological Treatment Processes
• Outline
• Wastewater Treatment
• 21 Overview of Treatment Processes
• 21 Overview of Treatment Processes (2)
• Slide 6
• Wastewater Treatment (2)
• Outline (2)
• 31 Criteria for Successful Biological Treatment
• Outline (3)
• 32 Principles of Biological Reactions
• B Aerobic or Anaerobic
• 32 Principles of Biological Reactions
• Outline (4)
• 34 Wastewater Treatment Ponds
• 1 Anaerobic Ponds
• Anaerobic Pond Design amp Operation
• 2 Facultative Ponds
• Facultative Pond Design amp Operation
• 3 Aerated Ponds
• Aerated Pond Design amp Operation
• 4 Aerobic (Oxidation) Ponds
• Aerobic Pond Design amp Operation
• Outline (5)
• 34 Anaerobic Treatment Processes
• Anaerobic Process Principles
• Process types
• A Single Stage Process
• 1 Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket (UASB)
• 2 Hybrid Reactor
• B Two-Stage Reactor Performance
• Slide 32
• Anaerobic Reactor Design
• Anaerobic Reactor Design (2)
• High Rate Anaerobic Treatment
• Anaerobic Reactor Design (3)
• Questions
• Documentation
• Terima Kasih

Wastewater Treatment

bull Physical process

Primary

Outline

Overview31 Criteria for Successful Biological Treatment32 Principles of Biological Reactions33Wastewater Treatment Ponds34 Anaerobic Treatment Processes

31 Criteria for Successful Biological Treatment

Produce biological catalyst (biomass)bull source of energybull source of cellular components (C H N O P

S etc)Maintain biomassbull adequate environment (T pH toxics)bull adequate retention time (rate of treatment)

Separation of biomassbull grow suitable types of organisms ie floc

forming bacteria

Outline

Overview31 Criteria for Successful Biological Treatment32 Principles of Biological Reactions33 Wastewater Treatment Ponds34 Anaerobic Treatment Processes

32 Principles of Biological ReactionsA Three Important Biological Reactions

Aerobic CHO + O2 biomass + CO2 + H2O

asymp 50 asymp 50 respiratory metabolism

AnaerobicCHO biomass + CO2 + CH4 + H20

10 - 20 80 - 90 fermentative metabolism

PhotosynthesisCO2 + H2O biomass + O2 energy supplied externally (light)

B Aerobic or Anaerobic

1000100 10000 100000

1

10

100

01

Wastewater COD (mgL)

Hyd

rau

lic

Ret

enti

on

Tim

e (

day

s)

Aerobic treatment

Anaerobic digestion

High Rate AnaerobicTreatment

Low Rate AnaerobicTreatment

32 Principles of Biological Reactions

C Nutrient Requirements Major elements C H O NMinor elementsbull P DNARNA phospholipids ATPbull S for proteins amino acidsbull K in RNA coenzymesbull Mg in RNA coenzymes as cation

Trace elementsbull Often essential Ca Mn Fe Co Cu Znbull Rarely essential B Na Al Si Cl V Cr Ni As Se Mo

Sn I

Outline

Overview31 Criteria for Successful Biological Treatment32 Principles of Biological Reactions33 Wastewater Treatment Ponds34 Anaerobic Treatment Processes

34 Wastewater Treatment Ponds

Applied mostly in rural industries and small communitiesMain benefits are low construction and operating costClassification based on biological activity form of aeration and influent composition

POND TYPE BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITY

TYPE OFAERATION

Anaerobic Anaerobic Avoided

Facultative (Stabilisation)

Anaerobic Aerobic Natural

Aerated Aerobic Mechanical

Aerobic (Maturation Oxidation)

Aerobic Natural

1 Anaerobic Ponds

CharacteristicsHigh organic loadDeep (3-6m)Biomass formation small (5-15 of C in feed)

Anaerobic Pond Design amp Operation

Operational Considerationsbull BOD removal 60-80bull Scum formation to contain odour emissionsbull Monitor pH (should be 64 - 78)

Parameter Unit Typical values

Loading (volumetric)

kg BOD5m3d

01-03

Temperature degC 25-35

Mean HRT days 6-25

Influent COD mgL 1000-6000

Effluent COD mgL 200-1000

2 Facultative Ponds

Characteristicsbull ldquotwo zonerdquo environment depth 15 - 4 m

largebull microbial diversity medium organic load

odour free

Facultative Pond Design amp Operation

Design Area Loading Ratebull 40 - 140 kg BOD5had Tgt15oCbull 20 - 40 kg BOD5had Tlt15oCbull HRT 5 - 30 days

Operational Considerationsbull Maintain aerobic conditions Beware

of over-loading causing the pond to turn anaerobic - odour problems

3 Aerated Ponds

Characteristicsbull Mode is determined by the mixing intensitybull Completely mixed PV = 23 - 4 Wm3bull Facultative PV asymp 08 Wm3

Aerated Pond Design amp Operation

Design bull HRT 05 - 3 daysbull Aeration capacity asymp 2BOD loadbull Aerators 1 - 15 kg O2kWhbull ΔBOD 50 - 70

Operational Considerationsbull Can be very efficient for soluble BOD COD

removal but solids concentrations too high for discharge (irrigation ok)

4 Aerobic (Oxidation) Ponds

Characteristicsbull Natural oxygenation (wind

photosynthesis) large surface area shallow (1 - 15m) low organic loading

bull Suitable for treating effluent from anaerobic ponds

Aerobic Pond Design amp Operation

Design 40 - 120 kg BOD5hadOperational Considerationsbull Maintain aerobic conditions Beware

of over-loading causing the pond to turn anaerobic

Outline

Overview31 Criteria for Successful Biological Treatment32 Principles of Biological Reactions33Wastewater Treatment Ponds34 Anaerobic Treatment Processes

34 Anaerobic Treatment Processes

Treatment under exclusion of oxygenCarbon mainly converted to methane (CH4) and carbon dioxide (CO2)Used for high organic loadingsEfficient and economic CODBOD removalLow rate systems use very long HRT eg Anaerobic pondsHigh rate systems use low HRT but need biomass retention mechanism eg UASBIncrease rate of biological action by increasing temperature

Anaerobic Process Principles

Pathways of organics in anaerobic treatment

Fast growingrobust bacteria

Slow growing pHsensitive archaea

Process types

A Single-stage processesbull Long solids amp hydraulic retention times

(HRT)bull Eg Anaerobic digesters (20-30 d HRT) Anaerobic ponds (10-30 d HRT)

B Two-stage (high rate) processesbull Short HRT in first stage no biomass

retentionbull Short HRT but with biomass retention in

second stage usually pH controlledbull Eg UASB Hybrid fluidised bed reactors etc

A Single Stage Process

Biogas

Treated effluent

Wastewater

SLUDGE DIGESTER

Mixing mechanicallyor often by biogasrecirculation

1 Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket (UASB)

Treated effluent

Biogas

FromPre-acidificationTank

Gas collector

Granular biomass

Gas collectionbelow waterlevel to reduceturbulence atoverflow

Uniform flowdistributionessential

Sludge blanket

2 Hybrid Reactor

Treated effluent

Biogas

FromPre-acidificationTank Granular biomass

Uniform flowdistributionessential

Packed bed(plastic material)for biofilm growth

Sludge blanket

B Two-Stage Reactor Performance

COD removal 60 - 95BOD removal 80 - 95Gas production 03-06 m3kg CODremoved

Methane production 02-035 m3kg CODremoved

Methane conc 55 - 75Sludge production 005-01 kg VSSkgCODremoved

Two-stage high-rate hybrid reactor for abattoir amp industrial wastewater

Anaerobic Reactor Design

1 Pre-acidification tankbull Often on the basis of an equalisation

tank (also variable volume operation)bull Typical HRT 12-24 hbull pH 5-6 if controlled 4-5 if

uncontrolledbull Mixing usually only by inflow 1048782

importance to minimise solids in influent

bull Covered tank gas vented and treated or incinerated (with biogas in boiler or flare)

Anaerobic Reactor Design

2 Methanogenic (2nd stage) reactorbull Volume-based organic loading rate (OLR)

Cin biodegradable COD conc in influent mgL

Q wastewater flow rate m3dVR methanogenic bioreactor volume m3Typical HRT 12-24 h Solids RT 10-150 daysUsually heated to operate at 30 - 40degC

RV

QCinOLR

High Rate Anaerobic Treatment

Typical process flowsheet using Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket (UASB) reactor

Acidif Tank

Mix Tank

Sludgeblanket

Methanogenesis

Acidogenesis

Biogas

Biomassretention asgranules

Recycle and mix tank reduce pHcontrol dosing

CSTR-type tank usually not heated

Anaerobic Reactor Design

OLR designs for various reactor typesbull UASB 1048782 6-12 kg

CODm3dbull Internal Circulation 1048782 15-25 kg

CODm3dbull Fluidisedexpanded bed 104878212-20 kg

CODm3dbull Hybrid Reactor 1048782 6-12 kg CODm3d

OLR varies with degradability temp pHhellipHydraulic loading up to 24 m3(m2

reactor

area d)

Gas loading 70 - 200 m3 gas (m2reactor area

d)

Questions

Documentation

Terima Kasih

• Biological Treatment Processes
• Outline
• Wastewater Treatment
• 21 Overview of Treatment Processes
• 21 Overview of Treatment Processes (2)
• Slide 6
• Wastewater Treatment (2)
• Outline (2)
• 31 Criteria for Successful Biological Treatment
• Outline (3)
• 32 Principles of Biological Reactions
• B Aerobic or Anaerobic
• 32 Principles of Biological Reactions
• Outline (4)
• 34 Wastewater Treatment Ponds
• 1 Anaerobic Ponds
• Anaerobic Pond Design amp Operation
• 2 Facultative Ponds
• Facultative Pond Design amp Operation
• 3 Aerated Ponds
• Aerated Pond Design amp Operation
• 4 Aerobic (Oxidation) Ponds
• Aerobic Pond Design amp Operation
• Outline (5)
• 34 Anaerobic Treatment Processes
• Anaerobic Process Principles
• Process types
• A Single Stage Process
• 1 Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket (UASB)
• 2 Hybrid Reactor
• B Two-Stage Reactor Performance
• Slide 32
• Anaerobic Reactor Design
• Anaerobic Reactor Design (2)
• High Rate Anaerobic Treatment
• Anaerobic Reactor Design (3)
• Questions
• Documentation
• Terima Kasih

Outline

Overview31 Criteria for Successful Biological Treatment32 Principles of Biological Reactions33Wastewater Treatment Ponds34 Anaerobic Treatment Processes

31 Criteria for Successful Biological Treatment

Produce biological catalyst (biomass)bull source of energybull source of cellular components (C H N O P

S etc)Maintain biomassbull adequate environment (T pH toxics)bull adequate retention time (rate of treatment)

Separation of biomassbull grow suitable types of organisms ie floc

forming bacteria

Outline

Overview31 Criteria for Successful Biological Treatment32 Principles of Biological Reactions33 Wastewater Treatment Ponds34 Anaerobic Treatment Processes

32 Principles of Biological ReactionsA Three Important Biological Reactions

Aerobic CHO + O2 biomass + CO2 + H2O

asymp 50 asymp 50 respiratory metabolism

AnaerobicCHO biomass + CO2 + CH4 + H20

10 - 20 80 - 90 fermentative metabolism

PhotosynthesisCO2 + H2O biomass + O2 energy supplied externally (light)

B Aerobic or Anaerobic

1000100 10000 100000

1

10

100

01

Wastewater COD (mgL)

Hyd

rau

lic

Ret

enti

on

Tim

e (

day

s)

Aerobic treatment

Anaerobic digestion

High Rate AnaerobicTreatment

Low Rate AnaerobicTreatment

32 Principles of Biological Reactions

C Nutrient Requirements Major elements C H O NMinor elementsbull P DNARNA phospholipids ATPbull S for proteins amino acidsbull K in RNA coenzymesbull Mg in RNA coenzymes as cation

Trace elementsbull Often essential Ca Mn Fe Co Cu Znbull Rarely essential B Na Al Si Cl V Cr Ni As Se Mo

Sn I

Outline

Overview31 Criteria for Successful Biological Treatment32 Principles of Biological Reactions33 Wastewater Treatment Ponds34 Anaerobic Treatment Processes

34 Wastewater Treatment Ponds

Applied mostly in rural industries and small communitiesMain benefits are low construction and operating costClassification based on biological activity form of aeration and influent composition

POND TYPE BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITY

TYPE OFAERATION

Anaerobic Anaerobic Avoided

Facultative (Stabilisation)

Anaerobic Aerobic Natural

Aerated Aerobic Mechanical

Aerobic (Maturation Oxidation)

Aerobic Natural

1 Anaerobic Ponds

CharacteristicsHigh organic loadDeep (3-6m)Biomass formation small (5-15 of C in feed)

Anaerobic Pond Design amp Operation

Operational Considerationsbull BOD removal 60-80bull Scum formation to contain odour emissionsbull Monitor pH (should be 64 - 78)

Parameter Unit Typical values

Loading (volumetric)

kg BOD5m3d

01-03

Temperature degC 25-35

Mean HRT days 6-25

Influent COD mgL 1000-6000

Effluent COD mgL 200-1000

2 Facultative Ponds

Characteristicsbull ldquotwo zonerdquo environment depth 15 - 4 m

largebull microbial diversity medium organic load

odour free

Facultative Pond Design amp Operation

Design Area Loading Ratebull 40 - 140 kg BOD5had Tgt15oCbull 20 - 40 kg BOD5had Tlt15oCbull HRT 5 - 30 days

Operational Considerationsbull Maintain aerobic conditions Beware

of over-loading causing the pond to turn anaerobic - odour problems

3 Aerated Ponds

Characteristicsbull Mode is determined by the mixing intensitybull Completely mixed PV = 23 - 4 Wm3bull Facultative PV asymp 08 Wm3

Aerated Pond Design amp Operation

Design bull HRT 05 - 3 daysbull Aeration capacity asymp 2BOD loadbull Aerators 1 - 15 kg O2kWhbull ΔBOD 50 - 70

Operational Considerationsbull Can be very efficient for soluble BOD COD

removal but solids concentrations too high for discharge (irrigation ok)

4 Aerobic (Oxidation) Ponds

Characteristicsbull Natural oxygenation (wind

photosynthesis) large surface area shallow (1 - 15m) low organic loading

bull Suitable for treating effluent from anaerobic ponds

Aerobic Pond Design amp Operation

Design 40 - 120 kg BOD5hadOperational Considerationsbull Maintain aerobic conditions Beware

of over-loading causing the pond to turn anaerobic

Outline

Overview31 Criteria for Successful Biological Treatment32 Principles of Biological Reactions33Wastewater Treatment Ponds34 Anaerobic Treatment Processes

34 Anaerobic Treatment Processes

Treatment under exclusion of oxygenCarbon mainly converted to methane (CH4) and carbon dioxide (CO2)Used for high organic loadingsEfficient and economic CODBOD removalLow rate systems use very long HRT eg Anaerobic pondsHigh rate systems use low HRT but need biomass retention mechanism eg UASBIncrease rate of biological action by increasing temperature

Anaerobic Process Principles

Pathways of organics in anaerobic treatment

Fast growingrobust bacteria

Slow growing pHsensitive archaea

Process types

A Single-stage processesbull Long solids amp hydraulic retention times

(HRT)bull Eg Anaerobic digesters (20-30 d HRT) Anaerobic ponds (10-30 d HRT)

B Two-stage (high rate) processesbull Short HRT in first stage no biomass

retentionbull Short HRT but with biomass retention in

second stage usually pH controlledbull Eg UASB Hybrid fluidised bed reactors etc

A Single Stage Process

Biogas

Treated effluent

Wastewater

SLUDGE DIGESTER

Mixing mechanicallyor often by biogasrecirculation

1 Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket (UASB)

Treated effluent

Biogas

FromPre-acidificationTank

Gas collector

Granular biomass

Gas collectionbelow waterlevel to reduceturbulence atoverflow

Uniform flowdistributionessential

Sludge blanket

2 Hybrid Reactor

Treated effluent

Biogas

FromPre-acidificationTank Granular biomass

Uniform flowdistributionessential

Packed bed(plastic material)for biofilm growth

Sludge blanket

B Two-Stage Reactor Performance

COD removal 60 - 95BOD removal 80 - 95Gas production 03-06 m3kg CODremoved

Methane production 02-035 m3kg CODremoved

Methane conc 55 - 75Sludge production 005-01 kg VSSkgCODremoved

Two-stage high-rate hybrid reactor for abattoir amp industrial wastewater

Anaerobic Reactor Design

1 Pre-acidification tankbull Often on the basis of an equalisation

tank (also variable volume operation)bull Typical HRT 12-24 hbull pH 5-6 if controlled 4-5 if

uncontrolledbull Mixing usually only by inflow 1048782

importance to minimise solids in influent

bull Covered tank gas vented and treated or incinerated (with biogas in boiler or flare)

Anaerobic Reactor Design

2 Methanogenic (2nd stage) reactorbull Volume-based organic loading rate (OLR)

Cin biodegradable COD conc in influent mgL

Q wastewater flow rate m3dVR methanogenic bioreactor volume m3Typical HRT 12-24 h Solids RT 10-150 daysUsually heated to operate at 30 - 40degC

RV

QCinOLR

High Rate Anaerobic Treatment

Typical process flowsheet using Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket (UASB) reactor

Acidif Tank

Mix Tank

Sludgeblanket

Methanogenesis

Acidogenesis

Biogas

Biomassretention asgranules

Recycle and mix tank reduce pHcontrol dosing

CSTR-type tank usually not heated

Anaerobic Reactor Design

OLR designs for various reactor typesbull UASB 1048782 6-12 kg

CODm3dbull Internal Circulation 1048782 15-25 kg

CODm3dbull Fluidisedexpanded bed 104878212-20 kg

CODm3dbull Hybrid Reactor 1048782 6-12 kg CODm3d

OLR varies with degradability temp pHhellipHydraulic loading up to 24 m3(m2

reactor

area d)

Gas loading 70 - 200 m3 gas (m2reactor area

d)

Questions

Documentation

Terima Kasih

• Biological Treatment Processes
• Outline
• Wastewater Treatment
• 21 Overview of Treatment Processes
• 21 Overview of Treatment Processes (2)
• Slide 6
• Wastewater Treatment (2)
• Outline (2)
• 31 Criteria for Successful Biological Treatment
• Outline (3)
• 32 Principles of Biological Reactions
• B Aerobic or Anaerobic
• 32 Principles of Biological Reactions
• Outline (4)
• 34 Wastewater Treatment Ponds
• 1 Anaerobic Ponds
• Anaerobic Pond Design amp Operation
• 2 Facultative Ponds
• Facultative Pond Design amp Operation
• 3 Aerated Ponds
• Aerated Pond Design amp Operation
• 4 Aerobic (Oxidation) Ponds
• Aerobic Pond Design amp Operation
• Outline (5)
• 34 Anaerobic Treatment Processes
• Anaerobic Process Principles
• Process types
• A Single Stage Process
• 1 Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket (UASB)
• 2 Hybrid Reactor
• B Two-Stage Reactor Performance
• Slide 32
• Anaerobic Reactor Design
• Anaerobic Reactor Design (2)
• High Rate Anaerobic Treatment
• Anaerobic Reactor Design (3)
• Questions
• Documentation
• Terima Kasih

31 Criteria for Successful Biological Treatment

Produce biological catalyst (biomass)bull source of energybull source of cellular components (C H N O P

S etc)Maintain biomassbull adequate environment (T pH toxics)bull adequate retention time (rate of treatment)

Separation of biomassbull grow suitable types of organisms ie floc

forming bacteria

Outline

Overview31 Criteria for Successful Biological Treatment32 Principles of Biological Reactions33 Wastewater Treatment Ponds34 Anaerobic Treatment Processes

32 Principles of Biological ReactionsA Three Important Biological Reactions

Aerobic CHO + O2 biomass + CO2 + H2O

asymp 50 asymp 50 respiratory metabolism

AnaerobicCHO biomass + CO2 + CH4 + H20

10 - 20 80 - 90 fermentative metabolism

PhotosynthesisCO2 + H2O biomass + O2 energy supplied externally (light)

B Aerobic or Anaerobic

1000100 10000 100000

1

10

100

01

Wastewater COD (mgL)

Hyd

rau

lic

Ret

enti

on

Tim

e (

day

s)

Aerobic treatment

Anaerobic digestion

High Rate AnaerobicTreatment

Low Rate AnaerobicTreatment

32 Principles of Biological Reactions

C Nutrient Requirements Major elements C H O NMinor elementsbull P DNARNA phospholipids ATPbull S for proteins amino acidsbull K in RNA coenzymesbull Mg in RNA coenzymes as cation

Trace elementsbull Often essential Ca Mn Fe Co Cu Znbull Rarely essential B Na Al Si Cl V Cr Ni As Se Mo

Sn I

Outline

Overview31 Criteria for Successful Biological Treatment32 Principles of Biological Reactions33 Wastewater Treatment Ponds34 Anaerobic Treatment Processes

34 Wastewater Treatment Ponds

Applied mostly in rural industries and small communitiesMain benefits are low construction and operating costClassification based on biological activity form of aeration and influent composition

POND TYPE BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITY

TYPE OFAERATION

Anaerobic Anaerobic Avoided

Facultative (Stabilisation)

Anaerobic Aerobic Natural

Aerated Aerobic Mechanical

Aerobic (Maturation Oxidation)

Aerobic Natural

1 Anaerobic Ponds

CharacteristicsHigh organic loadDeep (3-6m)Biomass formation small (5-15 of C in feed)

Anaerobic Pond Design amp Operation

Operational Considerationsbull BOD removal 60-80bull Scum formation to contain odour emissionsbull Monitor pH (should be 64 - 78)

Parameter Unit Typical values

Loading (volumetric)

kg BOD5m3d

01-03

Temperature degC 25-35

Mean HRT days 6-25

Influent COD mgL 1000-6000

Effluent COD mgL 200-1000

2 Facultative Ponds

Characteristicsbull ldquotwo zonerdquo environment depth 15 - 4 m

largebull microbial diversity medium organic load

odour free

Facultative Pond Design amp Operation

Design Area Loading Ratebull 40 - 140 kg BOD5had Tgt15oCbull 20 - 40 kg BOD5had Tlt15oCbull HRT 5 - 30 days

Operational Considerationsbull Maintain aerobic conditions Beware

of over-loading causing the pond to turn anaerobic - odour problems

3 Aerated Ponds

Characteristicsbull Mode is determined by the mixing intensitybull Completely mixed PV = 23 - 4 Wm3bull Facultative PV asymp 08 Wm3

Aerated Pond Design amp Operation

Design bull HRT 05 - 3 daysbull Aeration capacity asymp 2BOD loadbull Aerators 1 - 15 kg O2kWhbull ΔBOD 50 - 70

Operational Considerationsbull Can be very efficient for soluble BOD COD

removal but solids concentrations too high for discharge (irrigation ok)

4 Aerobic (Oxidation) Ponds

Characteristicsbull Natural oxygenation (wind

photosynthesis) large surface area shallow (1 - 15m) low organic loading

bull Suitable for treating effluent from anaerobic ponds

Aerobic Pond Design amp Operation

Design 40 - 120 kg BOD5hadOperational Considerationsbull Maintain aerobic conditions Beware

of over-loading causing the pond to turn anaerobic

Outline

Overview31 Criteria for Successful Biological Treatment32 Principles of Biological Reactions33Wastewater Treatment Ponds34 Anaerobic Treatment Processes

34 Anaerobic Treatment Processes

Treatment under exclusion of oxygenCarbon mainly converted to methane (CH4) and carbon dioxide (CO2)Used for high organic loadingsEfficient and economic CODBOD removalLow rate systems use very long HRT eg Anaerobic pondsHigh rate systems use low HRT but need biomass retention mechanism eg UASBIncrease rate of biological action by increasing temperature

Anaerobic Process Principles

Pathways of organics in anaerobic treatment

Fast growingrobust bacteria

Slow growing pHsensitive archaea

Process types

A Single-stage processesbull Long solids amp hydraulic retention times

(HRT)bull Eg Anaerobic digesters (20-30 d HRT) Anaerobic ponds (10-30 d HRT)

B Two-stage (high rate) processesbull Short HRT in first stage no biomass

retentionbull Short HRT but with biomass retention in

second stage usually pH controlledbull Eg UASB Hybrid fluidised bed reactors etc

A Single Stage Process

Biogas

Treated effluent

Wastewater

SLUDGE DIGESTER

Mixing mechanicallyor often by biogasrecirculation

1 Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket (UASB)

Treated effluent

Biogas

FromPre-acidificationTank

Gas collector

Granular biomass

Gas collectionbelow waterlevel to reduceturbulence atoverflow

Uniform flowdistributionessential

Sludge blanket

2 Hybrid Reactor

Treated effluent

Biogas

FromPre-acidificationTank Granular biomass

Uniform flowdistributionessential

Packed bed(plastic material)for biofilm growth

Sludge blanket

B Two-Stage Reactor Performance

COD removal 60 - 95BOD removal 80 - 95Gas production 03-06 m3kg CODremoved

Methane production 02-035 m3kg CODremoved

Methane conc 55 - 75Sludge production 005-01 kg VSSkgCODremoved

Two-stage high-rate hybrid reactor for abattoir amp industrial wastewater

Anaerobic Reactor Design

1 Pre-acidification tankbull Often on the basis of an equalisation

tank (also variable volume operation)bull Typical HRT 12-24 hbull pH 5-6 if controlled 4-5 if

uncontrolledbull Mixing usually only by inflow 1048782

importance to minimise solids in influent

bull Covered tank gas vented and treated or incinerated (with biogas in boiler or flare)

Anaerobic Reactor Design

2 Methanogenic (2nd stage) reactorbull Volume-based organic loading rate (OLR)

Cin biodegradable COD conc in influent mgL

Q wastewater flow rate m3dVR methanogenic bioreactor volume m3Typical HRT 12-24 h Solids RT 10-150 daysUsually heated to operate at 30 - 40degC

RV

QCinOLR

High Rate Anaerobic Treatment

Typical process flowsheet using Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket (UASB) reactor

Acidif Tank

Mix Tank

Sludgeblanket

Methanogenesis

Acidogenesis

Biogas

Biomassretention asgranules

Recycle and mix tank reduce pHcontrol dosing

CSTR-type tank usually not heated

Anaerobic Reactor Design

OLR designs for various reactor typesbull UASB 1048782 6-12 kg

CODm3dbull Internal Circulation 1048782 15-25 kg

CODm3dbull Fluidisedexpanded bed 104878212-20 kg

CODm3dbull Hybrid Reactor 1048782 6-12 kg CODm3d

OLR varies with degradability temp pHhellipHydraulic loading up to 24 m3(m2

reactor

area d)

Gas loading 70 - 200 m3 gas (m2reactor area

d)

Questions

Documentation

Terima Kasih

• Biological Treatment Processes
• Outline
• Wastewater Treatment
• 21 Overview of Treatment Processes
• 21 Overview of Treatment Processes (2)
• Slide 6
• Wastewater Treatment (2)
• Outline (2)
• 31 Criteria for Successful Biological Treatment
• Outline (3)
• 32 Principles of Biological Reactions
• B Aerobic or Anaerobic
• 32 Principles of Biological Reactions
• Outline (4)
• 34 Wastewater Treatment Ponds
• 1 Anaerobic Ponds
• Anaerobic Pond Design amp Operation
• 2 Facultative Ponds
• Facultative Pond Design amp Operation
• 3 Aerated Ponds
• Aerated Pond Design amp Operation
• 4 Aerobic (Oxidation) Ponds
• Aerobic Pond Design amp Operation
• Outline (5)
• 34 Anaerobic Treatment Processes
• Anaerobic Process Principles
• Process types
• A Single Stage Process
• 1 Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket (UASB)
• 2 Hybrid Reactor
• B Two-Stage Reactor Performance
• Slide 32
• Anaerobic Reactor Design
• Anaerobic Reactor Design (2)
• High Rate Anaerobic Treatment
• Anaerobic Reactor Design (3)
• Questions
• Documentation
• Terima Kasih

Outline

Overview31 Criteria for Successful Biological Treatment32 Principles of Biological Reactions33 Wastewater Treatment Ponds34 Anaerobic Treatment Processes

32 Principles of Biological ReactionsA Three Important Biological Reactions

Aerobic CHO + O2 biomass + CO2 + H2O

asymp 50 asymp 50 respiratory metabolism

AnaerobicCHO biomass + CO2 + CH4 + H20

10 - 20 80 - 90 fermentative metabolism

PhotosynthesisCO2 + H2O biomass + O2 energy supplied externally (light)

B Aerobic or Anaerobic

1000100 10000 100000

1

10

100

01

Wastewater COD (mgL)

Hyd

rau

lic

Ret

enti

on

Tim

e (

day

s)

Aerobic treatment

Anaerobic digestion

High Rate AnaerobicTreatment

Low Rate AnaerobicTreatment

32 Principles of Biological Reactions

C Nutrient Requirements Major elements C H O NMinor elementsbull P DNARNA phospholipids ATPbull S for proteins amino acidsbull K in RNA coenzymesbull Mg in RNA coenzymes as cation

Trace elementsbull Often essential Ca Mn Fe Co Cu Znbull Rarely essential B Na Al Si Cl V Cr Ni As Se Mo

Sn I

Outline

Overview31 Criteria for Successful Biological Treatment32 Principles of Biological Reactions33 Wastewater Treatment Ponds34 Anaerobic Treatment Processes

34 Wastewater Treatment Ponds

Applied mostly in rural industries and small communitiesMain benefits are low construction and operating costClassification based on biological activity form of aeration and influent composition

POND TYPE BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITY

TYPE OFAERATION

Anaerobic Anaerobic Avoided

Facultative (Stabilisation)

Anaerobic Aerobic Natural

Aerated Aerobic Mechanical

Aerobic (Maturation Oxidation)

Aerobic Natural

1 Anaerobic Ponds

CharacteristicsHigh organic loadDeep (3-6m)Biomass formation small (5-15 of C in feed)

Anaerobic Pond Design amp Operation

Operational Considerationsbull BOD removal 60-80bull Scum formation to contain odour emissionsbull Monitor pH (should be 64 - 78)

Parameter Unit Typical values

Loading (volumetric)

kg BOD5m3d

01-03

Temperature degC 25-35

Mean HRT days 6-25

Influent COD mgL 1000-6000

Effluent COD mgL 200-1000

2 Facultative Ponds

Characteristicsbull ldquotwo zonerdquo environment depth 15 - 4 m

largebull microbial diversity medium organic load

odour free

Facultative Pond Design amp Operation

Design Area Loading Ratebull 40 - 140 kg BOD5had Tgt15oCbull 20 - 40 kg BOD5had Tlt15oCbull HRT 5 - 30 days

Operational Considerationsbull Maintain aerobic conditions Beware

of over-loading causing the pond to turn anaerobic - odour problems

3 Aerated Ponds

Characteristicsbull Mode is determined by the mixing intensitybull Completely mixed PV = 23 - 4 Wm3bull Facultative PV asymp 08 Wm3

Aerated Pond Design amp Operation

Design bull HRT 05 - 3 daysbull Aeration capacity asymp 2BOD loadbull Aerators 1 - 15 kg O2kWhbull ΔBOD 50 - 70

Operational Considerationsbull Can be very efficient for soluble BOD COD

removal but solids concentrations too high for discharge (irrigation ok)

4 Aerobic (Oxidation) Ponds

Characteristicsbull Natural oxygenation (wind

photosynthesis) large surface area shallow (1 - 15m) low organic loading

bull Suitable for treating effluent from anaerobic ponds

Aerobic Pond Design amp Operation

Design 40 - 120 kg BOD5hadOperational Considerationsbull Maintain aerobic conditions Beware

of over-loading causing the pond to turn anaerobic

Outline

Overview31 Criteria for Successful Biological Treatment32 Principles of Biological Reactions33Wastewater Treatment Ponds34 Anaerobic Treatment Processes

34 Anaerobic Treatment Processes

Treatment under exclusion of oxygenCarbon mainly converted to methane (CH4) and carbon dioxide (CO2)Used for high organic loadingsEfficient and economic CODBOD removalLow rate systems use very long HRT eg Anaerobic pondsHigh rate systems use low HRT but need biomass retention mechanism eg UASBIncrease rate of biological action by increasing temperature

Anaerobic Process Principles

Pathways of organics in anaerobic treatment

Fast growingrobust bacteria

Slow growing pHsensitive archaea

Process types

A Single-stage processesbull Long solids amp hydraulic retention times

(HRT)bull Eg Anaerobic digesters (20-30 d HRT) Anaerobic ponds (10-30 d HRT)

B Two-stage (high rate) processesbull Short HRT in first stage no biomass

retentionbull Short HRT but with biomass retention in

second stage usually pH controlledbull Eg UASB Hybrid fluidised bed reactors etc

A Single Stage Process

Biogas

Treated effluent

Wastewater

SLUDGE DIGESTER

Mixing mechanicallyor often by biogasrecirculation

1 Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket (UASB)

Treated effluent

Biogas

FromPre-acidificationTank

Gas collector

Granular biomass

Gas collectionbelow waterlevel to reduceturbulence atoverflow

Uniform flowdistributionessential

Sludge blanket

2 Hybrid Reactor

Treated effluent

Biogas

FromPre-acidificationTank Granular biomass

Uniform flowdistributionessential

Packed bed(plastic material)for biofilm growth

Sludge blanket

B Two-Stage Reactor Performance

COD removal 60 - 95BOD removal 80 - 95Gas production 03-06 m3kg CODremoved

Methane production 02-035 m3kg CODremoved

Methane conc 55 - 75Sludge production 005-01 kg VSSkgCODremoved

Two-stage high-rate hybrid reactor for abattoir amp industrial wastewater

Anaerobic Reactor Design

1 Pre-acidification tankbull Often on the basis of an equalisation

tank (also variable volume operation)bull Typical HRT 12-24 hbull pH 5-6 if controlled 4-5 if

uncontrolledbull Mixing usually only by inflow 1048782

importance to minimise solids in influent

bull Covered tank gas vented and treated or incinerated (with biogas in boiler or flare)

Anaerobic Reactor Design

2 Methanogenic (2nd stage) reactorbull Volume-based organic loading rate (OLR)

Cin biodegradable COD conc in influent mgL

Q wastewater flow rate m3dVR methanogenic bioreactor volume m3Typical HRT 12-24 h Solids RT 10-150 daysUsually heated to operate at 30 - 40degC

RV

QCinOLR

High Rate Anaerobic Treatment

Typical process flowsheet using Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket (UASB) reactor

Acidif Tank

Mix Tank

Sludgeblanket

Methanogenesis

Acidogenesis

Biogas

Biomassretention asgranules

Recycle and mix tank reduce pHcontrol dosing

CSTR-type tank usually not heated

Anaerobic Reactor Design

OLR designs for various reactor typesbull UASB 1048782 6-12 kg

CODm3dbull Internal Circulation 1048782 15-25 kg

CODm3dbull Fluidisedexpanded bed 104878212-20 kg

CODm3dbull Hybrid Reactor 1048782 6-12 kg CODm3d

OLR varies with degradability temp pHhellipHydraulic loading up to 24 m3(m2

reactor

area d)

Gas loading 70 - 200 m3 gas (m2reactor area

d)

Questions

Documentation

Terima Kasih

• Biological Treatment Processes
• Outline
• Wastewater Treatment
• 21 Overview of Treatment Processes
• 21 Overview of Treatment Processes (2)
• Slide 6
• Wastewater Treatment (2)
• Outline (2)
• 31 Criteria for Successful Biological Treatment
• Outline (3)
• 32 Principles of Biological Reactions
• B Aerobic or Anaerobic
• 32 Principles of Biological Reactions
• Outline (4)
• 34 Wastewater Treatment Ponds
• 1 Anaerobic Ponds
• Anaerobic Pond Design amp Operation
• 2 Facultative Ponds
• Facultative Pond Design amp Operation
• 3 Aerated Ponds
• Aerated Pond Design amp Operation
• 4 Aerobic (Oxidation) Ponds
• Aerobic Pond Design amp Operation
• Outline (5)
• 34 Anaerobic Treatment Processes
• Anaerobic Process Principles
• Process types
• A Single Stage Process
• 1 Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket (UASB)
• 2 Hybrid Reactor
• B Two-Stage Reactor Performance
• Slide 32
• Anaerobic Reactor Design
• Anaerobic Reactor Design (2)
• High Rate Anaerobic Treatment
• Anaerobic Reactor Design (3)
• Questions
• Documentation
• Terima Kasih

32 Principles of Biological ReactionsA Three Important Biological Reactions

Aerobic CHO + O2 biomass + CO2 + H2O

asymp 50 asymp 50 respiratory metabolism

AnaerobicCHO biomass + CO2 + CH4 + H20

10 - 20 80 - 90 fermentative metabolism

PhotosynthesisCO2 + H2O biomass + O2 energy supplied externally (light)

B Aerobic or Anaerobic

1000100 10000 100000

1

10

100

01

Wastewater COD (mgL)

Hyd

rau

lic

Ret

enti

on

Tim

e (

day

s)

Aerobic treatment

Anaerobic digestion

High Rate AnaerobicTreatment

Low Rate AnaerobicTreatment

32 Principles of Biological Reactions

C Nutrient Requirements Major elements C H O NMinor elementsbull P DNARNA phospholipids ATPbull S for proteins amino acidsbull K in RNA coenzymesbull Mg in RNA coenzymes as cation

Trace elementsbull Often essential Ca Mn Fe Co Cu Znbull Rarely essential B Na Al Si Cl V Cr Ni As Se Mo

Sn I

Outline

Overview31 Criteria for Successful Biological Treatment32 Principles of Biological Reactions33 Wastewater Treatment Ponds34 Anaerobic Treatment Processes

34 Wastewater Treatment Ponds

Applied mostly in rural industries and small communitiesMain benefits are low construction and operating costClassification based on biological activity form of aeration and influent composition

POND TYPE BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITY

TYPE OFAERATION

Anaerobic Anaerobic Avoided

Facultative (Stabilisation)

Anaerobic Aerobic Natural

Aerated Aerobic Mechanical

Aerobic (Maturation Oxidation)

Aerobic Natural

1 Anaerobic Ponds

CharacteristicsHigh organic loadDeep (3-6m)Biomass formation small (5-15 of C in feed)

Anaerobic Pond Design amp Operation

Operational Considerationsbull BOD removal 60-80bull Scum formation to contain odour emissionsbull Monitor pH (should be 64 - 78)

Parameter Unit Typical values

Loading (volumetric)

kg BOD5m3d

01-03

Temperature degC 25-35

Mean HRT days 6-25

Influent COD mgL 1000-6000

Effluent COD mgL 200-1000

2 Facultative Ponds

Characteristicsbull ldquotwo zonerdquo environment depth 15 - 4 m

largebull microbial diversity medium organic load

odour free

Facultative Pond Design amp Operation

Design Area Loading Ratebull 40 - 140 kg BOD5had Tgt15oCbull 20 - 40 kg BOD5had Tlt15oCbull HRT 5 - 30 days

Operational Considerationsbull Maintain aerobic conditions Beware

of over-loading causing the pond to turn anaerobic - odour problems

3 Aerated Ponds

Characteristicsbull Mode is determined by the mixing intensitybull Completely mixed PV = 23 - 4 Wm3bull Facultative PV asymp 08 Wm3

Aerated Pond Design amp Operation

Design bull HRT 05 - 3 daysbull Aeration capacity asymp 2BOD loadbull Aerators 1 - 15 kg O2kWhbull ΔBOD 50 - 70

Operational Considerationsbull Can be very efficient for soluble BOD COD

removal but solids concentrations too high for discharge (irrigation ok)

4 Aerobic (Oxidation) Ponds

Characteristicsbull Natural oxygenation (wind

photosynthesis) large surface area shallow (1 - 15m) low organic loading

bull Suitable for treating effluent from anaerobic ponds

Aerobic Pond Design amp Operation

Design 40 - 120 kg BOD5hadOperational Considerationsbull Maintain aerobic conditions Beware

of over-loading causing the pond to turn anaerobic

Outline

Overview31 Criteria for Successful Biological Treatment32 Principles of Biological Reactions33Wastewater Treatment Ponds34 Anaerobic Treatment Processes

34 Anaerobic Treatment Processes

Treatment under exclusion of oxygenCarbon mainly converted to methane (CH4) and carbon dioxide (CO2)Used for high organic loadingsEfficient and economic CODBOD removalLow rate systems use very long HRT eg Anaerobic pondsHigh rate systems use low HRT but need biomass retention mechanism eg UASBIncrease rate of biological action by increasing temperature

Anaerobic Process Principles

Pathways of organics in anaerobic treatment

Fast growingrobust bacteria

Slow growing pHsensitive archaea

Process types

A Single-stage processesbull Long solids amp hydraulic retention times

(HRT)bull Eg Anaerobic digesters (20-30 d HRT) Anaerobic ponds (10-30 d HRT)

B Two-stage (high rate) processesbull Short HRT in first stage no biomass

retentionbull Short HRT but with biomass retention in

second stage usually pH controlledbull Eg UASB Hybrid fluidised bed reactors etc

A Single Stage Process

Biogas

Treated effluent

Wastewater

SLUDGE DIGESTER

Mixing mechanicallyor often by biogasrecirculation

1 Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket (UASB)

Treated effluent

Biogas

FromPre-acidificationTank

Gas collector

Granular biomass

Gas collectionbelow waterlevel to reduceturbulence atoverflow

Uniform flowdistributionessential

Sludge blanket

2 Hybrid Reactor

Treated effluent

Biogas

FromPre-acidificationTank Granular biomass

Uniform flowdistributionessential

Packed bed(plastic material)for biofilm growth

Sludge blanket

B Two-Stage Reactor Performance

COD removal 60 - 95BOD removal 80 - 95Gas production 03-06 m3kg CODremoved

Methane production 02-035 m3kg CODremoved

Methane conc 55 - 75Sludge production 005-01 kg VSSkgCODremoved

Two-stage high-rate hybrid reactor for abattoir amp industrial wastewater

Anaerobic Reactor Design

1 Pre-acidification tankbull Often on the basis of an equalisation

tank (also variable volume operation)bull Typical HRT 12-24 hbull pH 5-6 if controlled 4-5 if

uncontrolledbull Mixing usually only by inflow 1048782

importance to minimise solids in influent

bull Covered tank gas vented and treated or incinerated (with biogas in boiler or flare)

Anaerobic Reactor Design

2 Methanogenic (2nd stage) reactorbull Volume-based organic loading rate (OLR)

Cin biodegradable COD conc in influent mgL

Q wastewater flow rate m3dVR methanogenic bioreactor volume m3Typical HRT 12-24 h Solids RT 10-150 daysUsually heated to operate at 30 - 40degC

RV

QCinOLR

High Rate Anaerobic Treatment

Typical process flowsheet using Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket (UASB) reactor

Acidif Tank

Mix Tank

Sludgeblanket

Methanogenesis

Acidogenesis

Biogas

Biomassretention asgranules

Recycle and mix tank reduce pHcontrol dosing

CSTR-type tank usually not heated

Anaerobic Reactor Design

OLR designs for various reactor typesbull UASB 1048782 6-12 kg

CODm3dbull Internal Circulation 1048782 15-25 kg

CODm3dbull Fluidisedexpanded bed 104878212-20 kg

CODm3dbull Hybrid Reactor 1048782 6-12 kg CODm3d

OLR varies with degradability temp pHhellipHydraulic loading up to 24 m3(m2

reactor

area d)

Gas loading 70 - 200 m3 gas (m2reactor area

d)

Questions

Documentation

Terima Kasih

• Biological Treatment Processes
• Outline
• Wastewater Treatment
• 21 Overview of Treatment Processes
• 21 Overview of Treatment Processes (2)
• Slide 6
• Wastewater Treatment (2)
• Outline (2)
• 31 Criteria for Successful Biological Treatment
• Outline (3)
• 32 Principles of Biological Reactions
• B Aerobic or Anaerobic
• 32 Principles of Biological Reactions
• Outline (4)
• 34 Wastewater Treatment Ponds
• 1 Anaerobic Ponds
• Anaerobic Pond Design amp Operation
• 2 Facultative Ponds
• Facultative Pond Design amp Operation
• 3 Aerated Ponds
• Aerated Pond Design amp Operation
• 4 Aerobic (Oxidation) Ponds
• Aerobic Pond Design amp Operation
• Outline (5)
• 34 Anaerobic Treatment Processes
• Anaerobic Process Principles
• Process types
• A Single Stage Process
• 1 Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket (UASB)
• 2 Hybrid Reactor
• B Two-Stage Reactor Performance
• Slide 32
• Anaerobic Reactor Design
• Anaerobic Reactor Design (2)
• High Rate Anaerobic Treatment
• Anaerobic Reactor Design (3)
• Questions
• Documentation
• Terima Kasih

B Aerobic or Anaerobic

1000100 10000 100000

1

10

100

01

Wastewater COD (mgL)

Hyd

rau

lic

Ret

enti

on

Tim

e (

day

s)

Aerobic treatment

Anaerobic digestion

High Rate AnaerobicTreatment

Low Rate AnaerobicTreatment

32 Principles of Biological Reactions

C Nutrient Requirements Major elements C H O NMinor elementsbull P DNARNA phospholipids ATPbull S for proteins amino acidsbull K in RNA coenzymesbull Mg in RNA coenzymes as cation

Trace elementsbull Often essential Ca Mn Fe Co Cu Znbull Rarely essential B Na Al Si Cl V Cr Ni As Se Mo

Sn I

Outline

Overview31 Criteria for Successful Biological Treatment32 Principles of Biological Reactions33 Wastewater Treatment Ponds34 Anaerobic Treatment Processes

34 Wastewater Treatment Ponds

Applied mostly in rural industries and small communitiesMain benefits are low construction and operating costClassification based on biological activity form of aeration and influent composition

POND TYPE BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITY

TYPE OFAERATION

Anaerobic Anaerobic Avoided

Facultative (Stabilisation)

Anaerobic Aerobic Natural

Aerated Aerobic Mechanical

Aerobic (Maturation Oxidation)

Aerobic Natural

1 Anaerobic Ponds

CharacteristicsHigh organic loadDeep (3-6m)Biomass formation small (5-15 of C in feed)

Anaerobic Pond Design amp Operation

Operational Considerationsbull BOD removal 60-80bull Scum formation to contain odour emissionsbull Monitor pH (should be 64 - 78)

Parameter Unit Typical values

Loading (volumetric)

kg BOD5m3d

01-03

Temperature degC 25-35

Mean HRT days 6-25

Influent COD mgL 1000-6000

Effluent COD mgL 200-1000

2 Facultative Ponds

Characteristicsbull ldquotwo zonerdquo environment depth 15 - 4 m

largebull microbial diversity medium organic load

odour free

Facultative Pond Design amp Operation

Design Area Loading Ratebull 40 - 140 kg BOD5had Tgt15oCbull 20 - 40 kg BOD5had Tlt15oCbull HRT 5 - 30 days

Operational Considerationsbull Maintain aerobic conditions Beware

of over-loading causing the pond to turn anaerobic - odour problems

3 Aerated Ponds

Characteristicsbull Mode is determined by the mixing intensitybull Completely mixed PV = 23 - 4 Wm3bull Facultative PV asymp 08 Wm3

Aerated Pond Design amp Operation

Design bull HRT 05 - 3 daysbull Aeration capacity asymp 2BOD loadbull Aerators 1 - 15 kg O2kWhbull ΔBOD 50 - 70

Operational Considerationsbull Can be very efficient for soluble BOD COD

removal but solids concentrations too high for discharge (irrigation ok)

4 Aerobic (Oxidation) Ponds

Characteristicsbull Natural oxygenation (wind

photosynthesis) large surface area shallow (1 - 15m) low organic loading

bull Suitable for treating effluent from anaerobic ponds

Aerobic Pond Design amp Operation

Design 40 - 120 kg BOD5hadOperational Considerationsbull Maintain aerobic conditions Beware

of over-loading causing the pond to turn anaerobic

Outline

Overview31 Criteria for Successful Biological Treatment32 Principles of Biological Reactions33Wastewater Treatment Ponds34 Anaerobic Treatment Processes

34 Anaerobic Treatment Processes

Treatment under exclusion of oxygenCarbon mainly converted to methane (CH4) and carbon dioxide (CO2)Used for high organic loadingsEfficient and economic CODBOD removalLow rate systems use very long HRT eg Anaerobic pondsHigh rate systems use low HRT but need biomass retention mechanism eg UASBIncrease rate of biological action by increasing temperature

Anaerobic Process Principles

Pathways of organics in anaerobic treatment

Fast growingrobust bacteria

Slow growing pHsensitive archaea

Process types

A Single-stage processesbull Long solids amp hydraulic retention times

(HRT)bull Eg Anaerobic digesters (20-30 d HRT) Anaerobic ponds (10-30 d HRT)

B Two-stage (high rate) processesbull Short HRT in first stage no biomass

retentionbull Short HRT but with biomass retention in

second stage usually pH controlledbull Eg UASB Hybrid fluidised bed reactors etc

A Single Stage Process

Biogas

Treated effluent

Wastewater

SLUDGE DIGESTER

Mixing mechanicallyor often by biogasrecirculation

1 Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket (UASB)

Treated effluent

Biogas

FromPre-acidificationTank

Gas collector

Granular biomass

Gas collectionbelow waterlevel to reduceturbulence atoverflow

Uniform flowdistributionessential

Sludge blanket

2 Hybrid Reactor

Treated effluent

Biogas

FromPre-acidificationTank Granular biomass

Uniform flowdistributionessential

Packed bed(plastic material)for biofilm growth

Sludge blanket

B Two-Stage Reactor Performance

COD removal 60 - 95BOD removal 80 - 95Gas production 03-06 m3kg CODremoved

Methane production 02-035 m3kg CODremoved

Methane conc 55 - 75Sludge production 005-01 kg VSSkgCODremoved

Two-stage high-rate hybrid reactor for abattoir amp industrial wastewater

Anaerobic Reactor Design

1 Pre-acidification tankbull Often on the basis of an equalisation

tank (also variable volume operation)bull Typical HRT 12-24 hbull pH 5-6 if controlled 4-5 if

uncontrolledbull Mixing usually only by inflow 1048782

importance to minimise solids in influent

bull Covered tank gas vented and treated or incinerated (with biogas in boiler or flare)

Anaerobic Reactor Design

2 Methanogenic (2nd stage) reactorbull Volume-based organic loading rate (OLR)

Cin biodegradable COD conc in influent mgL

Q wastewater flow rate m3dVR methanogenic bioreactor volume m3Typical HRT 12-24 h Solids RT 10-150 daysUsually heated to operate at 30 - 40degC

RV

QCinOLR

High Rate Anaerobic Treatment

Typical process flowsheet using Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket (UASB) reactor

Acidif Tank

Mix Tank

Sludgeblanket

Methanogenesis

Acidogenesis

Biogas

Biomassretention asgranules

Recycle and mix tank reduce pHcontrol dosing

CSTR-type tank usually not heated

Anaerobic Reactor Design

OLR designs for various reactor typesbull UASB 1048782 6-12 kg

CODm3dbull Internal Circulation 1048782 15-25 kg

CODm3dbull Fluidisedexpanded bed 104878212-20 kg

CODm3dbull Hybrid Reactor 1048782 6-12 kg CODm3d

OLR varies with degradability temp pHhellipHydraulic loading up to 24 m3(m2

reactor

area d)

Gas loading 70 - 200 m3 gas (m2reactor area

d)

Questions

Documentation

Terima Kasih

• Biological Treatment Processes
• Outline
• Wastewater Treatment
• 21 Overview of Treatment Processes
• 21 Overview of Treatment Processes (2)
• Slide 6
• Wastewater Treatment (2)
• Outline (2)
• 31 Criteria for Successful Biological Treatment
• Outline (3)
• 32 Principles of Biological Reactions
• B Aerobic or Anaerobic
• 32 Principles of Biological Reactions
• Outline (4)
• 34 Wastewater Treatment Ponds
• 1 Anaerobic Ponds
• Anaerobic Pond Design amp Operation
• 2 Facultative Ponds
• Facultative Pond Design amp Operation
• 3 Aerated Ponds
• Aerated Pond Design amp Operation
• 4 Aerobic (Oxidation) Ponds
• Aerobic Pond Design amp Operation
• Outline (5)
• 34 Anaerobic Treatment Processes
• Anaerobic Process Principles
• Process types
• A Single Stage Process
• 1 Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket (UASB)
• 2 Hybrid Reactor
• B Two-Stage Reactor Performance
• Slide 32
• Anaerobic Reactor Design
• Anaerobic Reactor Design (2)
• High Rate Anaerobic Treatment
• Anaerobic Reactor Design (3)
• Questions
• Documentation
• Terima Kasih

32 Principles of Biological Reactions

C Nutrient Requirements Major elements C H O NMinor elementsbull P DNARNA phospholipids ATPbull S for proteins amino acidsbull K in RNA coenzymesbull Mg in RNA coenzymes as cation

Trace elementsbull Often essential Ca Mn Fe Co Cu Znbull Rarely essential B Na Al Si Cl V Cr Ni As Se Mo

Sn I

Outline

Overview31 Criteria for Successful Biological Treatment32 Principles of Biological Reactions33 Wastewater Treatment Ponds34 Anaerobic Treatment Processes

34 Wastewater Treatment Ponds

Applied mostly in rural industries and small communitiesMain benefits are low construction and operating costClassification based on biological activity form of aeration and influent composition

POND TYPE BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITY

TYPE OFAERATION

Anaerobic Anaerobic Avoided

Facultative (Stabilisation)

Anaerobic Aerobic Natural

Aerated Aerobic Mechanical

Aerobic (Maturation Oxidation)

Aerobic Natural

1 Anaerobic Ponds

CharacteristicsHigh organic loadDeep (3-6m)Biomass formation small (5-15 of C in feed)

Anaerobic Pond Design amp Operation

Operational Considerationsbull BOD removal 60-80bull Scum formation to contain odour emissionsbull Monitor pH (should be 64 - 78)

Parameter Unit Typical values

Loading (volumetric)

kg BOD5m3d

01-03

Temperature degC 25-35

Mean HRT days 6-25

Influent COD mgL 1000-6000

Effluent COD mgL 200-1000

2 Facultative Ponds

Characteristicsbull ldquotwo zonerdquo environment depth 15 - 4 m

largebull microbial diversity medium organic load

odour free

Facultative Pond Design amp Operation

Design Area Loading Ratebull 40 - 140 kg BOD5had Tgt15oCbull 20 - 40 kg BOD5had Tlt15oCbull HRT 5 - 30 days

Operational Considerationsbull Maintain aerobic conditions Beware

of over-loading causing the pond to turn anaerobic - odour problems

3 Aerated Ponds

Characteristicsbull Mode is determined by the mixing intensitybull Completely mixed PV = 23 - 4 Wm3bull Facultative PV asymp 08 Wm3

Aerated Pond Design amp Operation

Design bull HRT 05 - 3 daysbull Aeration capacity asymp 2BOD loadbull Aerators 1 - 15 kg O2kWhbull ΔBOD 50 - 70

Operational Considerationsbull Can be very efficient for soluble BOD COD

removal but solids concentrations too high for discharge (irrigation ok)

4 Aerobic (Oxidation) Ponds

Characteristicsbull Natural oxygenation (wind

photosynthesis) large surface area shallow (1 - 15m) low organic loading

bull Suitable for treating effluent from anaerobic ponds

Aerobic Pond Design amp Operation

Design 40 - 120 kg BOD5hadOperational Considerationsbull Maintain aerobic conditions Beware

of over-loading causing the pond to turn anaerobic

Outline

Overview31 Criteria for Successful Biological Treatment32 Principles of Biological Reactions33Wastewater Treatment Ponds34 Anaerobic Treatment Processes

34 Anaerobic Treatment Processes

Treatment under exclusion of oxygenCarbon mainly converted to methane (CH4) and carbon dioxide (CO2)Used for high organic loadingsEfficient and economic CODBOD removalLow rate systems use very long HRT eg Anaerobic pondsHigh rate systems use low HRT but need biomass retention mechanism eg UASBIncrease rate of biological action by increasing temperature

Anaerobic Process Principles

Pathways of organics in anaerobic treatment

Fast growingrobust bacteria

Slow growing pHsensitive archaea

Process types

A Single-stage processesbull Long solids amp hydraulic retention times

(HRT)bull Eg Anaerobic digesters (20-30 d HRT) Anaerobic ponds (10-30 d HRT)

B Two-stage (high rate) processesbull Short HRT in first stage no biomass

retentionbull Short HRT but with biomass retention in

second stage usually pH controlledbull Eg UASB Hybrid fluidised bed reactors etc

A Single Stage Process

Biogas

Treated effluent

Wastewater

SLUDGE DIGESTER

Mixing mechanicallyor often by biogasrecirculation

1 Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket (UASB)

Treated effluent

Biogas

FromPre-acidificationTank

Gas collector

Granular biomass

Gas collectionbelow waterlevel to reduceturbulence atoverflow

Uniform flowdistributionessential

Sludge blanket

2 Hybrid Reactor

Treated effluent

Biogas

FromPre-acidificationTank Granular biomass

Uniform flowdistributionessential

Packed bed(plastic material)for biofilm growth

Sludge blanket

B Two-Stage Reactor Performance

COD removal 60 - 95BOD removal 80 - 95Gas production 03-06 m3kg CODremoved

Methane production 02-035 m3kg CODremoved

Methane conc 55 - 75Sludge production 005-01 kg VSSkgCODremoved

Two-stage high-rate hybrid reactor for abattoir amp industrial wastewater

Anaerobic Reactor Design

1 Pre-acidification tankbull Often on the basis of an equalisation

tank (also variable volume operation)bull Typical HRT 12-24 hbull pH 5-6 if controlled 4-5 if

uncontrolledbull Mixing usually only by inflow 1048782

importance to minimise solids in influent

bull Covered tank gas vented and treated or incinerated (with biogas in boiler or flare)

Anaerobic Reactor Design

2 Methanogenic (2nd stage) reactorbull Volume-based organic loading rate (OLR)

Cin biodegradable COD conc in influent mgL

Q wastewater flow rate m3dVR methanogenic bioreactor volume m3Typical HRT 12-24 h Solids RT 10-150 daysUsually heated to operate at 30 - 40degC

RV

QCinOLR

High Rate Anaerobic Treatment

Typical process flowsheet using Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket (UASB) reactor

Acidif Tank

Mix Tank

Sludgeblanket

Methanogenesis

Acidogenesis

Biogas

Biomassretention asgranules

Recycle and mix tank reduce pHcontrol dosing

CSTR-type tank usually not heated

Anaerobic Reactor Design

OLR designs for various reactor typesbull UASB 1048782 6-12 kg

CODm3dbull Internal Circulation 1048782 15-25 kg

CODm3dbull Fluidisedexpanded bed 104878212-20 kg

CODm3dbull Hybrid Reactor 1048782 6-12 kg CODm3d

OLR varies with degradability temp pHhellipHydraulic loading up to 24 m3(m2

reactor

area d)

Gas loading 70 - 200 m3 gas (m2reactor area

d)

Questions

Documentation

Terima Kasih

• Biological Treatment Processes
• Outline
• Wastewater Treatment
• 21 Overview of Treatment Processes
• 21 Overview of Treatment Processes (2)
• Slide 6
• Wastewater Treatment (2)
• Outline (2)
• 31 Criteria for Successful Biological Treatment
• Outline (3)
• 32 Principles of Biological Reactions
• B Aerobic or Anaerobic
• 32 Principles of Biological Reactions
• Outline (4)
• 34 Wastewater Treatment Ponds
• 1 Anaerobic Ponds
• Anaerobic Pond Design amp Operation
• 2 Facultative Ponds
• Facultative Pond Design amp Operation
• 3 Aerated Ponds
• Aerated Pond Design amp Operation
• 4 Aerobic (Oxidation) Ponds
• Aerobic Pond Design amp Operation
• Outline (5)
• 34 Anaerobic Treatment Processes
• Anaerobic Process Principles
• Process types
• A Single Stage Process
• 1 Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket (UASB)
• 2 Hybrid Reactor
• B Two-Stage Reactor Performance
• Slide 32
• Anaerobic Reactor Design
• Anaerobic Reactor Design (2)
• High Rate Anaerobic Treatment
• Anaerobic Reactor Design (3)
• Questions
• Documentation
• Terima Kasih

Outline

Overview31 Criteria for Successful Biological Treatment32 Principles of Biological Reactions33 Wastewater Treatment Ponds34 Anaerobic Treatment Processes

34 Wastewater Treatment Ponds

Applied mostly in rural industries and small communitiesMain benefits are low construction and operating costClassification based on biological activity form of aeration and influent composition

POND TYPE BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITY

TYPE OFAERATION

Anaerobic Anaerobic Avoided

Facultative (Stabilisation)

Anaerobic Aerobic Natural

Aerated Aerobic Mechanical

Aerobic (Maturation Oxidation)

Aerobic Natural

1 Anaerobic Ponds

CharacteristicsHigh organic loadDeep (3-6m)Biomass formation small (5-15 of C in feed)

Anaerobic Pond Design amp Operation

Operational Considerationsbull BOD removal 60-80bull Scum formation to contain odour emissionsbull Monitor pH (should be 64 - 78)

Parameter Unit Typical values

Loading (volumetric)

kg BOD5m3d

01-03

Temperature degC 25-35

Mean HRT days 6-25

Influent COD mgL 1000-6000

Effluent COD mgL 200-1000

2 Facultative Ponds

Characteristicsbull ldquotwo zonerdquo environment depth 15 - 4 m

largebull microbial diversity medium organic load

odour free

Facultative Pond Design amp Operation

Design Area Loading Ratebull 40 - 140 kg BOD5had Tgt15oCbull 20 - 40 kg BOD5had Tlt15oCbull HRT 5 - 30 days

Operational Considerationsbull Maintain aerobic conditions Beware

of over-loading causing the pond to turn anaerobic - odour problems

3 Aerated Ponds

Characteristicsbull Mode is determined by the mixing intensitybull Completely mixed PV = 23 - 4 Wm3bull Facultative PV asymp 08 Wm3

Aerated Pond Design amp Operation

Design bull HRT 05 - 3 daysbull Aeration capacity asymp 2BOD loadbull Aerators 1 - 15 kg O2kWhbull ΔBOD 50 - 70

Operational Considerationsbull Can be very efficient for soluble BOD COD

removal but solids concentrations too high for discharge (irrigation ok)

4 Aerobic (Oxidation) Ponds

Characteristicsbull Natural oxygenation (wind

photosynthesis) large surface area shallow (1 - 15m) low organic loading

bull Suitable for treating effluent from anaerobic ponds

Aerobic Pond Design amp Operation

Design 40 - 120 kg BOD5hadOperational Considerationsbull Maintain aerobic conditions Beware

of over-loading causing the pond to turn anaerobic

Outline

Overview31 Criteria for Successful Biological Treatment32 Principles of Biological Reactions33Wastewater Treatment Ponds34 Anaerobic Treatment Processes

34 Anaerobic Treatment Processes

Treatment under exclusion of oxygenCarbon mainly converted to methane (CH4) and carbon dioxide (CO2)Used for high organic loadingsEfficient and economic CODBOD removalLow rate systems use very long HRT eg Anaerobic pondsHigh rate systems use low HRT but need biomass retention mechanism eg UASBIncrease rate of biological action by increasing temperature

Anaerobic Process Principles

Pathways of organics in anaerobic treatment

Fast growingrobust bacteria

Slow growing pHsensitive archaea

Process types

A Single-stage processesbull Long solids amp hydraulic retention times

(HRT)bull Eg Anaerobic digesters (20-30 d HRT) Anaerobic ponds (10-30 d HRT)

B Two-stage (high rate) processesbull Short HRT in first stage no biomass

retentionbull Short HRT but with biomass retention in

second stage usually pH controlledbull Eg UASB Hybrid fluidised bed reactors etc

A Single Stage Process

Biogas

Treated effluent

Wastewater

SLUDGE DIGESTER

Mixing mechanicallyor often by biogasrecirculation

1 Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket (UASB)

Treated effluent

Biogas

FromPre-acidificationTank

Gas collector

Granular biomass

Gas collectionbelow waterlevel to reduceturbulence atoverflow

Uniform flowdistributionessential

Sludge blanket

2 Hybrid Reactor

Treated effluent

Biogas

FromPre-acidificationTank Granular biomass

Uniform flowdistributionessential

Packed bed(plastic material)for biofilm growth

Sludge blanket

B Two-Stage Reactor Performance

COD removal 60 - 95BOD removal 80 - 95Gas production 03-06 m3kg CODremoved

Methane production 02-035 m3kg CODremoved

Methane conc 55 - 75Sludge production 005-01 kg VSSkgCODremoved

Two-stage high-rate hybrid reactor for abattoir amp industrial wastewater

Anaerobic Reactor Design

1 Pre-acidification tankbull Often on the basis of an equalisation

tank (also variable volume operation)bull Typical HRT 12-24 hbull pH 5-6 if controlled 4-5 if

uncontrolledbull Mixing usually only by inflow 1048782

importance to minimise solids in influent

bull Covered tank gas vented and treated or incinerated (with biogas in boiler or flare)

Anaerobic Reactor Design

2 Methanogenic (2nd stage) reactorbull Volume-based organic loading rate (OLR)

Cin biodegradable COD conc in influent mgL

Q wastewater flow rate m3dVR methanogenic bioreactor volume m3Typical HRT 12-24 h Solids RT 10-150 daysUsually heated to operate at 30 - 40degC

RV

QCinOLR

High Rate Anaerobic Treatment

Typical process flowsheet using Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket (UASB) reactor

Acidif Tank

Mix Tank

Sludgeblanket

Methanogenesis

Acidogenesis

Biogas

Biomassretention asgranules

Recycle and mix tank reduce pHcontrol dosing

CSTR-type tank usually not heated

Anaerobic Reactor Design

OLR designs for various reactor typesbull UASB 1048782 6-12 kg

CODm3dbull Internal Circulation 1048782 15-25 kg

CODm3dbull Fluidisedexpanded bed 104878212-20 kg

CODm3dbull Hybrid Reactor 1048782 6-12 kg CODm3d

OLR varies with degradability temp pHhellipHydraulic loading up to 24 m3(m2

reactor

area d)

Gas loading 70 - 200 m3 gas (m2reactor area

d)

Questions

Documentation

Terima Kasih

• Biological Treatment Processes
• Outline
• Wastewater Treatment
• 21 Overview of Treatment Processes
• 21 Overview of Treatment Processes (2)
• Slide 6
• Wastewater Treatment (2)
• Outline (2)
• 31 Criteria for Successful Biological Treatment
• Outline (3)
• 32 Principles of Biological Reactions
• B Aerobic or Anaerobic
• 32 Principles of Biological Reactions
• Outline (4)
• 34 Wastewater Treatment Ponds
• 1 Anaerobic Ponds
• Anaerobic Pond Design amp Operation
• 2 Facultative Ponds
• Facultative Pond Design amp Operation
• 3 Aerated Ponds
• Aerated Pond Design amp Operation
• 4 Aerobic (Oxidation) Ponds
• Aerobic Pond Design amp Operation
• Outline (5)
• 34 Anaerobic Treatment Processes
• Anaerobic Process Principles
• Process types
• A Single Stage Process
• 1 Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket (UASB)
• 2 Hybrid Reactor
• B Two-Stage Reactor Performance
• Slide 32
• Anaerobic Reactor Design
• Anaerobic Reactor Design (2)
• High Rate Anaerobic Treatment
• Anaerobic Reactor Design (3)
• Questions
• Documentation
• Terima Kasih

34 Wastewater Treatment Ponds

Applied mostly in rural industries and small communitiesMain benefits are low construction and operating costClassification based on biological activity form of aeration and influent composition

POND TYPE BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITY

TYPE OFAERATION

Anaerobic Anaerobic Avoided

Facultative (Stabilisation)

Anaerobic Aerobic Natural

Aerated Aerobic Mechanical

Aerobic (Maturation Oxidation)

Aerobic Natural

1 Anaerobic Ponds

CharacteristicsHigh organic loadDeep (3-6m)Biomass formation small (5-15 of C in feed)

Anaerobic Pond Design amp Operation

Operational Considerationsbull BOD removal 60-80bull Scum formation to contain odour emissionsbull Monitor pH (should be 64 - 78)

Parameter Unit Typical values

Loading (volumetric)

kg BOD5m3d

01-03

Temperature degC 25-35

Mean HRT days 6-25

Influent COD mgL 1000-6000

Effluent COD mgL 200-1000

2 Facultative Ponds

Characteristicsbull ldquotwo zonerdquo environment depth 15 - 4 m

largebull microbial diversity medium organic load

odour free

Facultative Pond Design amp Operation

Design Area Loading Ratebull 40 - 140 kg BOD5had Tgt15oCbull 20 - 40 kg BOD5had Tlt15oCbull HRT 5 - 30 days

Operational Considerationsbull Maintain aerobic conditions Beware

of over-loading causing the pond to turn anaerobic - odour problems

3 Aerated Ponds

Characteristicsbull Mode is determined by the mixing intensitybull Completely mixed PV = 23 - 4 Wm3bull Facultative PV asymp 08 Wm3

Aerated Pond Design amp Operation

Design bull HRT 05 - 3 daysbull Aeration capacity asymp 2BOD loadbull Aerators 1 - 15 kg O2kWhbull ΔBOD 50 - 70

Operational Considerationsbull Can be very efficient for soluble BOD COD

removal but solids concentrations too high for discharge (irrigation ok)

4 Aerobic (Oxidation) Ponds

Characteristicsbull Natural oxygenation (wind

photosynthesis) large surface area shallow (1 - 15m) low organic loading

bull Suitable for treating effluent from anaerobic ponds

Aerobic Pond Design amp Operation

Design 40 - 120 kg BOD5hadOperational Considerationsbull Maintain aerobic conditions Beware

of over-loading causing the pond to turn anaerobic

Outline

Overview31 Criteria for Successful Biological Treatment32 Principles of Biological Reactions33Wastewater Treatment Ponds34 Anaerobic Treatment Processes

34 Anaerobic Treatment Processes

Treatment under exclusion of oxygenCarbon mainly converted to methane (CH4) and carbon dioxide (CO2)Used for high organic loadingsEfficient and economic CODBOD removalLow rate systems use very long HRT eg Anaerobic pondsHigh rate systems use low HRT but need biomass retention mechanism eg UASBIncrease rate of biological action by increasing temperature

Anaerobic Process Principles

Pathways of organics in anaerobic treatment

Fast growingrobust bacteria

Slow growing pHsensitive archaea

Process types

A Single-stage processesbull Long solids amp hydraulic retention times

(HRT)bull Eg Anaerobic digesters (20-30 d HRT) Anaerobic ponds (10-30 d HRT)

B Two-stage (high rate) processesbull Short HRT in first stage no biomass

retentionbull Short HRT but with biomass retention in

second stage usually pH controlledbull Eg UASB Hybrid fluidised bed reactors etc

A Single Stage Process

Biogas

Treated effluent

Wastewater

SLUDGE DIGESTER

Mixing mechanicallyor often by biogasrecirculation

1 Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket (UASB)

Treated effluent

Biogas

FromPre-acidificationTank

Gas collector

Granular biomass

Gas collectionbelow waterlevel to reduceturbulence atoverflow

Uniform flowdistributionessential

Sludge blanket

2 Hybrid Reactor

Treated effluent

Biogas

FromPre-acidificationTank Granular biomass

Uniform flowdistributionessential

Packed bed(plastic material)for biofilm growth

Sludge blanket

B Two-Stage Reactor Performance

COD removal 60 - 95BOD removal 80 - 95Gas production 03-06 m3kg CODremoved

Methane production 02-035 m3kg CODremoved

Methane conc 55 - 75Sludge production 005-01 kg VSSkgCODremoved

Two-stage high-rate hybrid reactor for abattoir amp industrial wastewater

Anaerobic Reactor Design

1 Pre-acidification tankbull Often on the basis of an equalisation

tank (also variable volume operation)bull Typical HRT 12-24 hbull pH 5-6 if controlled 4-5 if

uncontrolledbull Mixing usually only by inflow 1048782

importance to minimise solids in influent

bull Covered tank gas vented and treated or incinerated (with biogas in boiler or flare)

Anaerobic Reactor Design

2 Methanogenic (2nd stage) reactorbull Volume-based organic loading rate (OLR)

Cin biodegradable COD conc in influent mgL

Q wastewater flow rate m3dVR methanogenic bioreactor volume m3Typical HRT 12-24 h Solids RT 10-150 daysUsually heated to operate at 30 - 40degC

RV

QCinOLR

High Rate Anaerobic Treatment

Typical process flowsheet using Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket (UASB) reactor

Acidif Tank

Mix Tank

Sludgeblanket

Methanogenesis

Acidogenesis

Biogas

Biomassretention asgranules

Recycle and mix tank reduce pHcontrol dosing

CSTR-type tank usually not heated

Anaerobic Reactor Design

OLR designs for various reactor typesbull UASB 1048782 6-12 kg

CODm3dbull Internal Circulation 1048782 15-25 kg

CODm3dbull Fluidisedexpanded bed 104878212-20 kg

CODm3dbull Hybrid Reactor 1048782 6-12 kg CODm3d

OLR varies with degradability temp pHhellipHydraulic loading up to 24 m3(m2

reactor

area d)

Gas loading 70 - 200 m3 gas (m2reactor area

d)

Questions

Documentation

Terima Kasih

• Biological Treatment Processes
• Outline
• Wastewater Treatment
• 21 Overview of Treatment Processes
• 21 Overview of Treatment Processes (2)
• Slide 6
• Wastewater Treatment (2)
• Outline (2)
• 31 Criteria for Successful Biological Treatment
• Outline (3)
• 32 Principles of Biological Reactions
• B Aerobic or Anaerobic
• 32 Principles of Biological Reactions
• Outline (4)
• 34 Wastewater Treatment Ponds
• 1 Anaerobic Ponds
• Anaerobic Pond Design amp Operation
• 2 Facultative Ponds
• Facultative Pond Design amp Operation
• 3 Aerated Ponds
• Aerated Pond Design amp Operation
• 4 Aerobic (Oxidation) Ponds
• Aerobic Pond Design amp Operation
• Outline (5)
• 34 Anaerobic Treatment Processes
• Anaerobic Process Principles
• Process types
• A Single Stage Process
• 1 Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket (UASB)
• 2 Hybrid Reactor
• B Two-Stage Reactor Performance
• Slide 32
• Anaerobic Reactor Design
• Anaerobic Reactor Design (2)
• High Rate Anaerobic Treatment
• Anaerobic Reactor Design (3)
• Questions
• Documentation
• Terima Kasih

1 Anaerobic Ponds

CharacteristicsHigh organic loadDeep (3-6m)Biomass formation small (5-15 of C in feed)

Anaerobic Pond Design amp Operation

Operational Considerationsbull BOD removal 60-80bull Scum formation to contain odour emissionsbull Monitor pH (should be 64 - 78)

Parameter Unit Typical values

Loading (volumetric)

kg BOD5m3d

01-03

Temperature degC 25-35

Mean HRT days 6-25

Influent COD mgL 1000-6000

Effluent COD mgL 200-1000

2 Facultative Ponds

Characteristicsbull ldquotwo zonerdquo environment depth 15 - 4 m

largebull microbial diversity medium organic load

odour free

Facultative Pond Design amp Operation

Design Area Loading Ratebull 40 - 140 kg BOD5had Tgt15oCbull 20 - 40 kg BOD5had Tlt15oCbull HRT 5 - 30 days

Operational Considerationsbull Maintain aerobic conditions Beware

of over-loading causing the pond to turn anaerobic - odour problems

3 Aerated Ponds

Characteristicsbull Mode is determined by the mixing intensitybull Completely mixed PV = 23 - 4 Wm3bull Facultative PV asymp 08 Wm3

Aerated Pond Design amp Operation

Design bull HRT 05 - 3 daysbull Aeration capacity asymp 2BOD loadbull Aerators 1 - 15 kg O2kWhbull ΔBOD 50 - 70

Operational Considerationsbull Can be very efficient for soluble BOD COD

removal but solids concentrations too high for discharge (irrigation ok)

4 Aerobic (Oxidation) Ponds

Characteristicsbull Natural oxygenation (wind

photosynthesis) large surface area shallow (1 - 15m) low organic loading

bull Suitable for treating effluent from anaerobic ponds

Aerobic Pond Design amp Operation

Design 40 - 120 kg BOD5hadOperational Considerationsbull Maintain aerobic conditions Beware

of over-loading causing the pond to turn anaerobic

Outline

Overview31 Criteria for Successful Biological Treatment32 Principles of Biological Reactions33Wastewater Treatment Ponds34 Anaerobic Treatment Processes

34 Anaerobic Treatment Processes

Treatment under exclusion of oxygenCarbon mainly converted to methane (CH4) and carbon dioxide (CO2)Used for high organic loadingsEfficient and economic CODBOD removalLow rate systems use very long HRT eg Anaerobic pondsHigh rate systems use low HRT but need biomass retention mechanism eg UASBIncrease rate of biological action by increasing temperature

Anaerobic Process Principles

Pathways of organics in anaerobic treatment

Fast growingrobust bacteria

Slow growing pHsensitive archaea

Process types

A Single-stage processesbull Long solids amp hydraulic retention times

(HRT)bull Eg Anaerobic digesters (20-30 d HRT) Anaerobic ponds (10-30 d HRT)

B Two-stage (high rate) processesbull Short HRT in first stage no biomass

retentionbull Short HRT but with biomass retention in

second stage usually pH controlledbull Eg UASB Hybrid fluidised bed reactors etc

A Single Stage Process

Biogas

Treated effluent

Wastewater

SLUDGE DIGESTER

Mixing mechanicallyor often by biogasrecirculation

1 Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket (UASB)

Treated effluent

Biogas

FromPre-acidificationTank

Gas collector

Granular biomass

Gas collectionbelow waterlevel to reduceturbulence atoverflow

Uniform flowdistributionessential

Sludge blanket

2 Hybrid Reactor

Treated effluent

Biogas

FromPre-acidificationTank Granular biomass

Uniform flowdistributionessential

Packed bed(plastic material)for biofilm growth

Sludge blanket

B Two-Stage Reactor Performance

COD removal 60 - 95BOD removal 80 - 95Gas production 03-06 m3kg CODremoved

Methane production 02-035 m3kg CODremoved

Methane conc 55 - 75Sludge production 005-01 kg VSSkgCODremoved

Two-stage high-rate hybrid reactor for abattoir amp industrial wastewater

Anaerobic Reactor Design

1 Pre-acidification tankbull Often on the basis of an equalisation

tank (also variable volume operation)bull Typical HRT 12-24 hbull pH 5-6 if controlled 4-5 if

uncontrolledbull Mixing usually only by inflow 1048782

importance to minimise solids in influent

bull Covered tank gas vented and treated or incinerated (with biogas in boiler or flare)

Anaerobic Reactor Design

2 Methanogenic (2nd stage) reactorbull Volume-based organic loading rate (OLR)

Cin biodegradable COD conc in influent mgL

Q wastewater flow rate m3dVR methanogenic bioreactor volume m3Typical HRT 12-24 h Solids RT 10-150 daysUsually heated to operate at 30 - 40degC

RV

QCinOLR

High Rate Anaerobic Treatment

Typical process flowsheet using Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket (UASB) reactor

Acidif Tank

Mix Tank

Sludgeblanket

Methanogenesis

Acidogenesis

Biogas

Biomassretention asgranules

Recycle and mix tank reduce pHcontrol dosing

CSTR-type tank usually not heated

Anaerobic Reactor Design

OLR designs for various reactor typesbull UASB 1048782 6-12 kg

CODm3dbull Internal Circulation 1048782 15-25 kg

CODm3dbull Fluidisedexpanded bed 104878212-20 kg

CODm3dbull Hybrid Reactor 1048782 6-12 kg CODm3d

OLR varies with degradability temp pHhellipHydraulic loading up to 24 m3(m2

reactor

area d)

Gas loading 70 - 200 m3 gas (m2reactor area

d)

Questions

Documentation

Terima Kasih

• Biological Treatment Processes
• Outline
• Wastewater Treatment
• 21 Overview of Treatment Processes
• 21 Overview of Treatment Processes (2)
• Slide 6
• Wastewater Treatment (2)
• Outline (2)
• 31 Criteria for Successful Biological Treatment
• Outline (3)
• 32 Principles of Biological Reactions
• B Aerobic or Anaerobic
• 32 Principles of Biological Reactions
• Outline (4)
• 34 Wastewater Treatment Ponds
• 1 Anaerobic Ponds
• Anaerobic Pond Design amp Operation
• 2 Facultative Ponds
• Facultative Pond Design amp Operation
• 3 Aerated Ponds
• Aerated Pond Design amp Operation
• 4 Aerobic (Oxidation) Ponds
• Aerobic Pond Design amp Operation
• Outline (5)
• 34 Anaerobic Treatment Processes
• Anaerobic Process Principles
• Process types
• A Single Stage Process
• 1 Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket (UASB)
• 2 Hybrid Reactor
• B Two-Stage Reactor Performance
• Slide 32
• Anaerobic Reactor Design
• Anaerobic Reactor Design (2)
• High Rate Anaerobic Treatment
• Anaerobic Reactor Design (3)
• Questions
• Documentation
• Terima Kasih

Anaerobic Pond Design amp Operation

Operational Considerationsbull BOD removal 60-80bull Scum formation to contain odour emissionsbull Monitor pH (should be 64 - 78)

Parameter Unit Typical values

Loading (volumetric)

kg BOD5m3d

01-03

Temperature degC 25-35

Mean HRT days 6-25

Influent COD mgL 1000-6000

Effluent COD mgL 200-1000

2 Facultative Ponds

Characteristicsbull ldquotwo zonerdquo environment depth 15 - 4 m

largebull microbial diversity medium organic load

odour free

Facultative Pond Design amp Operation

Design Area Loading Ratebull 40 - 140 kg BOD5had Tgt15oCbull 20 - 40 kg BOD5had Tlt15oCbull HRT 5 - 30 days

Operational Considerationsbull Maintain aerobic conditions Beware

of over-loading causing the pond to turn anaerobic - odour problems

3 Aerated Ponds

Characteristicsbull Mode is determined by the mixing intensitybull Completely mixed PV = 23 - 4 Wm3bull Facultative PV asymp 08 Wm3

Aerated Pond Design amp Operation

Design bull HRT 05 - 3 daysbull Aeration capacity asymp 2BOD loadbull Aerators 1 - 15 kg O2kWhbull ΔBOD 50 - 70

Operational Considerationsbull Can be very efficient for soluble BOD COD

removal but solids concentrations too high for discharge (irrigation ok)

4 Aerobic (Oxidation) Ponds

Characteristicsbull Natural oxygenation (wind

photosynthesis) large surface area shallow (1 - 15m) low organic loading

bull Suitable for treating effluent from anaerobic ponds

Aerobic Pond Design amp Operation

Design 40 - 120 kg BOD5hadOperational Considerationsbull Maintain aerobic conditions Beware

of over-loading causing the pond to turn anaerobic

Outline

Overview31 Criteria for Successful Biological Treatment32 Principles of Biological Reactions33Wastewater Treatment Ponds34 Anaerobic Treatment Processes

34 Anaerobic Treatment Processes

Treatment under exclusion of oxygenCarbon mainly converted to methane (CH4) and carbon dioxide (CO2)Used for high organic loadingsEfficient and economic CODBOD removalLow rate systems use very long HRT eg Anaerobic pondsHigh rate systems use low HRT but need biomass retention mechanism eg UASBIncrease rate of biological action by increasing temperature

Anaerobic Process Principles

Pathways of organics in anaerobic treatment

Fast growingrobust bacteria

Slow growing pHsensitive archaea

Process types

A Single-stage processesbull Long solids amp hydraulic retention times

(HRT)bull Eg Anaerobic digesters (20-30 d HRT) Anaerobic ponds (10-30 d HRT)

B Two-stage (high rate) processesbull Short HRT in first stage no biomass

retentionbull Short HRT but with biomass retention in

second stage usually pH controlledbull Eg UASB Hybrid fluidised bed reactors etc

A Single Stage Process

Biogas

Treated effluent

Wastewater

SLUDGE DIGESTER

Mixing mechanicallyor often by biogasrecirculation

1 Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket (UASB)

Treated effluent

Biogas

FromPre-acidificationTank

Gas collector

Granular biomass

Gas collectionbelow waterlevel to reduceturbulence atoverflow

Uniform flowdistributionessential

Sludge blanket

2 Hybrid Reactor

Treated effluent

Biogas

FromPre-acidificationTank Granular biomass

Uniform flowdistributionessential

Packed bed(plastic material)for biofilm growth

Sludge blanket

B Two-Stage Reactor Performance

COD removal 60 - 95BOD removal 80 - 95Gas production 03-06 m3kg CODremoved

Methane production 02-035 m3kg CODremoved

Methane conc 55 - 75Sludge production 005-01 kg VSSkgCODremoved

Two-stage high-rate hybrid reactor for abattoir amp industrial wastewater

Anaerobic Reactor Design

1 Pre-acidification tankbull Often on the basis of an equalisation

tank (also variable volume operation)bull Typical HRT 12-24 hbull pH 5-6 if controlled 4-5 if

uncontrolledbull Mixing usually only by inflow 1048782

importance to minimise solids in influent

bull Covered tank gas vented and treated or incinerated (with biogas in boiler or flare)

Anaerobic Reactor Design

2 Methanogenic (2nd stage) reactorbull Volume-based organic loading rate (OLR)

Cin biodegradable COD conc in influent mgL

Q wastewater flow rate m3dVR methanogenic bioreactor volume m3Typical HRT 12-24 h Solids RT 10-150 daysUsually heated to operate at 30 - 40degC

RV

QCinOLR

High Rate Anaerobic Treatment

Typical process flowsheet using Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket (UASB) reactor

Acidif Tank

Mix Tank

Sludgeblanket

Methanogenesis

Acidogenesis

Biogas

Biomassretention asgranules

Recycle and mix tank reduce pHcontrol dosing

CSTR-type tank usually not heated

Anaerobic Reactor Design

OLR designs for various reactor typesbull UASB 1048782 6-12 kg

CODm3dbull Internal Circulation 1048782 15-25 kg

CODm3dbull Fluidisedexpanded bed 104878212-20 kg

CODm3dbull Hybrid Reactor 1048782 6-12 kg CODm3d

OLR varies with degradability temp pHhellipHydraulic loading up to 24 m3(m2

reactor

area d)

Gas loading 70 - 200 m3 gas (m2reactor area

d)

Questions

Documentation

Terima Kasih

• Biological Treatment Processes
• Outline
• Wastewater Treatment
• 21 Overview of Treatment Processes
• 21 Overview of Treatment Processes (2)
• Slide 6
• Wastewater Treatment (2)
• Outline (2)
• 31 Criteria for Successful Biological Treatment
• Outline (3)
• 32 Principles of Biological Reactions
• B Aerobic or Anaerobic
• 32 Principles of Biological Reactions
• Outline (4)
• 34 Wastewater Treatment Ponds
• 1 Anaerobic Ponds
• Anaerobic Pond Design amp Operation
• 2 Facultative Ponds
• Facultative Pond Design amp Operation
• 3 Aerated Ponds
• Aerated Pond Design amp Operation
• 4 Aerobic (Oxidation) Ponds
• Aerobic Pond Design amp Operation
• Outline (5)
• 34 Anaerobic Treatment Processes
• Anaerobic Process Principles
• Process types
• A Single Stage Process
• 1 Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket (UASB)
• 2 Hybrid Reactor
• B Two-Stage Reactor Performance
• Slide 32
• Anaerobic Reactor Design
• Anaerobic Reactor Design (2)
• High Rate Anaerobic Treatment
• Anaerobic Reactor Design (3)
• Questions
• Documentation
• Terima Kasih

2 Facultative Ponds

Characteristicsbull ldquotwo zonerdquo environment depth 15 - 4 m

largebull microbial diversity medium organic load

odour free

Facultative Pond Design amp Operation

Design Area Loading Ratebull 40 - 140 kg BOD5had Tgt15oCbull 20 - 40 kg BOD5had Tlt15oCbull HRT 5 - 30 days

Operational Considerationsbull Maintain aerobic conditions Beware

of over-loading causing the pond to turn anaerobic - odour problems

3 Aerated Ponds

Characteristicsbull Mode is determined by the mixing intensitybull Completely mixed PV = 23 - 4 Wm3bull Facultative PV asymp 08 Wm3

Aerated Pond Design amp Operation

Design bull HRT 05 - 3 daysbull Aeration capacity asymp 2BOD loadbull Aerators 1 - 15 kg O2kWhbull ΔBOD 50 - 70

Operational Considerationsbull Can be very efficient for soluble BOD COD

removal but solids concentrations too high for discharge (irrigation ok)

4 Aerobic (Oxidation) Ponds

Characteristicsbull Natural oxygenation (wind

photosynthesis) large surface area shallow (1 - 15m) low organic loading

bull Suitable for treating effluent from anaerobic ponds

Aerobic Pond Design amp Operation

Design 40 - 120 kg BOD5hadOperational Considerationsbull Maintain aerobic conditions Beware

of over-loading causing the pond to turn anaerobic

Outline

Overview31 Criteria for Successful Biological Treatment32 Principles of Biological Reactions33Wastewater Treatment Ponds34 Anaerobic Treatment Processes

34 Anaerobic Treatment Processes

Treatment under exclusion of oxygenCarbon mainly converted to methane (CH4) and carbon dioxide (CO2)Used for high organic loadingsEfficient and economic CODBOD removalLow rate systems use very long HRT eg Anaerobic pondsHigh rate systems use low HRT but need biomass retention mechanism eg UASBIncrease rate of biological action by increasing temperature

Anaerobic Process Principles

Pathways of organics in anaerobic treatment

Fast growingrobust bacteria

Slow growing pHsensitive archaea

Process types

A Single-stage processesbull Long solids amp hydraulic retention times

(HRT)bull Eg Anaerobic digesters (20-30 d HRT) Anaerobic ponds (10-30 d HRT)

B Two-stage (high rate) processesbull Short HRT in first stage no biomass

retentionbull Short HRT but with biomass retention in

second stage usually pH controlledbull Eg UASB Hybrid fluidised bed reactors etc

A Single Stage Process

Biogas

Treated effluent

Wastewater

SLUDGE DIGESTER

Mixing mechanicallyor often by biogasrecirculation

1 Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket (UASB)

Treated effluent

Biogas

FromPre-acidificationTank

Gas collector

Granular biomass

Gas collectionbelow waterlevel to reduceturbulence atoverflow

Uniform flowdistributionessential

Sludge blanket

2 Hybrid Reactor

Treated effluent

Biogas

FromPre-acidificationTank Granular biomass

Uniform flowdistributionessential

Packed bed(plastic material)for biofilm growth

Sludge blanket

B Two-Stage Reactor Performance

COD removal 60 - 95BOD removal 80 - 95Gas production 03-06 m3kg CODremoved

Methane production 02-035 m3kg CODremoved

Methane conc 55 - 75Sludge production 005-01 kg VSSkgCODremoved

Two-stage high-rate hybrid reactor for abattoir amp industrial wastewater

Anaerobic Reactor Design

1 Pre-acidification tankbull Often on the basis of an equalisation

tank (also variable volume operation)bull Typical HRT 12-24 hbull pH 5-6 if controlled 4-5 if

uncontrolledbull Mixing usually only by inflow 1048782

importance to minimise solids in influent

bull Covered tank gas vented and treated or incinerated (with biogas in boiler or flare)

Anaerobic Reactor Design

2 Methanogenic (2nd stage) reactorbull Volume-based organic loading rate (OLR)

Cin biodegradable COD conc in influent mgL

Q wastewater flow rate m3dVR methanogenic bioreactor volume m3Typical HRT 12-24 h Solids RT 10-150 daysUsually heated to operate at 30 - 40degC

RV

QCinOLR

High Rate Anaerobic Treatment

Typical process flowsheet using Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket (UASB) reactor

Acidif Tank

Mix Tank

Sludgeblanket

Methanogenesis

Acidogenesis

Biogas

Biomassretention asgranules

Recycle and mix tank reduce pHcontrol dosing

CSTR-type tank usually not heated

Anaerobic Reactor Design

OLR designs for various reactor typesbull UASB 1048782 6-12 kg

CODm3dbull Internal Circulation 1048782 15-25 kg

CODm3dbull Fluidisedexpanded bed 104878212-20 kg

CODm3dbull Hybrid Reactor 1048782 6-12 kg CODm3d

OLR varies with degradability temp pHhellipHydraulic loading up to 24 m3(m2

reactor

area d)

Gas loading 70 - 200 m3 gas (m2reactor area

d)

Questions

Documentation

Terima Kasih

• Biological Treatment Processes
• Outline
• Wastewater Treatment
• 21 Overview of Treatment Processes
• 21 Overview of Treatment Processes (2)
• Slide 6
• Wastewater Treatment (2)
• Outline (2)
• 31 Criteria for Successful Biological Treatment
• Outline (3)
• 32 Principles of Biological Reactions
• B Aerobic or Anaerobic
• 32 Principles of Biological Reactions
• Outline (4)
• 34 Wastewater Treatment Ponds
• 1 Anaerobic Ponds
• Anaerobic Pond Design amp Operation
• 2 Facultative Ponds
• Facultative Pond Design amp Operation
• 3 Aerated Ponds
• Aerated Pond Design amp Operation
• 4 Aerobic (Oxidation) Ponds
• Aerobic Pond Design amp Operation
• Outline (5)
• 34 Anaerobic Treatment Processes
• Anaerobic Process Principles
• Process types
• A Single Stage Process
• 1 Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket (UASB)
• 2 Hybrid Reactor
• B Two-Stage Reactor Performance
• Slide 32
• Anaerobic Reactor Design
• Anaerobic Reactor Design (2)
• High Rate Anaerobic Treatment
• Anaerobic Reactor Design (3)
• Questions
• Documentation
• Terima Kasih

Facultative Pond Design amp Operation

Design Area Loading Ratebull 40 - 140 kg BOD5had Tgt15oCbull 20 - 40 kg BOD5had Tlt15oCbull HRT 5 - 30 days

Operational Considerationsbull Maintain aerobic conditions Beware

of over-loading causing the pond to turn anaerobic - odour problems

3 Aerated Ponds

Characteristicsbull Mode is determined by the mixing intensitybull Completely mixed PV = 23 - 4 Wm3bull Facultative PV asymp 08 Wm3

Aerated Pond Design amp Operation

Design bull HRT 05 - 3 daysbull Aeration capacity asymp 2BOD loadbull Aerators 1 - 15 kg O2kWhbull ΔBOD 50 - 70

Operational Considerationsbull Can be very efficient for soluble BOD COD

removal but solids concentrations too high for discharge (irrigation ok)

4 Aerobic (Oxidation) Ponds

Characteristicsbull Natural oxygenation (wind

photosynthesis) large surface area shallow (1 - 15m) low organic loading

bull Suitable for treating effluent from anaerobic ponds

Aerobic Pond Design amp Operation

Design 40 - 120 kg BOD5hadOperational Considerationsbull Maintain aerobic conditions Beware

of over-loading causing the pond to turn anaerobic

Outline

Overview31 Criteria for Successful Biological Treatment32 Principles of Biological Reactions33Wastewater Treatment Ponds34 Anaerobic Treatment Processes

34 Anaerobic Treatment Processes

Treatment under exclusion of oxygenCarbon mainly converted to methane (CH4) and carbon dioxide (CO2)Used for high organic loadingsEfficient and economic CODBOD removalLow rate systems use very long HRT eg Anaerobic pondsHigh rate systems use low HRT but need biomass retention mechanism eg UASBIncrease rate of biological action by increasing temperature

Anaerobic Process Principles

Pathways of organics in anaerobic treatment

Fast growingrobust bacteria

Slow growing pHsensitive archaea

Process types

A Single-stage processesbull Long solids amp hydraulic retention times

(HRT)bull Eg Anaerobic digesters (20-30 d HRT) Anaerobic ponds (10-30 d HRT)

B Two-stage (high rate) processesbull Short HRT in first stage no biomass

retentionbull Short HRT but with biomass retention in

second stage usually pH controlledbull Eg UASB Hybrid fluidised bed reactors etc

A Single Stage Process

Biogas

Treated effluent

Wastewater

SLUDGE DIGESTER

Mixing mechanicallyor often by biogasrecirculation

1 Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket (UASB)

Treated effluent

Biogas

FromPre-acidificationTank

Gas collector

Granular biomass

Gas collectionbelow waterlevel to reduceturbulence atoverflow

Uniform flowdistributionessential

Sludge blanket

2 Hybrid Reactor

Treated effluent

Biogas

FromPre-acidificationTank Granular biomass

Uniform flowdistributionessential

Packed bed(plastic material)for biofilm growth

Sludge blanket

B Two-Stage Reactor Performance

COD removal 60 - 95BOD removal 80 - 95Gas production 03-06 m3kg CODremoved

Methane production 02-035 m3kg CODremoved

Methane conc 55 - 75Sludge production 005-01 kg VSSkgCODremoved

Two-stage high-rate hybrid reactor for abattoir amp industrial wastewater

Anaerobic Reactor Design

1 Pre-acidification tankbull Often on the basis of an equalisation

tank (also variable volume operation)bull Typical HRT 12-24 hbull pH 5-6 if controlled 4-5 if

uncontrolledbull Mixing usually only by inflow 1048782

importance to minimise solids in influent

bull Covered tank gas vented and treated or incinerated (with biogas in boiler or flare)

Anaerobic Reactor Design

2 Methanogenic (2nd stage) reactorbull Volume-based organic loading rate (OLR)

Cin biodegradable COD conc in influent mgL

Q wastewater flow rate m3dVR methanogenic bioreactor volume m3Typical HRT 12-24 h Solids RT 10-150 daysUsually heated to operate at 30 - 40degC

RV

QCinOLR

High Rate Anaerobic Treatment

Typical process flowsheet using Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket (UASB) reactor

Acidif Tank

Mix Tank

Sludgeblanket

Methanogenesis

Acidogenesis

Biogas

Biomassretention asgranules

Recycle and mix tank reduce pHcontrol dosing

CSTR-type tank usually not heated

Anaerobic Reactor Design

OLR designs for various reactor typesbull UASB 1048782 6-12 kg

CODm3dbull Internal Circulation 1048782 15-25 kg

CODm3dbull Fluidisedexpanded bed 104878212-20 kg

CODm3dbull Hybrid Reactor 1048782 6-12 kg CODm3d

OLR varies with degradability temp pHhellipHydraulic loading up to 24 m3(m2

reactor

area d)

Gas loading 70 - 200 m3 gas (m2reactor area

d)

Questions

Documentation

Terima Kasih

• Biological Treatment Processes
• Outline
• Wastewater Treatment
• 21 Overview of Treatment Processes
• 21 Overview of Treatment Processes (2)
• Slide 6
• Wastewater Treatment (2)
• Outline (2)
• 31 Criteria for Successful Biological Treatment
• Outline (3)
• 32 Principles of Biological Reactions
• B Aerobic or Anaerobic
• 32 Principles of Biological Reactions
• Outline (4)
• 34 Wastewater Treatment Ponds
• 1 Anaerobic Ponds
• Anaerobic Pond Design amp Operation
• 2 Facultative Ponds
• Facultative Pond Design amp Operation
• 3 Aerated Ponds
• Aerated Pond Design amp Operation
• 4 Aerobic (Oxidation) Ponds
• Aerobic Pond Design amp Operation
• Outline (5)
• 34 Anaerobic Treatment Processes
• Anaerobic Process Principles
• Process types
• A Single Stage Process
• 1 Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket (UASB)
• 2 Hybrid Reactor
• B Two-Stage Reactor Performance
• Slide 32
• Anaerobic Reactor Design
• Anaerobic Reactor Design (2)
• High Rate Anaerobic Treatment
• Anaerobic Reactor Design (3)
• Questions
• Documentation
• Terima Kasih

3 Aerated Ponds

Characteristicsbull Mode is determined by the mixing intensitybull Completely mixed PV = 23 - 4 Wm3bull Facultative PV asymp 08 Wm3

Aerated Pond Design amp Operation

Design bull HRT 05 - 3 daysbull Aeration capacity asymp 2BOD loadbull Aerators 1 - 15 kg O2kWhbull ΔBOD 50 - 70

Operational Considerationsbull Can be very efficient for soluble BOD COD

removal but solids concentrations too high for discharge (irrigation ok)

4 Aerobic (Oxidation) Ponds

Characteristicsbull Natural oxygenation (wind

photosynthesis) large surface area shallow (1 - 15m) low organic loading

bull Suitable for treating effluent from anaerobic ponds

Aerobic Pond Design amp Operation

Design 40 - 120 kg BOD5hadOperational Considerationsbull Maintain aerobic conditions Beware

of over-loading causing the pond to turn anaerobic

Outline

Overview31 Criteria for Successful Biological Treatment32 Principles of Biological Reactions33Wastewater Treatment Ponds34 Anaerobic Treatment Processes

34 Anaerobic Treatment Processes

Treatment under exclusion of oxygenCarbon mainly converted to methane (CH4) and carbon dioxide (CO2)Used for high organic loadingsEfficient and economic CODBOD removalLow rate systems use very long HRT eg Anaerobic pondsHigh rate systems use low HRT but need biomass retention mechanism eg UASBIncrease rate of biological action by increasing temperature

Anaerobic Process Principles

Pathways of organics in anaerobic treatment

Fast growingrobust bacteria

Slow growing pHsensitive archaea

Process types

A Single-stage processesbull Long solids amp hydraulic retention times

(HRT)bull Eg Anaerobic digesters (20-30 d HRT) Anaerobic ponds (10-30 d HRT)

B Two-stage (high rate) processesbull Short HRT in first stage no biomass

retentionbull Short HRT but with biomass retention in

second stage usually pH controlledbull Eg UASB Hybrid fluidised bed reactors etc

A Single Stage Process

Biogas

Treated effluent

Wastewater

SLUDGE DIGESTER

Mixing mechanicallyor often by biogasrecirculation

1 Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket (UASB)

Treated effluent

Biogas

FromPre-acidificationTank

Gas collector

Granular biomass

Gas collectionbelow waterlevel to reduceturbulence atoverflow

Uniform flowdistributionessential

Sludge blanket

2 Hybrid Reactor

Treated effluent

Biogas

FromPre-acidificationTank Granular biomass

Uniform flowdistributionessential

Packed bed(plastic material)for biofilm growth

Sludge blanket

B Two-Stage Reactor Performance

COD removal 60 - 95BOD removal 80 - 95Gas production 03-06 m3kg CODremoved

Methane production 02-035 m3kg CODremoved

Methane conc 55 - 75Sludge production 005-01 kg VSSkgCODremoved

Two-stage high-rate hybrid reactor for abattoir amp industrial wastewater

Anaerobic Reactor Design

1 Pre-acidification tankbull Often on the basis of an equalisation

tank (also variable volume operation)bull Typical HRT 12-24 hbull pH 5-6 if controlled 4-5 if

uncontrolledbull Mixing usually only by inflow 1048782

importance to minimise solids in influent

bull Covered tank gas vented and treated or incinerated (with biogas in boiler or flare)

Anaerobic Reactor Design

2 Methanogenic (2nd stage) reactorbull Volume-based organic loading rate (OLR)

Cin biodegradable COD conc in influent mgL

Q wastewater flow rate m3dVR methanogenic bioreactor volume m3Typical HRT 12-24 h Solids RT 10-150 daysUsually heated to operate at 30 - 40degC

RV

QCinOLR

High Rate Anaerobic Treatment

Typical process flowsheet using Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket (UASB) reactor

Acidif Tank

Mix Tank

Sludgeblanket

Methanogenesis

Acidogenesis

Biogas

Biomassretention asgranules

Recycle and mix tank reduce pHcontrol dosing

CSTR-type tank usually not heated

Anaerobic Reactor Design

OLR designs for various reactor typesbull UASB 1048782 6-12 kg

CODm3dbull Internal Circulation 1048782 15-25 kg

CODm3dbull Fluidisedexpanded bed 104878212-20 kg

CODm3dbull Hybrid Reactor 1048782 6-12 kg CODm3d

OLR varies with degradability temp pHhellipHydraulic loading up to 24 m3(m2

reactor

area d)

Gas loading 70 - 200 m3 gas (m2reactor area

d)

Questions

Documentation

Terima Kasih

• Biological Treatment Processes
• Outline
• Wastewater Treatment
• 21 Overview of Treatment Processes
• 21 Overview of Treatment Processes (2)
• Slide 6
• Wastewater Treatment (2)
• Outline (2)
• 31 Criteria for Successful Biological Treatment
• Outline (3)
• 32 Principles of Biological Reactions
• B Aerobic or Anaerobic
• 32 Principles of Biological Reactions
• Outline (4)
• 34 Wastewater Treatment Ponds
• 1 Anaerobic Ponds
• Anaerobic Pond Design amp Operation
• 2 Facultative Ponds
• Facultative Pond Design amp Operation
• 3 Aerated Ponds
• Aerated Pond Design amp Operation
• 4 Aerobic (Oxidation) Ponds
• Aerobic Pond Design amp Operation
• Outline (5)
• 34 Anaerobic Treatment Processes
• Anaerobic Process Principles
• Process types
• A Single Stage Process
• 1 Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket (UASB)
• 2 Hybrid Reactor
• B Two-Stage Reactor Performance
• Slide 32
• Anaerobic Reactor Design
• Anaerobic Reactor Design (2)
• High Rate Anaerobic Treatment
• Anaerobic Reactor Design (3)
• Questions
• Documentation
• Terima Kasih

Aerated Pond Design amp Operation

Design bull HRT 05 - 3 daysbull Aeration capacity asymp 2BOD loadbull Aerators 1 - 15 kg O2kWhbull ΔBOD 50 - 70

Operational Considerationsbull Can be very efficient for soluble BOD COD

removal but solids concentrations too high for discharge (irrigation ok)

4 Aerobic (Oxidation) Ponds

Characteristicsbull Natural oxygenation (wind

photosynthesis) large surface area shallow (1 - 15m) low organic loading

bull Suitable for treating effluent from anaerobic ponds

Aerobic Pond Design amp Operation

Design 40 - 120 kg BOD5hadOperational Considerationsbull Maintain aerobic conditions Beware

of over-loading causing the pond to turn anaerobic

Outline

Overview31 Criteria for Successful Biological Treatment32 Principles of Biological Reactions33Wastewater Treatment Ponds34 Anaerobic Treatment Processes

34 Anaerobic Treatment Processes

Treatment under exclusion of oxygenCarbon mainly converted to methane (CH4) and carbon dioxide (CO2)Used for high organic loadingsEfficient and economic CODBOD removalLow rate systems use very long HRT eg Anaerobic pondsHigh rate systems use low HRT but need biomass retention mechanism eg UASBIncrease rate of biological action by increasing temperature

Anaerobic Process Principles

Pathways of organics in anaerobic treatment

Fast growingrobust bacteria

Slow growing pHsensitive archaea

Process types

A Single-stage processesbull Long solids amp hydraulic retention times

(HRT)bull Eg Anaerobic digesters (20-30 d HRT) Anaerobic ponds (10-30 d HRT)

B Two-stage (high rate) processesbull Short HRT in first stage no biomass

retentionbull Short HRT but with biomass retention in

second stage usually pH controlledbull Eg UASB Hybrid fluidised bed reactors etc

A Single Stage Process

Biogas

Treated effluent

Wastewater

SLUDGE DIGESTER

Mixing mechanicallyor often by biogasrecirculation

1 Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket (UASB)

Treated effluent

Biogas

FromPre-acidificationTank

Gas collector

Granular biomass

Gas collectionbelow waterlevel to reduceturbulence atoverflow

Uniform flowdistributionessential

Sludge blanket

2 Hybrid Reactor

Treated effluent

Biogas

FromPre-acidificationTank Granular biomass

Uniform flowdistributionessential

Packed bed(plastic material)for biofilm growth

Sludge blanket

B Two-Stage Reactor Performance

COD removal 60 - 95BOD removal 80 - 95Gas production 03-06 m3kg CODremoved

Methane production 02-035 m3kg CODremoved

Methane conc 55 - 75Sludge production 005-01 kg VSSkgCODremoved

Two-stage high-rate hybrid reactor for abattoir amp industrial wastewater

Anaerobic Reactor Design

1 Pre-acidification tankbull Often on the basis of an equalisation

tank (also variable volume operation)bull Typical HRT 12-24 hbull pH 5-6 if controlled 4-5 if

uncontrolledbull Mixing usually only by inflow 1048782

importance to minimise solids in influent

bull Covered tank gas vented and treated or incinerated (with biogas in boiler or flare)

Anaerobic Reactor Design

2 Methanogenic (2nd stage) reactorbull Volume-based organic loading rate (OLR)

Cin biodegradable COD conc in influent mgL

Q wastewater flow rate m3dVR methanogenic bioreactor volume m3Typical HRT 12-24 h Solids RT 10-150 daysUsually heated to operate at 30 - 40degC

RV

QCinOLR

High Rate Anaerobic Treatment

Typical process flowsheet using Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket (UASB) reactor

Acidif Tank

Mix Tank

Sludgeblanket

Methanogenesis

Acidogenesis

Biogas

Biomassretention asgranules

Recycle and mix tank reduce pHcontrol dosing

CSTR-type tank usually not heated

Anaerobic Reactor Design

OLR designs for various reactor typesbull UASB 1048782 6-12 kg

CODm3dbull Internal Circulation 1048782 15-25 kg

CODm3dbull Fluidisedexpanded bed 104878212-20 kg

CODm3dbull Hybrid Reactor 1048782 6-12 kg CODm3d

OLR varies with degradability temp pHhellipHydraulic loading up to 24 m3(m2

reactor

area d)

Gas loading 70 - 200 m3 gas (m2reactor area

d)

Questions

Documentation

Terima Kasih

• Biological Treatment Processes
• Outline
• Wastewater Treatment
• 21 Overview of Treatment Processes
• 21 Overview of Treatment Processes (2)
• Slide 6
• Wastewater Treatment (2)
• Outline (2)
• 31 Criteria for Successful Biological Treatment
• Outline (3)
• 32 Principles of Biological Reactions
• B Aerobic or Anaerobic
• 32 Principles of Biological Reactions
• Outline (4)
• 34 Wastewater Treatment Ponds
• 1 Anaerobic Ponds
• Anaerobic Pond Design amp Operation
• 2 Facultative Ponds
• Facultative Pond Design amp Operation
• 3 Aerated Ponds
• Aerated Pond Design amp Operation
• 4 Aerobic (Oxidation) Ponds
• Aerobic Pond Design amp Operation
• Outline (5)
• 34 Anaerobic Treatment Processes
• Anaerobic Process Principles
• Process types
• A Single Stage Process
• 1 Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket (UASB)
• 2 Hybrid Reactor
• B Two-Stage Reactor Performance
• Slide 32
• Anaerobic Reactor Design
• Anaerobic Reactor Design (2)
• High Rate Anaerobic Treatment
• Anaerobic Reactor Design (3)
• Questions
• Documentation
• Terima Kasih

4 Aerobic (Oxidation) Ponds

Characteristicsbull Natural oxygenation (wind

photosynthesis) large surface area shallow (1 - 15m) low organic loading

bull Suitable for treating effluent from anaerobic ponds

Aerobic Pond Design amp Operation

Design 40 - 120 kg BOD5hadOperational Considerationsbull Maintain aerobic conditions Beware

of over-loading causing the pond to turn anaerobic

Outline

Overview31 Criteria for Successful Biological Treatment32 Principles of Biological Reactions33Wastewater Treatment Ponds34 Anaerobic Treatment Processes

34 Anaerobic Treatment Processes

Treatment under exclusion of oxygenCarbon mainly converted to methane (CH4) and carbon dioxide (CO2)Used for high organic loadingsEfficient and economic CODBOD removalLow rate systems use very long HRT eg Anaerobic pondsHigh rate systems use low HRT but need biomass retention mechanism eg UASBIncrease rate of biological action by increasing temperature

Anaerobic Process Principles

Pathways of organics in anaerobic treatment

Fast growingrobust bacteria

Slow growing pHsensitive archaea

Process types

A Single-stage processesbull Long solids amp hydraulic retention times

(HRT)bull Eg Anaerobic digesters (20-30 d HRT) Anaerobic ponds (10-30 d HRT)

B Two-stage (high rate) processesbull Short HRT in first stage no biomass

retentionbull Short HRT but with biomass retention in

second stage usually pH controlledbull Eg UASB Hybrid fluidised bed reactors etc

A Single Stage Process

Biogas

Treated effluent

Wastewater

SLUDGE DIGESTER

Mixing mechanicallyor often by biogasrecirculation

1 Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket (UASB)

Treated effluent

Biogas

FromPre-acidificationTank

Gas collector

Granular biomass

Gas collectionbelow waterlevel to reduceturbulence atoverflow

Uniform flowdistributionessential

Sludge blanket

2 Hybrid Reactor

Treated effluent

Biogas

FromPre-acidificationTank Granular biomass

Uniform flowdistributionessential

Packed bed(plastic material)for biofilm growth

Sludge blanket

B Two-Stage Reactor Performance

COD removal 60 - 95BOD removal 80 - 95Gas production 03-06 m3kg CODremoved

Methane production 02-035 m3kg CODremoved

Methane conc 55 - 75Sludge production 005-01 kg VSSkgCODremoved

Two-stage high-rate hybrid reactor for abattoir amp industrial wastewater

Anaerobic Reactor Design

1 Pre-acidification tankbull Often on the basis of an equalisation

tank (also variable volume operation)bull Typical HRT 12-24 hbull pH 5-6 if controlled 4-5 if

uncontrolledbull Mixing usually only by inflow 1048782

importance to minimise solids in influent

bull Covered tank gas vented and treated or incinerated (with biogas in boiler or flare)

Anaerobic Reactor Design

2 Methanogenic (2nd stage) reactorbull Volume-based organic loading rate (OLR)

Cin biodegradable COD conc in influent mgL

Q wastewater flow rate m3dVR methanogenic bioreactor volume m3Typical HRT 12-24 h Solids RT 10-150 daysUsually heated to operate at 30 - 40degC

RV

QCinOLR

High Rate Anaerobic Treatment

Typical process flowsheet using Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket (UASB) reactor

Acidif Tank

Mix Tank

Sludgeblanket

Methanogenesis

Acidogenesis

Biogas

Biomassretention asgranules

Recycle and mix tank reduce pHcontrol dosing

CSTR-type tank usually not heated

Anaerobic Reactor Design

OLR designs for various reactor typesbull UASB 1048782 6-12 kg

CODm3dbull Internal Circulation 1048782 15-25 kg

CODm3dbull Fluidisedexpanded bed 104878212-20 kg

CODm3dbull Hybrid Reactor 1048782 6-12 kg CODm3d

OLR varies with degradability temp pHhellipHydraulic loading up to 24 m3(m2

reactor

area d)

Gas loading 70 - 200 m3 gas (m2reactor area

d)

Questions

Documentation

Terima Kasih

• Biological Treatment Processes
• Outline
• Wastewater Treatment
• 21 Overview of Treatment Processes
• 21 Overview of Treatment Processes (2)
• Slide 6
• Wastewater Treatment (2)
• Outline (2)
• 31 Criteria for Successful Biological Treatment
• Outline (3)
• 32 Principles of Biological Reactions
• B Aerobic or Anaerobic
• 32 Principles of Biological Reactions
• Outline (4)
• 34 Wastewater Treatment Ponds
• 1 Anaerobic Ponds
• Anaerobic Pond Design amp Operation
• 2 Facultative Ponds
• Facultative Pond Design amp Operation
• 3 Aerated Ponds
• Aerated Pond Design amp Operation
• 4 Aerobic (Oxidation) Ponds
• Aerobic Pond Design amp Operation
• Outline (5)
• 34 Anaerobic Treatment Processes
• Anaerobic Process Principles
• Process types
• A Single Stage Process
• 1 Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket (UASB)
• 2 Hybrid Reactor
• B Two-Stage Reactor Performance
• Slide 32
• Anaerobic Reactor Design
• Anaerobic Reactor Design (2)
• High Rate Anaerobic Treatment
• Anaerobic Reactor Design (3)
• Questions
• Documentation
• Terima Kasih

Aerobic Pond Design amp Operation

Design 40 - 120 kg BOD5hadOperational Considerationsbull Maintain aerobic conditions Beware

of over-loading causing the pond to turn anaerobic

Outline

Overview31 Criteria for Successful Biological Treatment32 Principles of Biological Reactions33Wastewater Treatment Ponds34 Anaerobic Treatment Processes

34 Anaerobic Treatment Processes

Treatment under exclusion of oxygenCarbon mainly converted to methane (CH4) and carbon dioxide (CO2)Used for high organic loadingsEfficient and economic CODBOD removalLow rate systems use very long HRT eg Anaerobic pondsHigh rate systems use low HRT but need biomass retention mechanism eg UASBIncrease rate of biological action by increasing temperature

Anaerobic Process Principles

Pathways of organics in anaerobic treatment

Fast growingrobust bacteria

Slow growing pHsensitive archaea

Process types

A Single-stage processesbull Long solids amp hydraulic retention times

(HRT)bull Eg Anaerobic digesters (20-30 d HRT) Anaerobic ponds (10-30 d HRT)

B Two-stage (high rate) processesbull Short HRT in first stage no biomass

retentionbull Short HRT but with biomass retention in

second stage usually pH controlledbull Eg UASB Hybrid fluidised bed reactors etc

A Single Stage Process

Biogas

Treated effluent

Wastewater

SLUDGE DIGESTER

Mixing mechanicallyor often by biogasrecirculation

1 Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket (UASB)

Treated effluent

Biogas

FromPre-acidificationTank

Gas collector

Granular biomass

Gas collectionbelow waterlevel to reduceturbulence atoverflow

Uniform flowdistributionessential

Sludge blanket

2 Hybrid Reactor

Treated effluent

Biogas

FromPre-acidificationTank Granular biomass

Uniform flowdistributionessential

Packed bed(plastic material)for biofilm growth

Sludge blanket

B Two-Stage Reactor Performance

COD removal 60 - 95BOD removal 80 - 95Gas production 03-06 m3kg CODremoved

Methane production 02-035 m3kg CODremoved

Methane conc 55 - 75Sludge production 005-01 kg VSSkgCODremoved

Two-stage high-rate hybrid reactor for abattoir amp industrial wastewater

Anaerobic Reactor Design

1 Pre-acidification tankbull Often on the basis of an equalisation

tank (also variable volume operation)bull Typical HRT 12-24 hbull pH 5-6 if controlled 4-5 if

uncontrolledbull Mixing usually only by inflow 1048782

importance to minimise solids in influent

bull Covered tank gas vented and treated or incinerated (with biogas in boiler or flare)

Anaerobic Reactor Design

2 Methanogenic (2nd stage) reactorbull Volume-based organic loading rate (OLR)

Cin biodegradable COD conc in influent mgL

Q wastewater flow rate m3dVR methanogenic bioreactor volume m3Typical HRT 12-24 h Solids RT 10-150 daysUsually heated to operate at 30 - 40degC

RV

QCinOLR

High Rate Anaerobic Treatment

Typical process flowsheet using Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket (UASB) reactor

Acidif Tank

Mix Tank

Sludgeblanket

Methanogenesis

Acidogenesis

Biogas

Biomassretention asgranules

Recycle and mix tank reduce pHcontrol dosing

CSTR-type tank usually not heated

Anaerobic Reactor Design

OLR designs for various reactor typesbull UASB 1048782 6-12 kg

CODm3dbull Internal Circulation 1048782 15-25 kg

CODm3dbull Fluidisedexpanded bed 104878212-20 kg

CODm3dbull Hybrid Reactor 1048782 6-12 kg CODm3d

OLR varies with degradability temp pHhellipHydraulic loading up to 24 m3(m2

reactor

area d)

Gas loading 70 - 200 m3 gas (m2reactor area

d)

Questions

Documentation

Terima Kasih

• Biological Treatment Processes
• Outline
• Wastewater Treatment
• 21 Overview of Treatment Processes
• 21 Overview of Treatment Processes (2)
• Slide 6
• Wastewater Treatment (2)
• Outline (2)
• 31 Criteria for Successful Biological Treatment
• Outline (3)
• 32 Principles of Biological Reactions
• B Aerobic or Anaerobic
• 32 Principles of Biological Reactions
• Outline (4)
• 34 Wastewater Treatment Ponds
• 1 Anaerobic Ponds
• Anaerobic Pond Design amp Operation
• 2 Facultative Ponds
• Facultative Pond Design amp Operation
• 3 Aerated Ponds
• Aerated Pond Design amp Operation
• 4 Aerobic (Oxidation) Ponds
• Aerobic Pond Design amp Operation
• Outline (5)
• 34 Anaerobic Treatment Processes
• Anaerobic Process Principles
• Process types
• A Single Stage Process
• 1 Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket (UASB)
• 2 Hybrid Reactor
• B Two-Stage Reactor Performance
• Slide 32
• Anaerobic Reactor Design
• Anaerobic Reactor Design (2)
• High Rate Anaerobic Treatment
• Anaerobic Reactor Design (3)
• Questions
• Documentation
• Terima Kasih

Outline

Overview31 Criteria for Successful Biological Treatment32 Principles of Biological Reactions33Wastewater Treatment Ponds34 Anaerobic Treatment Processes

34 Anaerobic Treatment Processes

Treatment under exclusion of oxygenCarbon mainly converted to methane (CH4) and carbon dioxide (CO2)Used for high organic loadingsEfficient and economic CODBOD removalLow rate systems use very long HRT eg Anaerobic pondsHigh rate systems use low HRT but need biomass retention mechanism eg UASBIncrease rate of biological action by increasing temperature

Anaerobic Process Principles

Pathways of organics in anaerobic treatment

Fast growingrobust bacteria

Slow growing pHsensitive archaea

Process types

A Single-stage processesbull Long solids amp hydraulic retention times

(HRT)bull Eg Anaerobic digesters (20-30 d HRT) Anaerobic ponds (10-30 d HRT)

B Two-stage (high rate) processesbull Short HRT in first stage no biomass

retentionbull Short HRT but with biomass retention in

second stage usually pH controlledbull Eg UASB Hybrid fluidised bed reactors etc

A Single Stage Process

Biogas

Treated effluent

Wastewater

SLUDGE DIGESTER

Mixing mechanicallyor often by biogasrecirculation

1 Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket (UASB)

Treated effluent

Biogas

FromPre-acidificationTank

Gas collector

Granular biomass

Gas collectionbelow waterlevel to reduceturbulence atoverflow

Uniform flowdistributionessential

Sludge blanket

2 Hybrid Reactor

Treated effluent

Biogas

FromPre-acidificationTank Granular biomass

Uniform flowdistributionessential

Packed bed(plastic material)for biofilm growth

Sludge blanket

B Two-Stage Reactor Performance

COD removal 60 - 95BOD removal 80 - 95Gas production 03-06 m3kg CODremoved

Methane production 02-035 m3kg CODremoved

Methane conc 55 - 75Sludge production 005-01 kg VSSkgCODremoved

Two-stage high-rate hybrid reactor for abattoir amp industrial wastewater

Anaerobic Reactor Design

1 Pre-acidification tankbull Often on the basis of an equalisation

tank (also variable volume operation)bull Typical HRT 12-24 hbull pH 5-6 if controlled 4-5 if

uncontrolledbull Mixing usually only by inflow 1048782

importance to minimise solids in influent

bull Covered tank gas vented and treated or incinerated (with biogas in boiler or flare)

Anaerobic Reactor Design

2 Methanogenic (2nd stage) reactorbull Volume-based organic loading rate (OLR)

Cin biodegradable COD conc in influent mgL

Q wastewater flow rate m3dVR methanogenic bioreactor volume m3Typical HRT 12-24 h Solids RT 10-150 daysUsually heated to operate at 30 - 40degC

RV

QCinOLR

High Rate Anaerobic Treatment

Typical process flowsheet using Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket (UASB) reactor

Acidif Tank

Mix Tank

Sludgeblanket

Methanogenesis

Acidogenesis

Biogas

Biomassretention asgranules

Recycle and mix tank reduce pHcontrol dosing

CSTR-type tank usually not heated

Anaerobic Reactor Design

OLR designs for various reactor typesbull UASB 1048782 6-12 kg

CODm3dbull Internal Circulation 1048782 15-25 kg

CODm3dbull Fluidisedexpanded bed 104878212-20 kg

CODm3dbull Hybrid Reactor 1048782 6-12 kg CODm3d

OLR varies with degradability temp pHhellipHydraulic loading up to 24 m3(m2

reactor

area d)

Gas loading 70 - 200 m3 gas (m2reactor area

d)

Questions

Documentation

Terima Kasih

• Biological Treatment Processes
• Outline
• Wastewater Treatment
• 21 Overview of Treatment Processes
• 21 Overview of Treatment Processes (2)
• Slide 6
• Wastewater Treatment (2)
• Outline (2)
• 31 Criteria for Successful Biological Treatment
• Outline (3)
• 32 Principles of Biological Reactions
• B Aerobic or Anaerobic
• 32 Principles of Biological Reactions
• Outline (4)
• 34 Wastewater Treatment Ponds
• 1 Anaerobic Ponds
• Anaerobic Pond Design amp Operation
• 2 Facultative Ponds
• Facultative Pond Design amp Operation
• 3 Aerated Ponds
• Aerated Pond Design amp Operation
• 4 Aerobic (Oxidation) Ponds
• Aerobic Pond Design amp Operation
• Outline (5)
• 34 Anaerobic Treatment Processes
• Anaerobic Process Principles
• Process types
• A Single Stage Process
• 1 Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket (UASB)
• 2 Hybrid Reactor
• B Two-Stage Reactor Performance
• Slide 32
• Anaerobic Reactor Design
• Anaerobic Reactor Design (2)
• High Rate Anaerobic Treatment
• Anaerobic Reactor Design (3)
• Questions
• Documentation
• Terima Kasih

34 Anaerobic Treatment Processes

Treatment under exclusion of oxygenCarbon mainly converted to methane (CH4) and carbon dioxide (CO2)Used for high organic loadingsEfficient and economic CODBOD removalLow rate systems use very long HRT eg Anaerobic pondsHigh rate systems use low HRT but need biomass retention mechanism eg UASBIncrease rate of biological action by increasing temperature

Anaerobic Process Principles

Pathways of organics in anaerobic treatment

Fast growingrobust bacteria

Slow growing pHsensitive archaea

Process types

A Single-stage processesbull Long solids amp hydraulic retention times

(HRT)bull Eg Anaerobic digesters (20-30 d HRT) Anaerobic ponds (10-30 d HRT)

B Two-stage (high rate) processesbull Short HRT in first stage no biomass

retentionbull Short HRT but with biomass retention in

second stage usually pH controlledbull Eg UASB Hybrid fluidised bed reactors etc

A Single Stage Process

Biogas

Treated effluent

Wastewater

SLUDGE DIGESTER

Mixing mechanicallyor often by biogasrecirculation

1 Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket (UASB)

Treated effluent

Biogas

FromPre-acidificationTank

Gas collector

Granular biomass

Gas collectionbelow waterlevel to reduceturbulence atoverflow

Uniform flowdistributionessential

Sludge blanket

2 Hybrid Reactor

Treated effluent

Biogas

FromPre-acidificationTank Granular biomass

Uniform flowdistributionessential

Packed bed(plastic material)for biofilm growth

Sludge blanket

B Two-Stage Reactor Performance

COD removal 60 - 95BOD removal 80 - 95Gas production 03-06 m3kg CODremoved

Methane production 02-035 m3kg CODremoved

Methane conc 55 - 75Sludge production 005-01 kg VSSkgCODremoved

Two-stage high-rate hybrid reactor for abattoir amp industrial wastewater

Anaerobic Reactor Design

1 Pre-acidification tankbull Often on the basis of an equalisation

tank (also variable volume operation)bull Typical HRT 12-24 hbull pH 5-6 if controlled 4-5 if

uncontrolledbull Mixing usually only by inflow 1048782

importance to minimise solids in influent

bull Covered tank gas vented and treated or incinerated (with biogas in boiler or flare)

Anaerobic Reactor Design

2 Methanogenic (2nd stage) reactorbull Volume-based organic loading rate (OLR)

Cin biodegradable COD conc in influent mgL

Q wastewater flow rate m3dVR methanogenic bioreactor volume m3Typical HRT 12-24 h Solids RT 10-150 daysUsually heated to operate at 30 - 40degC

RV

QCinOLR

High Rate Anaerobic Treatment

Typical process flowsheet using Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket (UASB) reactor

Acidif Tank

Mix Tank

Sludgeblanket

Methanogenesis

Acidogenesis

Biogas

Biomassretention asgranules

Recycle and mix tank reduce pHcontrol dosing

CSTR-type tank usually not heated

Anaerobic Reactor Design

OLR designs for various reactor typesbull UASB 1048782 6-12 kg

CODm3dbull Internal Circulation 1048782 15-25 kg

CODm3dbull Fluidisedexpanded bed 104878212-20 kg

CODm3dbull Hybrid Reactor 1048782 6-12 kg CODm3d

OLR varies with degradability temp pHhellipHydraulic loading up to 24 m3(m2

reactor

area d)

Gas loading 70 - 200 m3 gas (m2reactor area

d)

Questions

Documentation

Terima Kasih

• Biological Treatment Processes
• Outline
• Wastewater Treatment
• 21 Overview of Treatment Processes
• 21 Overview of Treatment Processes (2)
• Slide 6
• Wastewater Treatment (2)
• Outline (2)
• 31 Criteria for Successful Biological Treatment
• Outline (3)
• 32 Principles of Biological Reactions
• B Aerobic or Anaerobic
• 32 Principles of Biological Reactions
• Outline (4)
• 34 Wastewater Treatment Ponds
• 1 Anaerobic Ponds
• Anaerobic Pond Design amp Operation
• 2 Facultative Ponds
• Facultative Pond Design amp Operation
• 3 Aerated Ponds
• Aerated Pond Design amp Operation
• 4 Aerobic (Oxidation) Ponds
• Aerobic Pond Design amp Operation
• Outline (5)
• 34 Anaerobic Treatment Processes
• Anaerobic Process Principles
• Process types
• A Single Stage Process
• 1 Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket (UASB)
• 2 Hybrid Reactor
• B Two-Stage Reactor Performance
• Slide 32
• Anaerobic Reactor Design
• Anaerobic Reactor Design (2)
• High Rate Anaerobic Treatment
• Anaerobic Reactor Design (3)
• Questions
• Documentation
• Terima Kasih

Anaerobic Process Principles

Pathways of organics in anaerobic treatment

Fast growingrobust bacteria

Slow growing pHsensitive archaea

Process types

A Single-stage processesbull Long solids amp hydraulic retention times

(HRT)bull Eg Anaerobic digesters (20-30 d HRT) Anaerobic ponds (10-30 d HRT)

B Two-stage (high rate) processesbull Short HRT in first stage no biomass

retentionbull Short HRT but with biomass retention in

second stage usually pH controlledbull Eg UASB Hybrid fluidised bed reactors etc

A Single Stage Process

Biogas

Treated effluent

Wastewater

SLUDGE DIGESTER

Mixing mechanicallyor often by biogasrecirculation

1 Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket (UASB)

Treated effluent

Biogas

FromPre-acidificationTank

Gas collector

Granular biomass

Gas collectionbelow waterlevel to reduceturbulence atoverflow

Uniform flowdistributionessential

Sludge blanket

2 Hybrid Reactor

Treated effluent

Biogas

FromPre-acidificationTank Granular biomass

Uniform flowdistributionessential

Packed bed(plastic material)for biofilm growth

Sludge blanket

B Two-Stage Reactor Performance

COD removal 60 - 95BOD removal 80 - 95Gas production 03-06 m3kg CODremoved

Methane production 02-035 m3kg CODremoved

Methane conc 55 - 75Sludge production 005-01 kg VSSkgCODremoved

Two-stage high-rate hybrid reactor for abattoir amp industrial wastewater

Anaerobic Reactor Design

1 Pre-acidification tankbull Often on the basis of an equalisation

tank (also variable volume operation)bull Typical HRT 12-24 hbull pH 5-6 if controlled 4-5 if

uncontrolledbull Mixing usually only by inflow 1048782

importance to minimise solids in influent

bull Covered tank gas vented and treated or incinerated (with biogas in boiler or flare)

Anaerobic Reactor Design

2 Methanogenic (2nd stage) reactorbull Volume-based organic loading rate (OLR)

Cin biodegradable COD conc in influent mgL

Q wastewater flow rate m3dVR methanogenic bioreactor volume m3Typical HRT 12-24 h Solids RT 10-150 daysUsually heated to operate at 30 - 40degC

RV

QCinOLR

High Rate Anaerobic Treatment

Typical process flowsheet using Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket (UASB) reactor

Acidif Tank

Mix Tank

Sludgeblanket

Methanogenesis

Acidogenesis

Biogas

Biomassretention asgranules

Recycle and mix tank reduce pHcontrol dosing

CSTR-type tank usually not heated

Anaerobic Reactor Design

OLR designs for various reactor typesbull UASB 1048782 6-12 kg

CODm3dbull Internal Circulation 1048782 15-25 kg

CODm3dbull Fluidisedexpanded bed 104878212-20 kg

CODm3dbull Hybrid Reactor 1048782 6-12 kg CODm3d

OLR varies with degradability temp pHhellipHydraulic loading up to 24 m3(m2

reactor

area d)

Gas loading 70 - 200 m3 gas (m2reactor area

d)

Questions

Documentation

Terima Kasih

• Biological Treatment Processes
• Outline
• Wastewater Treatment
• 21 Overview of Treatment Processes
• 21 Overview of Treatment Processes (2)
• Slide 6
• Wastewater Treatment (2)
• Outline (2)
• 31 Criteria for Successful Biological Treatment
• Outline (3)
• 32 Principles of Biological Reactions
• B Aerobic or Anaerobic
• 32 Principles of Biological Reactions
• Outline (4)
• 34 Wastewater Treatment Ponds
• 1 Anaerobic Ponds
• Anaerobic Pond Design amp Operation
• 2 Facultative Ponds
• Facultative Pond Design amp Operation
• 3 Aerated Ponds
• Aerated Pond Design amp Operation
• 4 Aerobic (Oxidation) Ponds
• Aerobic Pond Design amp Operation
• Outline (5)
• 34 Anaerobic Treatment Processes
• Anaerobic Process Principles
• Process types
• A Single Stage Process
• 1 Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket (UASB)
• 2 Hybrid Reactor
• B Two-Stage Reactor Performance
• Slide 32
• Anaerobic Reactor Design
• Anaerobic Reactor Design (2)
• High Rate Anaerobic Treatment
• Anaerobic Reactor Design (3)
• Questions
• Documentation
• Terima Kasih

Process types

A Single-stage processesbull Long solids amp hydraulic retention times

(HRT)bull Eg Anaerobic digesters (20-30 d HRT) Anaerobic ponds (10-30 d HRT)

B Two-stage (high rate) processesbull Short HRT in first stage no biomass

retentionbull Short HRT but with biomass retention in

second stage usually pH controlledbull Eg UASB Hybrid fluidised bed reactors etc

A Single Stage Process

Biogas

Treated effluent

Wastewater

SLUDGE DIGESTER

Mixing mechanicallyor often by biogasrecirculation

1 Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket (UASB)

Treated effluent

Biogas

FromPre-acidificationTank

Gas collector

Granular biomass

Gas collectionbelow waterlevel to reduceturbulence atoverflow

Uniform flowdistributionessential

Sludge blanket

2 Hybrid Reactor

Treated effluent

Biogas

FromPre-acidificationTank Granular biomass

Uniform flowdistributionessential

Packed bed(plastic material)for biofilm growth

Sludge blanket

B Two-Stage Reactor Performance

COD removal 60 - 95BOD removal 80 - 95Gas production 03-06 m3kg CODremoved

Methane production 02-035 m3kg CODremoved

Methane conc 55 - 75Sludge production 005-01 kg VSSkgCODremoved

Two-stage high-rate hybrid reactor for abattoir amp industrial wastewater

Anaerobic Reactor Design

1 Pre-acidification tankbull Often on the basis of an equalisation

tank (also variable volume operation)bull Typical HRT 12-24 hbull pH 5-6 if controlled 4-5 if

uncontrolledbull Mixing usually only by inflow 1048782

importance to minimise solids in influent

bull Covered tank gas vented and treated or incinerated (with biogas in boiler or flare)

Anaerobic Reactor Design

2 Methanogenic (2nd stage) reactorbull Volume-based organic loading rate (OLR)

Cin biodegradable COD conc in influent mgL

Q wastewater flow rate m3dVR methanogenic bioreactor volume m3Typical HRT 12-24 h Solids RT 10-150 daysUsually heated to operate at 30 - 40degC

RV

QCinOLR

High Rate Anaerobic Treatment

Typical process flowsheet using Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket (UASB) reactor

Acidif Tank

Mix Tank

Sludgeblanket

Methanogenesis

Acidogenesis

Biogas

Biomassretention asgranules

Recycle and mix tank reduce pHcontrol dosing

CSTR-type tank usually not heated

Anaerobic Reactor Design

OLR designs for various reactor typesbull UASB 1048782 6-12 kg

CODm3dbull Internal Circulation 1048782 15-25 kg

CODm3dbull Fluidisedexpanded bed 104878212-20 kg

CODm3dbull Hybrid Reactor 1048782 6-12 kg CODm3d

OLR varies with degradability temp pHhellipHydraulic loading up to 24 m3(m2

reactor

area d)

Gas loading 70 - 200 m3 gas (m2reactor area

d)

Questions

Documentation

Terima Kasih

• Biological Treatment Processes
• Outline
• Wastewater Treatment
• 21 Overview of Treatment Processes
• 21 Overview of Treatment Processes (2)
• Slide 6
• Wastewater Treatment (2)
• Outline (2)
• 31 Criteria for Successful Biological Treatment
• Outline (3)
• 32 Principles of Biological Reactions
• B Aerobic or Anaerobic
• 32 Principles of Biological Reactions
• Outline (4)
• 34 Wastewater Treatment Ponds
• 1 Anaerobic Ponds
• Anaerobic Pond Design amp Operation
• 2 Facultative Ponds
• Facultative Pond Design amp Operation
• 3 Aerated Ponds
• Aerated Pond Design amp Operation
• 4 Aerobic (Oxidation) Ponds
• Aerobic Pond Design amp Operation
• Outline (5)
• 34 Anaerobic Treatment Processes
• Anaerobic Process Principles
• Process types
• A Single Stage Process
• 1 Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket (UASB)
• 2 Hybrid Reactor
• B Two-Stage Reactor Performance
• Slide 32
• Anaerobic Reactor Design
• Anaerobic Reactor Design (2)
• High Rate Anaerobic Treatment
• Anaerobic Reactor Design (3)
• Questions
• Documentation
• Terima Kasih

A Single Stage Process

Biogas

Treated effluent

Wastewater

SLUDGE DIGESTER

Mixing mechanicallyor often by biogasrecirculation

1 Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket (UASB)

Treated effluent

Biogas

FromPre-acidificationTank

Gas collector

Granular biomass

Gas collectionbelow waterlevel to reduceturbulence atoverflow

Uniform flowdistributionessential

Sludge blanket

2 Hybrid Reactor

Treated effluent

Biogas

FromPre-acidificationTank Granular biomass

Uniform flowdistributionessential

Packed bed(plastic material)for biofilm growth

Sludge blanket

B Two-Stage Reactor Performance

COD removal 60 - 95BOD removal 80 - 95Gas production 03-06 m3kg CODremoved

Methane production 02-035 m3kg CODremoved

Methane conc 55 - 75Sludge production 005-01 kg VSSkgCODremoved

Two-stage high-rate hybrid reactor for abattoir amp industrial wastewater

Anaerobic Reactor Design

1 Pre-acidification tankbull Often on the basis of an equalisation

tank (also variable volume operation)bull Typical HRT 12-24 hbull pH 5-6 if controlled 4-5 if

uncontrolledbull Mixing usually only by inflow 1048782

importance to minimise solids in influent

bull Covered tank gas vented and treated or incinerated (with biogas in boiler or flare)

Anaerobic Reactor Design

2 Methanogenic (2nd stage) reactorbull Volume-based organic loading rate (OLR)

Cin biodegradable COD conc in influent mgL

Q wastewater flow rate m3dVR methanogenic bioreactor volume m3Typical HRT 12-24 h Solids RT 10-150 daysUsually heated to operate at 30 - 40degC

RV

QCinOLR

High Rate Anaerobic Treatment

Typical process flowsheet using Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket (UASB) reactor

Acidif Tank

Mix Tank

Sludgeblanket

Methanogenesis

Acidogenesis

Biogas

Biomassretention asgranules

Recycle and mix tank reduce pHcontrol dosing

CSTR-type tank usually not heated

Anaerobic Reactor Design

OLR designs for various reactor typesbull UASB 1048782 6-12 kg

CODm3dbull Internal Circulation 1048782 15-25 kg

CODm3dbull Fluidisedexpanded bed 104878212-20 kg

CODm3dbull Hybrid Reactor 1048782 6-12 kg CODm3d

OLR varies with degradability temp pHhellipHydraulic loading up to 24 m3(m2

reactor

area d)

Gas loading 70 - 200 m3 gas (m2reactor area

d)

Questions

Documentation

Terima Kasih

• Biological Treatment Processes
• Outline
• Wastewater Treatment
• 21 Overview of Treatment Processes
• 21 Overview of Treatment Processes (2)
• Slide 6
• Wastewater Treatment (2)
• Outline (2)
• 31 Criteria for Successful Biological Treatment
• Outline (3)
• 32 Principles of Biological Reactions
• B Aerobic or Anaerobic
• 32 Principles of Biological Reactions
• Outline (4)
• 34 Wastewater Treatment Ponds
• 1 Anaerobic Ponds
• Anaerobic Pond Design amp Operation
• 2 Facultative Ponds
• Facultative Pond Design amp Operation
• 3 Aerated Ponds
• Aerated Pond Design amp Operation
• 4 Aerobic (Oxidation) Ponds
• Aerobic Pond Design amp Operation
• Outline (5)
• 34 Anaerobic Treatment Processes
• Anaerobic Process Principles
• Process types
• A Single Stage Process
• 1 Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket (UASB)
• 2 Hybrid Reactor
• B Two-Stage Reactor Performance
• Slide 32
• Anaerobic Reactor Design
• Anaerobic Reactor Design (2)
• High Rate Anaerobic Treatment
• Anaerobic Reactor Design (3)
• Questions
• Documentation
• Terima Kasih

1 Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket (UASB)

Treated effluent

Biogas

FromPre-acidificationTank

Gas collector

Granular biomass

Gas collectionbelow waterlevel to reduceturbulence atoverflow

Uniform flowdistributionessential

Sludge blanket

2 Hybrid Reactor

Treated effluent

Biogas

FromPre-acidificationTank Granular biomass

Uniform flowdistributionessential

Packed bed(plastic material)for biofilm growth

Sludge blanket

B Two-Stage Reactor Performance

COD removal 60 - 95BOD removal 80 - 95Gas production 03-06 m3kg CODremoved

Methane production 02-035 m3kg CODremoved

Methane conc 55 - 75Sludge production 005-01 kg VSSkgCODremoved

Two-stage high-rate hybrid reactor for abattoir amp industrial wastewater

Anaerobic Reactor Design

1 Pre-acidification tankbull Often on the basis of an equalisation

tank (also variable volume operation)bull Typical HRT 12-24 hbull pH 5-6 if controlled 4-5 if

uncontrolledbull Mixing usually only by inflow 1048782

importance to minimise solids in influent

bull Covered tank gas vented and treated or incinerated (with biogas in boiler or flare)

Anaerobic Reactor Design

2 Methanogenic (2nd stage) reactorbull Volume-based organic loading rate (OLR)

Cin biodegradable COD conc in influent mgL

Q wastewater flow rate m3dVR methanogenic bioreactor volume m3Typical HRT 12-24 h Solids RT 10-150 daysUsually heated to operate at 30 - 40degC

RV

QCinOLR

High Rate Anaerobic Treatment

Typical process flowsheet using Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket (UASB) reactor

Acidif Tank

Mix Tank

Sludgeblanket

Methanogenesis

Acidogenesis

Biogas

Biomassretention asgranules

Recycle and mix tank reduce pHcontrol dosing

CSTR-type tank usually not heated

Anaerobic Reactor Design

OLR designs for various reactor typesbull UASB 1048782 6-12 kg

CODm3dbull Internal Circulation 1048782 15-25 kg

CODm3dbull Fluidisedexpanded bed 104878212-20 kg

CODm3dbull Hybrid Reactor 1048782 6-12 kg CODm3d

OLR varies with degradability temp pHhellipHydraulic loading up to 24 m3(m2

reactor

area d)

Gas loading 70 - 200 m3 gas (m2reactor area

d)

Questions

Documentation

Terima Kasih

• Biological Treatment Processes
• Outline
• Wastewater Treatment
• 21 Overview of Treatment Processes
• 21 Overview of Treatment Processes (2)
• Slide 6
• Wastewater Treatment (2)
• Outline (2)
• 31 Criteria for Successful Biological Treatment
• Outline (3)
• 32 Principles of Biological Reactions
• B Aerobic or Anaerobic
• 32 Principles of Biological Reactions
• Outline (4)
• 34 Wastewater Treatment Ponds
• 1 Anaerobic Ponds
• Anaerobic Pond Design amp Operation
• 2 Facultative Ponds
• Facultative Pond Design amp Operation
• 3 Aerated Ponds
• Aerated Pond Design amp Operation
• 4 Aerobic (Oxidation) Ponds
• Aerobic Pond Design amp Operation
• Outline (5)
• 34 Anaerobic Treatment Processes
• Anaerobic Process Principles
• Process types
• A Single Stage Process
• 1 Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket (UASB)
• 2 Hybrid Reactor
• B Two-Stage Reactor Performance
• Slide 32
• Anaerobic Reactor Design
• Anaerobic Reactor Design (2)
• High Rate Anaerobic Treatment
• Anaerobic Reactor Design (3)
• Questions
• Documentation
• Terima Kasih

2 Hybrid Reactor

Treated effluent

Biogas

FromPre-acidificationTank Granular biomass

Uniform flowdistributionessential

Packed bed(plastic material)for biofilm growth

Sludge blanket

B Two-Stage Reactor Performance

COD removal 60 - 95BOD removal 80 - 95Gas production 03-06 m3kg CODremoved

Methane production 02-035 m3kg CODremoved

Methane conc 55 - 75Sludge production 005-01 kg VSSkgCODremoved

Two-stage high-rate hybrid reactor for abattoir amp industrial wastewater

Anaerobic Reactor Design

1 Pre-acidification tankbull Often on the basis of an equalisation

tank (also variable volume operation)bull Typical HRT 12-24 hbull pH 5-6 if controlled 4-5 if

uncontrolledbull Mixing usually only by inflow 1048782

importance to minimise solids in influent

bull Covered tank gas vented and treated or incinerated (with biogas in boiler or flare)

Anaerobic Reactor Design

2 Methanogenic (2nd stage) reactorbull Volume-based organic loading rate (OLR)

Cin biodegradable COD conc in influent mgL

Q wastewater flow rate m3dVR methanogenic bioreactor volume m3Typical HRT 12-24 h Solids RT 10-150 daysUsually heated to operate at 30 - 40degC

RV

QCinOLR

High Rate Anaerobic Treatment

Typical process flowsheet using Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket (UASB) reactor

Acidif Tank

Mix Tank

Sludgeblanket

Methanogenesis

Acidogenesis

Biogas

Biomassretention asgranules

Recycle and mix tank reduce pHcontrol dosing

CSTR-type tank usually not heated

Anaerobic Reactor Design

OLR designs for various reactor typesbull UASB 1048782 6-12 kg

CODm3dbull Internal Circulation 1048782 15-25 kg

CODm3dbull Fluidisedexpanded bed 104878212-20 kg

CODm3dbull Hybrid Reactor 1048782 6-12 kg CODm3d

OLR varies with degradability temp pHhellipHydraulic loading up to 24 m3(m2

reactor

area d)

Gas loading 70 - 200 m3 gas (m2reactor area

d)

Questions

Documentation

Terima Kasih

• Biological Treatment Processes
• Outline
• Wastewater Treatment
• 21 Overview of Treatment Processes
• 21 Overview of Treatment Processes (2)
• Slide 6
• Wastewater Treatment (2)
• Outline (2)
• 31 Criteria for Successful Biological Treatment
• Outline (3)
• 32 Principles of Biological Reactions
• B Aerobic or Anaerobic
• 32 Principles of Biological Reactions
• Outline (4)
• 34 Wastewater Treatment Ponds
• 1 Anaerobic Ponds
• Anaerobic Pond Design amp Operation
• 2 Facultative Ponds
• Facultative Pond Design amp Operation
• 3 Aerated Ponds
• Aerated Pond Design amp Operation
• 4 Aerobic (Oxidation) Ponds
• Aerobic Pond Design amp Operation
• Outline (5)
• 34 Anaerobic Treatment Processes
• Anaerobic Process Principles
• Process types
• A Single Stage Process
• 1 Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket (UASB)
• 2 Hybrid Reactor
• B Two-Stage Reactor Performance
• Slide 32
• Anaerobic Reactor Design
• Anaerobic Reactor Design (2)
• High Rate Anaerobic Treatment
• Anaerobic Reactor Design (3)
• Questions
• Documentation
• Terima Kasih

B Two-Stage Reactor Performance

COD removal 60 - 95BOD removal 80 - 95Gas production 03-06 m3kg CODremoved

Methane production 02-035 m3kg CODremoved

Methane conc 55 - 75Sludge production 005-01 kg VSSkgCODremoved

Two-stage high-rate hybrid reactor for abattoir amp industrial wastewater

Anaerobic Reactor Design

1 Pre-acidification tankbull Often on the basis of an equalisation

tank (also variable volume operation)bull Typical HRT 12-24 hbull pH 5-6 if controlled 4-5 if

uncontrolledbull Mixing usually only by inflow 1048782

importance to minimise solids in influent

bull Covered tank gas vented and treated or incinerated (with biogas in boiler or flare)

Anaerobic Reactor Design

2 Methanogenic (2nd stage) reactorbull Volume-based organic loading rate (OLR)

Cin biodegradable COD conc in influent mgL

Q wastewater flow rate m3dVR methanogenic bioreactor volume m3Typical HRT 12-24 h Solids RT 10-150 daysUsually heated to operate at 30 - 40degC

RV

QCinOLR

High Rate Anaerobic Treatment

Typical process flowsheet using Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket (UASB) reactor

Acidif Tank

Mix Tank

Sludgeblanket

Methanogenesis

Acidogenesis

Biogas

Biomassretention asgranules

Recycle and mix tank reduce pHcontrol dosing

CSTR-type tank usually not heated

Anaerobic Reactor Design

OLR designs for various reactor typesbull UASB 1048782 6-12 kg

CODm3dbull Internal Circulation 1048782 15-25 kg

CODm3dbull Fluidisedexpanded bed 104878212-20 kg

CODm3dbull Hybrid Reactor 1048782 6-12 kg CODm3d

OLR varies with degradability temp pHhellipHydraulic loading up to 24 m3(m2

reactor

area d)

Gas loading 70 - 200 m3 gas (m2reactor area

d)

Questions

Documentation

Terima Kasih

• Biological Treatment Processes
• Outline
• Wastewater Treatment
• 21 Overview of Treatment Processes
• 21 Overview of Treatment Processes (2)
• Slide 6
• Wastewater Treatment (2)
• Outline (2)
• 31 Criteria for Successful Biological Treatment
• Outline (3)
• 32 Principles of Biological Reactions
• B Aerobic or Anaerobic
• 32 Principles of Biological Reactions
• Outline (4)
• 34 Wastewater Treatment Ponds
• 1 Anaerobic Ponds
• Anaerobic Pond Design amp Operation
• 2 Facultative Ponds
• Facultative Pond Design amp Operation
• 3 Aerated Ponds
• Aerated Pond Design amp Operation
• 4 Aerobic (Oxidation) Ponds
• Aerobic Pond Design amp Operation
• Outline (5)
• 34 Anaerobic Treatment Processes
• Anaerobic Process Principles
• Process types
• A Single Stage Process
• 1 Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket (UASB)
• 2 Hybrid Reactor
• B Two-Stage Reactor Performance
• Slide 32
• Anaerobic Reactor Design
• Anaerobic Reactor Design (2)
• High Rate Anaerobic Treatment
• Anaerobic Reactor Design (3)
• Questions
• Documentation
• Terima Kasih

Two-stage high-rate hybrid reactor for abattoir amp industrial wastewater

Anaerobic Reactor Design

1 Pre-acidification tankbull Often on the basis of an equalisation

tank (also variable volume operation)bull Typical HRT 12-24 hbull pH 5-6 if controlled 4-5 if

uncontrolledbull Mixing usually only by inflow 1048782

importance to minimise solids in influent

bull Covered tank gas vented and treated or incinerated (with biogas in boiler or flare)

Anaerobic Reactor Design

2 Methanogenic (2nd stage) reactorbull Volume-based organic loading rate (OLR)

Cin biodegradable COD conc in influent mgL

Q wastewater flow rate m3dVR methanogenic bioreactor volume m3Typical HRT 12-24 h Solids RT 10-150 daysUsually heated to operate at 30 - 40degC

RV

QCinOLR

High Rate Anaerobic Treatment

Typical process flowsheet using Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket (UASB) reactor

Acidif Tank

Mix Tank

Sludgeblanket

Methanogenesis

Acidogenesis

Biogas

Biomassretention asgranules

Recycle and mix tank reduce pHcontrol dosing

CSTR-type tank usually not heated

Anaerobic Reactor Design

OLR designs for various reactor typesbull UASB 1048782 6-12 kg

CODm3dbull Internal Circulation 1048782 15-25 kg

CODm3dbull Fluidisedexpanded bed 104878212-20 kg

CODm3dbull Hybrid Reactor 1048782 6-12 kg CODm3d

OLR varies with degradability temp pHhellipHydraulic loading up to 24 m3(m2

reactor

area d)

Gas loading 70 - 200 m3 gas (m2reactor area

d)

Questions

Documentation

Terima Kasih

• Biological Treatment Processes
• Outline
• Wastewater Treatment
• 21 Overview of Treatment Processes
• 21 Overview of Treatment Processes (2)
• Slide 6
• Wastewater Treatment (2)
• Outline (2)
• 31 Criteria for Successful Biological Treatment
• Outline (3)
• 32 Principles of Biological Reactions
• B Aerobic or Anaerobic
• 32 Principles of Biological Reactions
• Outline (4)
• 34 Wastewater Treatment Ponds
• 1 Anaerobic Ponds
• Anaerobic Pond Design amp Operation
• 2 Facultative Ponds
• Facultative Pond Design amp Operation
• 3 Aerated Ponds
• Aerated Pond Design amp Operation
• 4 Aerobic (Oxidation) Ponds
• Aerobic Pond Design amp Operation
• Outline (5)
• 34 Anaerobic Treatment Processes
• Anaerobic Process Principles
• Process types
• A Single Stage Process
• 1 Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket (UASB)
• 2 Hybrid Reactor
• B Two-Stage Reactor Performance
• Slide 32
• Anaerobic Reactor Design
• Anaerobic Reactor Design (2)
• High Rate Anaerobic Treatment
• Anaerobic Reactor Design (3)
• Questions
• Documentation
• Terima Kasih

Anaerobic Reactor Design

1 Pre-acidification tankbull Often on the basis of an equalisation

tank (also variable volume operation)bull Typical HRT 12-24 hbull pH 5-6 if controlled 4-5 if

uncontrolledbull Mixing usually only by inflow 1048782

importance to minimise solids in influent

bull Covered tank gas vented and treated or incinerated (with biogas in boiler or flare)

Anaerobic Reactor Design

2 Methanogenic (2nd stage) reactorbull Volume-based organic loading rate (OLR)

Cin biodegradable COD conc in influent mgL

Q wastewater flow rate m3dVR methanogenic bioreactor volume m3Typical HRT 12-24 h Solids RT 10-150 daysUsually heated to operate at 30 - 40degC

RV

QCinOLR

High Rate Anaerobic Treatment

Typical process flowsheet using Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket (UASB) reactor

Acidif Tank

Mix Tank

Sludgeblanket

Methanogenesis

Acidogenesis

Biogas

Biomassretention asgranules

Recycle and mix tank reduce pHcontrol dosing

CSTR-type tank usually not heated

Anaerobic Reactor Design

OLR designs for various reactor typesbull UASB 1048782 6-12 kg

CODm3dbull Internal Circulation 1048782 15-25 kg

CODm3dbull Fluidisedexpanded bed 104878212-20 kg

CODm3dbull Hybrid Reactor 1048782 6-12 kg CODm3d

OLR varies with degradability temp pHhellipHydraulic loading up to 24 m3(m2

reactor

area d)

Gas loading 70 - 200 m3 gas (m2reactor area

d)

Questions

Documentation

Terima Kasih

• Biological Treatment Processes
• Outline
• Wastewater Treatment
• 21 Overview of Treatment Processes
• 21 Overview of Treatment Processes (2)
• Slide 6
• Wastewater Treatment (2)
• Outline (2)
• 31 Criteria for Successful Biological Treatment
• Outline (3)
• 32 Principles of Biological Reactions
• B Aerobic or Anaerobic
• 32 Principles of Biological Reactions
• Outline (4)
• 34 Wastewater Treatment Ponds
• 1 Anaerobic Ponds
• Anaerobic Pond Design amp Operation
• 2 Facultative Ponds
• Facultative Pond Design amp Operation
• 3 Aerated Ponds
• Aerated Pond Design amp Operation
• 4 Aerobic (Oxidation) Ponds
• Aerobic Pond Design amp Operation
• Outline (5)
• 34 Anaerobic Treatment Processes
• Anaerobic Process Principles
• Process types
• A Single Stage Process
• 1 Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket (UASB)
• 2 Hybrid Reactor
• B Two-Stage Reactor Performance
• Slide 32
• Anaerobic Reactor Design
• Anaerobic Reactor Design (2)
• High Rate Anaerobic Treatment
• Anaerobic Reactor Design (3)
• Questions
• Documentation
• Terima Kasih

Anaerobic Reactor Design

2 Methanogenic (2nd stage) reactorbull Volume-based organic loading rate (OLR)

Cin biodegradable COD conc in influent mgL

Q wastewater flow rate m3dVR methanogenic bioreactor volume m3Typical HRT 12-24 h Solids RT 10-150 daysUsually heated to operate at 30 - 40degC

RV

QCinOLR

High Rate Anaerobic Treatment

Typical process flowsheet using Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket (UASB) reactor

Acidif Tank

Mix Tank

Sludgeblanket

Methanogenesis

Acidogenesis

Biogas

Biomassretention asgranules

Recycle and mix tank reduce pHcontrol dosing

CSTR-type tank usually not heated

Anaerobic Reactor Design

OLR designs for various reactor typesbull UASB 1048782 6-12 kg

CODm3dbull Internal Circulation 1048782 15-25 kg

CODm3dbull Fluidisedexpanded bed 104878212-20 kg

CODm3dbull Hybrid Reactor 1048782 6-12 kg CODm3d

OLR varies with degradability temp pHhellipHydraulic loading up to 24 m3(m2

reactor

area d)

Gas loading 70 - 200 m3 gas (m2reactor area

d)

Questions

Documentation

Terima Kasih

• Biological Treatment Processes
• Outline
• Wastewater Treatment
• 21 Overview of Treatment Processes
• 21 Overview of Treatment Processes (2)
• Slide 6
• Wastewater Treatment (2)
• Outline (2)
• 31 Criteria for Successful Biological Treatment
• Outline (3)
• 32 Principles of Biological Reactions
• B Aerobic or Anaerobic
• 32 Principles of Biological Reactions
• Outline (4)
• 34 Wastewater Treatment Ponds
• 1 Anaerobic Ponds
• Anaerobic Pond Design amp Operation
• 2 Facultative Ponds
• Facultative Pond Design amp Operation
• 3 Aerated Ponds
• Aerated Pond Design amp Operation
• 4 Aerobic (Oxidation) Ponds
• Aerobic Pond Design amp Operation
• Outline (5)
• 34 Anaerobic Treatment Processes
• Anaerobic Process Principles
• Process types
• A Single Stage Process
• 1 Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket (UASB)
• 2 Hybrid Reactor
• B Two-Stage Reactor Performance
• Slide 32
• Anaerobic Reactor Design
• Anaerobic Reactor Design (2)
• High Rate Anaerobic Treatment
• Anaerobic Reactor Design (3)
• Questions
• Documentation
• Terima Kasih

High Rate Anaerobic Treatment

Typical process flowsheet using Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket (UASB) reactor

Acidif Tank

Mix Tank

Sludgeblanket

Methanogenesis

Acidogenesis

Biogas

Biomassretention asgranules

Recycle and mix tank reduce pHcontrol dosing

CSTR-type tank usually not heated

Anaerobic Reactor Design

OLR designs for various reactor typesbull UASB 1048782 6-12 kg

CODm3dbull Internal Circulation 1048782 15-25 kg

CODm3dbull Fluidisedexpanded bed 104878212-20 kg

CODm3dbull Hybrid Reactor 1048782 6-12 kg CODm3d

OLR varies with degradability temp pHhellipHydraulic loading up to 24 m3(m2

reactor

area d)

Gas loading 70 - 200 m3 gas (m2reactor area

d)

Questions

Documentation

Terima Kasih

• Biological Treatment Processes
• Outline
• Wastewater Treatment
• 21 Overview of Treatment Processes
• 21 Overview of Treatment Processes (2)
• Slide 6
• Wastewater Treatment (2)
• Outline (2)
• 31 Criteria for Successful Biological Treatment
• Outline (3)
• 32 Principles of Biological Reactions
• B Aerobic or Anaerobic
• 32 Principles of Biological Reactions
• Outline (4)
• 34 Wastewater Treatment Ponds
• 1 Anaerobic Ponds
• Anaerobic Pond Design amp Operation
• 2 Facultative Ponds
• Facultative Pond Design amp Operation
• 3 Aerated Ponds
• Aerated Pond Design amp Operation
• 4 Aerobic (Oxidation) Ponds
• Aerobic Pond Design amp Operation
• Outline (5)
• 34 Anaerobic Treatment Processes
• Anaerobic Process Principles
• Process types
• A Single Stage Process
• 1 Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket (UASB)
• 2 Hybrid Reactor
• B Two-Stage Reactor Performance
• Slide 32
• Anaerobic Reactor Design
• Anaerobic Reactor Design (2)
• High Rate Anaerobic Treatment
• Anaerobic Reactor Design (3)
• Questions
• Documentation
• Terima Kasih

Anaerobic Reactor Design

OLR designs for various reactor typesbull UASB 1048782 6-12 kg

CODm3dbull Internal Circulation 1048782 15-25 kg

CODm3dbull Fluidisedexpanded bed 104878212-20 kg

CODm3dbull Hybrid Reactor 1048782 6-12 kg CODm3d

OLR varies with degradability temp pHhellipHydraulic loading up to 24 m3(m2

reactor

area d)

Gas loading 70 - 200 m3 gas (m2reactor area

d)

Questions

Documentation

Terima Kasih

• Biological Treatment Processes
• Outline
• Wastewater Treatment
• 21 Overview of Treatment Processes
• 21 Overview of Treatment Processes (2)
• Slide 6
• Wastewater Treatment (2)
• Outline (2)
• 31 Criteria for Successful Biological Treatment
• Outline (3)
• 32 Principles of Biological Reactions
• B Aerobic or Anaerobic
• 32 Principles of Biological Reactions
• Outline (4)
• 34 Wastewater Treatment Ponds
• 1 Anaerobic Ponds
• Anaerobic Pond Design amp Operation
• 2 Facultative Ponds
• Facultative Pond Design amp Operation
• 3 Aerated Ponds
• Aerated Pond Design amp Operation
• 4 Aerobic (Oxidation) Ponds
• Aerobic Pond Design amp Operation
• Outline (5)
• 34 Anaerobic Treatment Processes
• Anaerobic Process Principles
• Process types
• A Single Stage Process
• 1 Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket (UASB)
• 2 Hybrid Reactor
• B Two-Stage Reactor Performance
• Slide 32
• Anaerobic Reactor Design
• Anaerobic Reactor Design (2)
• High Rate Anaerobic Treatment
• Anaerobic Reactor Design (3)
• Questions
• Documentation
• Terima Kasih

Questions

Documentation

Terima Kasih

• Biological Treatment Processes
• Outline
• Wastewater Treatment
• 21 Overview of Treatment Processes
• 21 Overview of Treatment Processes (2)
• Slide 6
• Wastewater Treatment (2)
• Outline (2)
• 31 Criteria for Successful Biological Treatment
• Outline (3)
• 32 Principles of Biological Reactions
• B Aerobic or Anaerobic
• 32 Principles of Biological Reactions
• Outline (4)
• 34 Wastewater Treatment Ponds
• 1 Anaerobic Ponds
• Anaerobic Pond Design amp Operation
• 2 Facultative Ponds
• Facultative Pond Design amp Operation
• 3 Aerated Ponds
• Aerated Pond Design amp Operation
• 4 Aerobic (Oxidation) Ponds
• Aerobic Pond Design amp Operation
• Outline (5)
• 34 Anaerobic Treatment Processes
• Anaerobic Process Principles
• Process types
• A Single Stage Process
• 1 Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket (UASB)
• 2 Hybrid Reactor
• B Two-Stage Reactor Performance
• Slide 32
• Anaerobic Reactor Design
• Anaerobic Reactor Design (2)
• High Rate Anaerobic Treatment
• Anaerobic Reactor Design (3)
• Questions
• Documentation
• Terima Kasih

Documentation

Terima Kasih

• Biological Treatment Processes
• Outline
• Wastewater Treatment
• 21 Overview of Treatment Processes
• 21 Overview of Treatment Processes (2)
• Slide 6
• Wastewater Treatment (2)
• Outline (2)
• 31 Criteria for Successful Biological Treatment
• Outline (3)
• 32 Principles of Biological Reactions
• B Aerobic or Anaerobic
• 32 Principles of Biological Reactions
• Outline (4)
• 34 Wastewater Treatment Ponds
• 1 Anaerobic Ponds
• Anaerobic Pond Design amp Operation
• 2 Facultative Ponds
• Facultative Pond Design amp Operation
• 3 Aerated Ponds
• Aerated Pond Design amp Operation
• 4 Aerobic (Oxidation) Ponds
• Aerobic Pond Design amp Operation
• Outline (5)
• 34 Anaerobic Treatment Processes
• Anaerobic Process Principles
• Process types
• A Single Stage Process
• 1 Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket (UASB)
• 2 Hybrid Reactor
• B Two-Stage Reactor Performance
• Slide 32
• Anaerobic Reactor Design
• Anaerobic Reactor Design (2)
• High Rate Anaerobic Treatment
• Anaerobic Reactor Design (3)
• Questions
• Documentation
• Terima Kasih

Terima Kasih

• Biological Treatment Processes
• Outline
• Wastewater Treatment
• 21 Overview of Treatment Processes
• 21 Overview of Treatment Processes (2)
• Slide 6
• Wastewater Treatment (2)
• Outline (2)
• 31 Criteria for Successful Biological Treatment
• Outline (3)
• 32 Principles of Biological Reactions
• B Aerobic or Anaerobic
• 32 Principles of Biological Reactions
• Outline (4)
• 34 Wastewater Treatment Ponds
• 1 Anaerobic Ponds
• Anaerobic Pond Design amp Operation
• 2 Facultative Ponds
• Facultative Pond Design amp Operation
• 3 Aerated Ponds
• Aerated Pond Design amp Operation
• 4 Aerobic (Oxidation) Ponds
• Aerobic Pond Design amp Operation
• Outline (5)
• 34 Anaerobic Treatment Processes
• Anaerobic Process Principles
• Process types
• A Single Stage Process
• 1 Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket (UASB)
• 2 Hybrid Reactor
• B Two-Stage Reactor Performance
• Slide 32
• Anaerobic Reactor Design
• Anaerobic Reactor Design (2)
• High Rate Anaerobic Treatment
• Anaerobic Reactor Design (3)
• Questions
• Documentation
• Terima Kasih