biological science- intro

8/3/2019 Biological Science- Intro

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Biological Science

Introduction


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Divisions of Biology

Cytology the study

ofcells, its parts,

function, and

composition.

Histology the study

ofgroup ofcells

performing a specific

orspecialized

function/s.


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Divisions of Biology Anatomy the physical

structure, especially the

internal structure, of an

organism, or of any of its

parts

Physiology study of the

functions and processes

of living things including

such functions as

metabolism, respiration,and reproduction.

Morphology - the study of

the form and structure of

organisms


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Genetics heredity

and variationinthe

geneticmaterialofan

org

Embryology the

study ofthegrowth

anddevelopmentof

anorg.


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Paleontology study

oflifein prehistoric

times by usingfossil

evidence

Evolution study of

origin and

diversificationoforg

from simpleto

complex structure.


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Divisions of Biology Ecology : the study

oftherelationshipsandinteractionsbetweenliving

organisms andtheirnaturalordevelopedenvironment

Taxonomy the

scienceofclassifyingandnamingoforg

Biogeography - studyofdistributionofplants and animals


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Sub Sciences Related to Zoology

Carcinology - study

ofcrustaceans

Conchology - shells

Entomology insects


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Helminthologyworms

Herpetology reptiles

and amphibians

Ichthyology - Fish


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Mammalogy warm-

blooded animals

Malacology

mollusks


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Parasitology org.thatdepends on a

hostforsurvival.

Protozoology

Unicellularorg

Ornithology - birds


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Sub Sciences of Botany

Mycology Fungi

Phycology algae

Bacteriology -

microorganism


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Origin of Life Man has always been

curious to find answers

to the mysteries posed

by the reality he lives in.

One of the deepest andmost profound is the one

that in itself searches for

the answer to how he

came to be, to how his

world originated, to howand when he and all

living beings emerged

from the nature they live

in.


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Theories About the Origin of Life

1.Divine

Creation

Theory The

firstformoflifewas createdby

a SUPER

NATURAL

BEING calledGOD.


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2.Spontaneous

Generation Theory

heldthatliving

organisms aregeneratedby decaying

organic substances,

e.g.thatmice

spontaneously appearin

storedgrainormaggots

spontaneously appearin

meat.

That plantlice arise

fromthedewwhichfalls on plants,

thatfleas are

developedfrom putrid

matter,

thatmicecomefrom

dirty hay, and soforth


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The theory was refuted by the

following scientist:

1. Francesco Redi,

2. Lazzaro Spallanzani,

3. Louis Pasteur


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Pasteur


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3.Marine Life Theory

thefirstformoflife

originatedfromthe

sea.


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4.Cosmozoic =Interplanetary =

known also as

Panspermia is a

hypothesis thattheseeds oflife are

prevalentthroughout

the Universe, and

furthermorethatlifeonearthbeganby such

seeds landingon Earth

and propagating.

Panspermia canbe saidtobeeitherinterstellarorinterplanetary.

Thereis as yetno

compellingevidencetosupportorcontradictit,althoughtheconsensusviewholds that

panspermia - especiallyinits interstellarform - isunlikely giventhechallenges ofsurvivalandtransportin space.


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Hoylebecame astaunchcriticofhypotheses of

Chemical Evolutiontoexplainthenaturalisticoriginoflife.

Panspermia,per se, is

not actually inconflict

withtheidea of

abiogenesis, thoughHoyle's interpretationof

panspermia does

conflict.

Generally, Panspermia

simply moves theorigin

oflifeelsewhereinthe

universe.


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5.Physico-Chemical Theory = Oparins Theory

lifecamefrom a series ofchemicalreaction.

AleksanderOparin and JBS Haldanewhointhe1920s postulatedthatlifeformed as a resultof

"chemicalevolution," wherenaturalreactions

betweenthechemicals presentontheearly

eartheventually formedlife.


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Oparins Theory

Formationofthe GalaxyFormationoftheSolarSystem

Formationof

the Earth

Formationof

atmosphere &

Prebiotic Synthesis

Polymerization

Chemical Origins ofLife

(Pre-RNA World)

RNA World DNA / Protein World

Bacteria, Invertebrates, Fish, Amphibians,

Reptiles, Birds, Mammals, Primates, Human

Big Bang


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Chemical Reaction Series

H

0 H

H

C

N

0

C+

+

+

+

CH4

H2O

CO2

NH3

C6H12O6 Amino Acid

Carbohydrates Protein

PLANTS ANIMALS


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Differentiate Living from Non Living Things

1. Metabolism The vital life processes which

includes all the changes that the materials

taken as food undergoes.

The two PhasesA. Anabolism constructive phase, building up phase

Ex. Assimilation of food, photosynthesis

CO2 + H2O + Sunlight --- C6H12O6 + energy

B. Catabolism Destructive phase, breaking downphase

Ex. Digestion, respiration

C6H12O6 - CO2 + H2O


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2. Reproduction the ability of

organismtocreate anotherorganismof

the same kind

Kinds of Reproduction

1. Sexual

2. Asexual

Differentiate Living from Non Living

Things


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3. Growth any

increasein size

Accretion external

growth

Intussusceptions

internalgrowth

4. Form and Size

Shape and structure

LT - definite

NLT vary


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5. Organization arrangementofmaterials

Cell Tissues Organs System

Atoms Molecules/Compounds Mixture/Complex

Molecules


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6. Chemical Composition whatmatterismadeof

LT organiccompounds

- oil, fats, sugar. Carbohydrates, Nucleic acids,

protein

NLT inorganiccompounds

- Acid, base, salt, metals, water


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7. Irritability

ability oforganisms to

reacttochanges in

theenvironment.

Stimuli

anythingthatwill

cause anorganismtoreact/respond

Tropism

plants

Taxis

animals

Kinds of Irritability

1.Phototropism

2.Thermotropism3.Thigmotropism

4.Geotropism


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Phototropism


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Thermotaxis


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8. Life Span

periodofexistence

LT- Definite

NLT -


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End of presentation.

Exam next meeting!


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http://www-acs.ucsd.edu/~idea/origlife.htm


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Cosmicevolution theoriginoftime, space andmatter(essentiallyreferringtotheBig Bang).

Stellarand planetary evolution Originofstars and planets.

Chemicalevolution theoriginofhigherelements fromhydrogen.

Organicevolution Originoflifefrominanimatematter.

Macroevolution Originofmajor'kinds' (fora creationisttreatment seeCreated kinds).

Microevolution Variations within'kinds'.

Thefirstfourofthe abovedefinitions aretakenfromdisparatefields ofscience, includingcosmology, astronomy, geology, andchemistry, andhavelittletodowiththemorerestrictivedefinitionofbiologicalevolutionas perthemodern synthesis. Biologists whohaverespondedtocreationistcriticismdisputethatthereis any meaningfuldifferencebetweenthelasttwotypes, notingthatmicroevolutionovera longerspanoftimeis macroevolution. Many creationists currently acceptthe sixthaspect as beingfact (microevolutionis definedby them as thecreationofnewbreeds ofdogorthedivergenceofthehumanraces)buttendtoreject someoralloftherest.

biological science- intro

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