biological bases of behaviour

8/8/2019 Biological Bases of Behaviour

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Neural Communication

Q u i c k T i m e a n d aP l a n a r R G B d e c o m p r e s s o ra r e n e e d e d t o s e e t h i s p i c t u r e .

Nerve cells are calledNEURONSNEURONS

>100 billion neurons inthe brain, and manymore in the spinal cord& PNS


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Soma (cell body)

Axon

Axon terminals Dendrites

Myelin Node ofRanvier

Basic Neuron StructureBasic Neuron Structure


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Types of Neurons

Sensory Neurons(few million)

Q u i c k T i m e a n d aP l a n a r R G B d e c o m p r e s s o r

a r e n e e d e d t o s e e t h i s p i c t u r e . Send signals fromthe senses, skin,muscles, and internal

organs TO the CNS


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Motor Neurons

(few million)


a r e n e e d e d t o s e e t h i s p i c t u r e .

Motion-producing

neurons that sendsignals FROM the

CNS to the muscles,glands, and organs


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Types of Neurons



CNS neurons that connectsensory-motor neurons.

Interneurons (100 billion)Interneurons (100 billion)


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-70mV

0mV

+30mV

Vo

ltag

e

Resting Potential

Action Potential

Refractory Period

Neuronal Action PotentialNeuronal Action Potential

All or none responseAll or none response


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The Neural ImpulseThe Neural Impulse

Speed of the impulsedepends on:

(a) Thickness of the axon

(b) Whether the axonis myelinatedmyelinated


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How Does a

Nerve Impulse Travel?x Neuron are stimulated by

sensory receptor(s) or adjacent

neuron(s).

xThe soma can potentially receive

messages from thousands ofdendrites.


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Neural TransmissionNeural Transmission

1. Action Potential reachesSynaptic Vesicles in TerminalButton


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2. Synaptic Vesicles release

Neurotransmitters


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3. Neurotransmitters are

Excitatory or Inhibitory


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Dopamine

motivation;attention; reward;

movement; thinking.- ADHD, Parkinsons

+ Cigarettes++ Psychotic


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Serotonin

Regulates sleep& wakefulness

- depression

(SSRI)

+ Thanksgiving


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Norepinepherine

arousal & dreaming

- depression/fatigue+ over aroused or anxiety


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Acetycholine (ACh)

Attention & MemoryAttention & Memory

ProcessesProcesses- Alzheimers Disease- Alzheimers Disease(Aricept)(Aricept)


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Nervous System

Sympathetic Parasympathetic

BrainSpinal

CordNervousNervous

SystemSystemDivisionsDivisions Central

Somatic/Skeletal Autonomic

Peripheral


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Nervous System

Somatic/Skeletal Autonomic


Peripheral (PNS)

Peripheral NervousPeripheral Nervous

System DivisionsSystem Divisions


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Fig 3.7 - The central andperipheral nervous

systems.The human

nervous system is divided

into the central nervous

system consists of the brain

and the spinal cord. The

peripheral nervous system

consists of the remaining

nerves that fan out

throughout the body. The

peripheral nervous system

is divided into the somatic

nervous system, which isshown in red, and the

autonomic nervous system,

which is shown in blue.


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Peripheral Nervous System

SkeletalSkeletal - controlsvoluntary movements

of skeletal muscles

AutonomicAutonomic - self-regulating,controlsglands & muscles of internal organs

(e.g., heart)


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The Bodys Communication

Networks

The Nervous SystemElectro-chemical communication

The Endocrine SystemThe Endocrine SystemHormonal (chemical) communicationHormonal (chemical) communication


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Studying the BrainStudying the Brain

Study Brain Injured Population

Study animals -

Measure Brain Activity

- WW I & II; Phineas Gage

- Electrical stimulation duringneurosurgery

Neuroimaging or Brain Scans


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Story of Phineas Gage

Brain injury in 1848

Foreman in Vermont

Radical change in

behavior

Lived 12 years

afterwards

Died in 1861

Seizures and

bloodletting


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Neuroimaging TechniquesNeuroimaging Techniques

Structural techniquesStructural techniques CT or CAT Computerized axial tomography


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CT Scanner


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Older CT ScanOlder CT Scan



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ComparisonsComparisons



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Newer CT Scan (64-slice)Newer CT Scan (64-slice)


AneuroismAneuroism


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Structural techniques - MRIStructural techniques - MRI Magnetic resonance imaging



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Schizophrenia MRISchizophrenia MRI


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Functional techniques - PETFunctional techniques - PETPositron emission tomography

StrokeStroke Normal BrainNormal Brain


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Depresson PET ExampleDepresson PET Example

No Treatment 3+ Months Meds


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Functional techniques - fMRIFunctional techniques - fMRI Functional Magnetic resonance

imaging (fMRI)


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Left vs. RightLeft vs. Right

Hemisphere of the BrainHemisphere of the BrainCerebralCerebral

LateralizationLateralizationSplit BrainSplit Brain

ResearchResearch


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Left BrainLeft Brain


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Right BrainRight Brain

C b l C tC b l C t


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Cerebral CortexCerebral Cortex Corpus callosumCorpus callosum-

l


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Major Cerebral LobesMajor Cerebral Lobes


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I cant findI cant find

my Frontal Lobemy Frontal LobeFunctions:

Contains motor cortexmotor cortex Contains Brocas areaBrocas area

Reasoning,

planning, speech, movement,emotions, & problem solving


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I cant feel myI cant feel my

Parietal LobeParietal LobeFunctions:

Contains thesomatosensory cortexsomatosensory cortex

Touch,

pressure, pain,visual-spatial

I t llI cant recall


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I cant recallI can t recall

what you saidwhat you said(Temporal Lobe)(Temporal Lobe)

Functions:

Contains Wernickes areaWernickes area

Contains hippocampushippocampus

Speech comprehension

memory


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I t I t


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I cant see myI cant see my

Occipital LobeOccipital LobeFunctions:Vision


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Brain StemBrain Stem

Medulla:Medulla:

Pons:Pons:

Reticular Formation:Reticular Formation:

H C b llH C b ll


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Has your CerebellumHas your Cerebellum

been drinking?been drinking?CerebellumCerebellum

Functions:Coordination of voluntarymovements & balance

Emotional Limbic SystemEmotional Limbic System


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Emotional Limbic SystemEmotional Limbic System

Th B d C i i


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The Bodys Communication

Networks

The Nervous SystemElectro-chemical communication

The Endocrine SystemThe Endocrine SystemHormonal (chemical) communicationHormonal (chemical) communication

The


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TheEndocrine

System


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Endocrine System

Regulateaspects of:

- growth,- reproduction,- metabolism,- behavior


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Hypothalamus- controls the

endocrine system

Pituitary glandMaster gland

that controls

other glands

The Endocrine System:


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The Endocrine System:

Another Way to Communicate

Hormones chemical messengers in thebloodstream

Endocrine glands

Pituitary master gland, growth hormone Thyroid metabolic rate

Adrenal salt and carbohydrate metabolism

Pancreas sugar metabolism Gonads sex hormones

biological bases of behaviour

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