biological control of pink hibiscus mealybug (phm ... · anagyrus kamii –china (iibc) classical...
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Biological Control of Pink Hibiscus
Mealybug (PHM)
Maconellicoccus hirsutus (green)
St. Kitts and Nevis 1995
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Origin
Pink Hibiscus Mealybug Africa
India
Pakistan
Australia
South East Asia
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Western Hemisphere Infestation
PHM Caribbean Islands (Early 1990s)
◦ Trinidad (August 1995)
◦ Grenada (September 1994)
◦ St. Kitts (October 1995)
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PHM
Reported attacking over 200 plant genera
Attacking
◦ Fruits : Soursop, guava, grape
◦ Vegetables: pigeon pea, beans, maize, peanuts
◦ Fiber: cotton
◦ Ornamentals: Hibiscus, sorrel
◦ Trees: teak and mora
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Damage of PHM
Toxic saliva
◦ Results in malformation of leaves, fruits and
shoot growth
◦ Stunting of plant growth
◦ Occasional death of plant
◦ Shortened internodes “Bunchy Top”
Black sooty mold
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Economic Losses
47 plant species infested (limited distribution)
◦ Hibiscus, sorrel, vegetables sugar cane
Trinidad and Tobago
Over $125 million
125 plant species (sugar cane, vegetables,
cocoa, orchard crops)
Grenada
Over $10 million
130 plant species infested
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St. Kitts, PHM
October 13, 1996
National Task Force
Ministry of Agriculture
CARDI
Sugar Manufacturing Corporation
Horticultural Society
Control
Insecticide Spraying, Pruning and Burning
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St. Kitts Biological Control Program
Cooperative Effort:
◦ Ministry of Agriculture
◦ CARDI
◦ USDA, APHIS
Establish Insectary Operation
Host Plant Material: Japanese Pumpkin
Mealybug Culture
Parasite and Predator Cultures
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St. Kitts Biological Control Program
Imported Exotic Natural Enemies from
◦ China
◦ Pakistan
◦ Egypt
◦ Malaysia
◦ Hawaii – USA
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Parasite Releases St. Kitts
Anagyrus kamii – China (IIBC)
◦ Classical Biological Control
◦ Initial Releases: August 1st 1996
30 days- Average of 26% Parasitization
Mealybug Population Density
Reduced 2nd Instar to Adults mealybugs by 80% in 5 months
(December 1996)
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Predator Releases St. Kitts
Cryptolaemus montrouzieri –
Augmentative Biological Control
◦ “Mealybug Destroyer” – Biopesticide
◦ Coleoptera: Coccinellidae
◦ Commercially Produced – California
◦ Release approximately 10, 000 adults/week in St.
Kitts (200 to 500 adults/site)
◦ Significant reductions by 6-8 weeks at release sites
◦ Follow up with the release of Parasites