biokimia pencernaan lemak
TRANSCRIPT
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Biokimia pencernaan lemak
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lipid
Lipids are insoluble in water, but soluble in fat or organic solvents (ether, chloroform, benzene, acetone).Lipids include fats, oils, waxes and related compounds.
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CLASSES of LIPIDSSIMPLE LIPIDS• Fat• Oil • Waxes
COMPLEX LIPIDS• Phospholipids• Glycolipid
DERIVED LIPIDS• Fatty acid• Sterol
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Lipids
Lipids: family of biochemicals that are soluble in organic solvents but not in waterClasses:
Waxes: fatty acid + a long-chain alcoholTriglycerides (fats & oils): glycerol + 3 fatty acids Phospholipids: glycerol + 2 fatty acids + phosphate + amino alcoholGlycolipids: glycerol or spingosine + fatty acid + monosaccharideSteroids: 3 cyclohexanes + 1 cyclopentane fused together
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Fatty Acids
Fatty acids: long-chain carboxylic acidsForm fats and oils (usually have an even number of carbons)Saturated fatty acid: all single bondsUnsaturated fatty acid: at least 1 double bond
Polyunsaturated: two or more double bondsMost double bonds are cis- bonds that cause a bend in the chain
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Fatty Acids
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FATTY ACIDS
SATURATION• SATURATED FATTY ACID =If all
the carbon atoms in the chain are joined with single bonds, and the remaining bonds are attached to hydrogen
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FATTY ACIDS
• UNSATURATED FATTY ACID = If adjoining carbons are joined by double bonds
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FATTY ACIDS
UNSATURATED• One double bond =
monounsaturated fatty acid• Two or more double bonds = poly- unsaturated fatty acid
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Fats and Oils
Fats: more saturated fatty acids; solid at room temperatureOils: more unsaturated fatty acids; liquid at room temperature
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Omega 3
Omega 6
Omega 9
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FATTY ACIDS• Nonessential Fatty Acids – our body
can make certain fatty acids so they are not required in the diet
• Essential Fatty Acids – our bodies cannot make C-C double bonds before the 9th carbon from the methyl end, so we must get these fatty acids from our diet
• EFAS = omega-6 linoleic acid & omega-3 alpha-linolenic acid
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FATTY ACIDS
• Omega-3: Alpha-Linolenic Acid (ALA), Eicosapentaenoic Acid (EPA), Docosahexaenoic Acid (DHA)
• Omega-6: Linoleic Acid, Arachidonic Acid
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Phospholipids
Phospholipid:alcohol + phosphate +fatty acid
Glycerophospholid: glycerol + 2 fatty acids + phosphate/amino alcohol
Lecithins and cephalins abundant in brain & nerve tissue, egg yolks, wheat germ, and yeastForms cell membranes
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Phospholipids
Sphingolipid: sphingosin + fatty acid + phosphate/amino alcohol
A phospholipid with sphingosin instead of the glycerolImportant in the myelin sheath that surrounds most nerve fibers
Glycolipid: glycerol + 1 fatty acid + sugar
In cell membranes Function in cell adhesion & self-identity markers
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Phospholipids in Foods
• A typical diet contains only about 2 grams per day
• Lecithin (phosphatidylcholine) is the major phospholipid and is found in:
Liver, egg yolk, soybeans, peanuts, legumes, spinach, and wheat germ
• Usually lost during food processing
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TRIGLYCERIDES
STRUCTURE• Triglyceride - three fatty acids
attached to a glycerol backbone • Diglyceride – two fatty acids
+glycerol• Monoglyceride – one fatty acid
+glycerol
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TriglycerideFatty Acids
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A Lipoprotein
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Chylomicrons are lipoproteins
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Reverse Cholesterol Transport via HDLBloodBloodPeripheralTissuesPeripheralTissues
LiverLiver
Bile
ExcessCholesterol
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β oksidasisetelah memasuki sel FA masuk ke matriks mitokondria degradasi lebih lanjut.
FA diaktivasi dgn ensim fatty acyl – CoA ligase atau Acyl CoA synthase / thiokinase
Ensim ini spesifik utk tiap jenis asam lemak
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Untuk masuk ke dalam matrik mitokondria, asam lemak yg sudah diaktivasi memerlukan karier karnitin
- Karnitin asiltransferase I : membran luar
- Karnitin asiltransferase II : membran dalam
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Step 1 : dehidrogenasi / oksidasi
• Berperan pada pembentukan rantai ganda antara atom C2 – C3.
• Mempunyai akseptor hidrogen FAD+.
• Antara asam lemak yg berbeda panjangnya beda enzimnya,
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Step2 : Hidratasi• Mengkatalisis hidrasi trans
enoyl CoA
• Penambahan gugus hidroksi pada C no. 3
• Ensim bersifat stereospesifik
• Menghasilkan 3-L-hidroksiasil Co. A
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Step 3 : dehidrogenasi
• Mengkatalisis oksidasi -OH pada C no. 3 / C β menjadi keton
• Akseptor elektronnya : NAD+
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Step 4 : thiolisis
• β-Ketothiolase mengkatalisis pemecahan ikatan thioester.
• Acetyl-CoA dilepas dan tersisa asam lemak asil ko A yang terhubung dgn thio sistein mll ikatan tioester.
• Tiol HSCoA menggantikan cysteine thiol, menghasilkan fatty acyl-CoA (yang telah berkurang 2 C).
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