Biolmolecules & Nutrition

e

CC HH NN OO PP SS

Carbon Nitrogen

Oxygen

Phosphorus

SulfurHydrogen

ORGANIC compounds contain a carbon-hydrogen bond (C6H12O6, CH4)

ORGANIC compounds contain a carbon-hydrogen bond (C6H12O6, CH4)

INORGANIC compounds do not contain a carbon-hydrogen bonds (CO2, H2O)

INORGANIC compounds do not contain a carbon-hydrogen bonds (CO2, H2O)

lipidlipid

carbohydratecarbohydrate

proteinprotein

nucleic acidnucleic acid

waterwater

most important inorganic compound in living things

most cellular processes take place in water solutions

excellent solvent (substances dissolve in water)

CO2CO2

• Nutrition = obtaining and processing materials needed for your daily activities

• Nutrients are chemical substances in food that provide energy, build cells & tissues

What are they made out of? Biomolecules

1. Carbohydrates (sugars)2. Proteins3. Lipids (fats)

Other molecules needed by all living organisms:

Nucleic Acids

Carbohydrates (ose)• Compound: C6H12O6 (made from simple

sugars like glucose)• Foods: fruits & veggies, grains, sweets• Use: energy• Organelles: mitochondria, vacuoles

are organic compounds containing carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in the ratio 1:2:1 (carbon:hydrogen:oxygen)

are organic compounds containing carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in the ratio 1:2:1 (carbon:hydrogen:oxygen)

Carbohydrates

are made by plants (autotrophs)are made by plants (autotrophs)

are the body’s primary source of energyare the body’s primary source of energy

come in two basic forms:monomers and polymers

come in two basic forms:monomers and polymers

are made of monomers (building blocks) called monosaccharides

are made of monomers (building blocks) called monosaccharides

Glucose is a Glucose is a monosaccharide.monosaccharide.Glucose is a Glucose is a monosaccharide.monosaccharide.

CC66H12 O6

MonosaccharidesMonosaccharides (simple sugars) are easily (simple sugars) are easily identified by their sweet taste.identified by their sweet taste.MonosaccharidesMonosaccharides (simple sugars) are easily (simple sugars) are easily identified by their sweet taste.identified by their sweet taste.

Other Other monosaccharides:monosaccharides:fructose (fruit sugar) fructose (fruit sugar) galactose (milk sugar).galactose (milk sugar).

Other Other monosaccharides:monosaccharides:fructose (fruit sugar) fructose (fruit sugar) galactose (milk sugar).galactose (milk sugar).

H

CH2OH

OO

HH

HH OH

OHOH

HHHHH

OH OH

C

C

C

C

C

Note the ring shape of Note the ring shape of the molecule.the molecule.Note the ring shape of Note the ring shape of the molecule.the molecule.

PolysaccharidesPolysaccharides are complex carbohydrates are complex carbohydrates made of long chains of monosaccharides.made of long chains of monosaccharides.PolysaccharidesPolysaccharides are complex carbohydrates are complex carbohydrates made of long chains of monosaccharides.made of long chains of monosaccharides.

glycogen--storage form of glucose in animals. stored in the liver.starch--storage form of glucose in plantscellulose--makes up the cell wall of plants, gives plant cells their rigiditychitin--make up exoskeletons of insects, crabs, lobsters, etc.

glycogen--storage form of glucose in animals. stored in the liver.starch--storage form of glucose in plantscellulose--makes up the cell wall of plants, gives plant cells their rigiditychitin--make up exoskeletons of insects, crabs, lobsters, etc.

Sucrose (table sugar) is an example of a Sucrose (table sugar) is an example of a sugar with only two monosaccharides. sugar with only two monosaccharides. (disaccharide)(disaccharide)

Sucrose (table sugar) is an example of a Sucrose (table sugar) is an example of a sugar with only two monosaccharides. sugar with only two monosaccharides. (disaccharide)(disaccharide)

O

CH2OH

H OO

HH

HH OH

OHOH

HHHHH

OH

CH2OH

H

HH OH

H

O

OOHHHH

OHOH HH

CH2OH

HOO

HH

HH OH

OHOH

HHHHH

OHC

C

C

C

C

C

C

C

C

C

C

C

C

C

C

What is the monomer (subunit) for carbohydrates?

What are the functions of carbohydrates?

Name examples of carbohydrates.

monosaccharide (simple sugars)

energy storage (short-term), structure or support

glucose, starch, cellulose

Lipids• Compound: CHO (a.k.a. fat)• Foods: butter, oils, margarine, lard, fried

food• Use: store energy, build cell membrane,

chemical messengers• Organelles: cell membrane, golgi bodies,

vacuoles

function in hormones function in hormones and cell membrane and cell membrane and for energy storageand for energy storage

function in hormones function in hormones and cell membrane and cell membrane and for energy storageand for energy storage

chemically diverse organic compounds

chemically diverse organic compounds

examples: fats, oils, waxesexamples: fats, oils, waxesexamples: fats, oils, waxesexamples: fats, oils, waxes

contain C, H, Ocontain C, H, Ocontain C, H, Ocontain C, H, O

water insolublewater insolublewater insolublewater insoluble

classified as classified as saturated or saturated or unsaturatedunsaturated

classified as classified as saturated or saturated or unsaturatedunsaturated

glycerol

also steroids also steroids (serve as chemical (serve as chemical messengers)messengers)

also steroids also steroids (serve as chemical (serve as chemical messengers)messengers)

Note the molecular structure’s “E” shape

Note the molecular structure’s “E” shape

C

H

H

C

H

H

C

H

H

C

H

H

C

H

H

C

H

HOO

C HC

H

C

H

C

H

H

C

H

H

C

H

H

C

H

H

C

H

H

C

H

H

C

H

H OO

C OO

C

H

H OO C

H

H

C

H

H

C

H

H

C

H

H

C

H

H

C

H

HOO

C C

H

C

H

C

H

H

C

H

H

C

H

H

C

H

H

C

H

H

C

H

H

H

C

H

H

C

H

H

C

H

H

C

H

H

C

H

H

C

H

HOO

C C

H

C

H

C

H

H

C

H

H

C

H

H

C

H

H

C

H

H

C

H

H

H

made up ofmade up of

glycerolglycerol fatty acidsfatty acidsand

and

What are the molecules that make up lipids?

What are the functions of lipids?

Name examples of lipids.

glycerol and fatty acids

energy storage (long-term), make up the cell membrane and hormones

body fat, oils, waxes

Proteins• Compound: CHNO (made from amino

acids)• Foods: meat, beans and nuts• Use: growth, cell reproduction, tissue

repair, chemical reactions• Organelles: ribosomes, chromosomes

Enzymes are proteins which function to control the rate of chemical reactions.

Enzymes are proteins which function to control the rate of chemical reactions.

complex organic compounds made up of amino acids, needed for the body to function properly

complex organic compounds made up of amino acids, needed for the body to function properly

examples: muscles, hair, cartilage, nails

examples: muscles, hair, cartilage, nails

contain C, O, H, N and usually S or P

contain C, O, H, N and usually S or P

image credit: U.S. Department of Energy Human Genome Program, http://www.ornl.gov/TechResources/Human_Genome/graphics/slides/images/ras.gif

3D protein structure

an amino groupan amino group

are made up ofare made up of

and an “R” group which varies in the different amino acids

and an “R” group which varies in the different amino acids

a carboxyl groupa carboxyl group

H

H

N C

H

R

O

OH

C

C

H

H H

H

H

N C

H O

OH

C

C

OH

H H

H

H

N C

H O

OH

C

Alanine Serine

What is the monomer (subunit) for protein?

What are the functions of protein?

Name examples of proteins.

amino acids

structure or support; enzymes speed up chemical reactions

muscles, hair, cartilage, nails

Nucleic Acids• Compound: DNA & RNA (made from

sugar, phosphates and nitrogen bases)• Foods: (All organisms contain DNA)• Use: stores genetic information• Organelles: nucleus, mitochondria,

chloroplast

very large linear moleculesvery large linear molecules

examples: DNA and RNA

examples: DNA and RNA

contain C, H, N, O, Pcontain C, H, N, O, P

sugar

phosphate

nitrogen base

nucleotide

store genetic information, help to make proteins

store genetic information, help to make proteins

made up of nucleotides containing a sugar, phosphate and a N-base

made up of nucleotides containing a sugar, phosphate and a N-base

DNA molecule

sugar

phosphate

nitrogen base

What is the monomer (subunit) for nucleic acids?

What are the functions of nucleic acids?

Name examples of nucleic acid.

nucleotides

store genetic information, help to make proteins

DNA, RNA

What are the compounds in a nucleotide?

sugar, phosphate, nitrogen base

Calorie = unit of energyWhich nutrients have

calories?

Proteins: 1 gram = 4 cal

Carbs: 1 gram = 4 cal

Lipids: 1 gram = 9 cal

Which is best?

What does your body do with calories that you do not use?

How do I know what nutrients are in my food?

1. What is the serving size?

2. This has almost 1/2 your daily needs of what nutrient?

3. Does this contain significant amounts of vitamins?

4. Is this a “healthy” option?

Reagents• Carbohydrate tests

– Iodine (Lugol’s reagent)• Tests for the presence of starch• Turns a purple black color when starch is present

– Benedict’s reagent• Tests for the presence of sugar (monosaccharide)• Turns orange/red/yellow when a sugar is present

Reagents• Protein test

– Biuret’s reagent• Tests for the presence of a protein• Turns a purple (light)/ violet color

• Lipid test– Sudan III

• Turns red in the presence of a lipid

– Spot test• Turns translucent

Reagents

• DNA tests– Methlyene blue

• Clear solution that turns blue in the presence DNA

Food Test Lab

• With a lab partner, test 5 foods and water to see whether they contain carbs, proteins or lipids

• Send one person from each group to get a small sample of each food in your test cups

• Add a small amount of the indicators and record your observations (turn in one table per partnership)