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BIOGRAPHY OF HOLY PROPHET (PBUH)

Q: Explain the importance of following places in life of Muhammad: Mecca

Mecca is the city where Ka’abah, house of Allah is situated. It is the homeland of

Hazrat Muhammad (Pbuh) .It is the city where Holy Prophet (Pbuh) was born in 571 A.D

and brought up.

Mecca is the city from where Holy Prophet started his business. This enabled him

to earn his livelihood with his own hands. It is the city where Prophet married with

Hazrat Khadija. Khadija became a source of moral and financial help for Prophet. Mecca is the city where Holy Prophet was Prophethood. It is this city where

Gabriel visited Holy Prophet, at the mount of Hira and informed him of his selection for

such a great and noble task by Allah. This highlights the great significance of this city. Mecca served as a ground for the preaching of Islam. It is the first land where

Holy Prophet preached the message of Islam and from here the Prophet started his

mission. This preaching provided many great personalities like AbuBakr, Umar, Usman,

Ali, talha, Zubair who were extremely helpful for Islam and for Prophet after their

conversion. Mecca is the place from where the Holy Prophet went to Taif for outside

preaching. He also made the Pledges of Aqabah with the people of Yasrib and accepted

invitation of migration to Yasrib. From Mecca, Holy Prophet went for Miraj. Mecca is the place where Holy prophet chalked out a programme of migration to

Abyssynia and yasrib. This city occupies extraordinary and immense importance in Islamic history.

Madina The old name of Madina is Yasrib. It is the city where Holy Prophet spent last ten

years of his life. This life of Prophet was full of various achievements and many

historical events which make this city of unique significance. The Holy Prophet migrated to Madina. Madina was the first place where Holy Prophet

was given the privilege of the ultimate and undisputed leader. In this way Holy Prophet

was able to enforce justice in that society. At Madina Prophet Mosque was built.

He established Islamic state and Muslims got power and strength. At Madina,

Muslims fought the battle of Badr, Uhad and Ahzab with Pagans. At Medina Holy

Prophet signed treaties with Jews and Pagans.

The Holy Prophet was at Medina when he wrote letters to different kings and

emperors.

The Holy Prophet passed last days of his life at Madina. He is buried there.

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Q: Give an account of preaching of Islam in early days at Mecca.

At the age of 40, Hazrat Muhammad (PBUH) got first Divine revelation in the

cave of Thawr by Jibrail. It was consisted of five verses. This revelation include, “Read in the name of your Lord who created man from a clot of congealed blood. Read

and your Lord is most bountiful who taught knowledge by the pen; taught man what he

did not know”. After the moral support from Khadija and Warqa-bin-Naufal, he was feeling

responsibly of Prophetic mission. Secret preaching After interval, second revelation was revealed. Allah

said, “O thou wrapped up (in a mantle) arise and deliver thy warningand thy

Lord do thou” ( Al Muddasar) In this verse, Allah has directed him to take the initiative of preaching.

The Holy Prophet adopted a well-considered and gradual plan of preaching of Islam to his close companions only who knew well of his character. He invited friends,

relatives and people concerned with Prophet PBUH

to religion of Islam. During first three

years of preaching, about forty God fearing people accepted Islam. Among them were , His wife Khadija, his adopted son Zaid, his friend Abu Bakr, Usman, Talha, Abdul Rehman, Saad bin Abi Waqas and Abdullah bin Masood.

For three years, missionary activities continued in a secret fashion. At the prayer

time, Prophet companions would retire from the city to perform the prayer in a gorge in

the hills and then disperse. Open Preaching

The Prophet’s mission was not to confined to secret preaching. He was

commanded by Allah for open preaching. Allah said, “Expand openly what you are commanded and turn away from those who join false

gods with Allah”

After this revelation, the Prophet (PBUH) went up the Mount of Safa and called to

all tribes. When they gathered, the Prophet preached the unity of God and asked them to

give up the idolatry. People laughed at his call scornfully. Abu Lahab, his uncle was

upset and became his enemy. Preaching to relatives Another revelation directed the Prophet to call to His relatives. Allah said,

“Warn your nearest kinfolk.” On receiving this revelation, Holy Prophet arranged a feast and invited the whole

clan of Abdul Muttalib. When the meal was over, Prophet invited them to Islam. Hazrat

Ali offer his support in his mission by saying, “Though I have sore eyes, thin legs, and young in age, yet I am ready to support you”

Dar-e-Arqam was a centre of preaching. It was place of get together of early

converts.The Holy Prophet continued this preaching for 13 years at Mecca inspite of

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severe opposition and persecution.

Q: Give an account of opposition and persecution for the Holy Prophet and

followers in early days of Islam. Persecution for the Prophet

After conferment of Prophet Hood, Holy Prophet started preaching of Islam. The

Holy Prophet and his followers faced severe opposition and persecution by Pagans.

The people who used to call him”truthful” and “trustworthy” defamed him by

openly as a liar, poet and magician. This was mental torture for the Prophet.

Sometimes dirt was thrown at him. His path was strewn with thorns and filth.

Stones were thrown at his house. Once Prophet was prostrating in Ka’abah, Abu Jahl asked his companions to bring

dirty foetus of a she camel and place it on his back. A peel of laughter rose among the

non Muslims. Hazrat Fatima came and removed. When the peaceful persecution had no means, the non-believers sent a deputation

to Abu Talib, uncle of the Holy Prophet to stop his nephew. Holy Prophet gave answer to

his uncle.

“O my uncle, if they place sun on my right hand and the moon on

my left hand to renounce my work ,I would not stop until Allah

fulfils it for me or destroys me in the process.”

His strong and passionate love for his mission stimulated his uncle who afterwards

supported Him. The Quraish even tried to tempt him to stop preaching Islam. They sent

Utba bin Rabi with the following lures:

Wealth uncountable;

Lordship of Mecca;

A damsel of his choice and liking;

Treatment at their expenses in the case if he is charmed. The Holy Prophet declined all these offers.

Persecution for followers The followers of the Prophet also faced severe persecution. They were beaten and

roasted on hot desert sand. They were stretched on burning coals until the oozing from

their wounds quenched the fire.

Usman bin Affan was rolled in a “Chakki”by his uncle and given smoke. Khabbab was beaten with sticks and treated with barbarity.

Persecution for family of Prophet Abu Lahab compelled his sons to divorce prophet daughters and he divorced.

Hazrat Khadija faced hardships during Prophetic mission. Persecution for slaves

Slaves were persecuted by their masters.Bilal was made to lie in chains on the

scorching desert sands by his master and subjected to prolonged deprivation of food and

drink.

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Yasir was tossed upon embers, his wife Sumaya was tortured to death and their

son Ammar was treated with utmost cruelty. When the torment and oppression by Quraish failed to stop the advancing tide of

Islam, they decided to boycott the Hashim clan unless they handed over Muhammad for

execution or they themselves assassinated him. Under the terms of the boycott, it was

forbidden to enter into martial relations with Banu Hashim, to sell or purchase things

with them, to supply food or water to them and to have any social relationship with them.

Abu Talib was thus forced to confine his clan and himself in a gorge Shi’b Abi Talib

where they endured for 3 years of extreme poverty. They had to eat leaves in the valley

and often starved.

In spite of the barbarity and cold blooded cruelty they all remained adamant and

even some of them lost their lives but none of them gave up the new faith. Reaction towards Persecution

The Holy Prophet faced opposition and persecution with patience. He showed

determination and courage. Inspite of opposition and persecution, Holy Prophet continued preaching of Islam.

He did his work with optimistic approach. This reaction sets an example for us. We can face all hardships with courage and

determination. We are to preach Islam with optimistic approach.

Q: Describe the stages by which the Prophet (PBUH) gradually gained victory over

the people of Mecca between 622 to 632 A.D.

Migration to yasrib was a turning point in early days of Islam. Treaty with Jews

was the first important step of Holy Prophet (PBUH). The agreement helped in getting

the support and confidence of Jews, and stopped them from joining hands with the

Quraish against Holy Prophet (PBUH). For Quraysh, it was the first set back which

frustrated and annoyed them. The pact of Brotherhood made Muhajireen (Emigrants) and Ansars (Helpers) brothers of

each other and helped in settlement of Emigrants at Madina. In this way, Islamic

community at Madina became more united and capable to cope with any danger in the

society. The battle of Badr was fought in 624 A.D. Muslims won this war by inflicting a

crushing defeat on pagans. The victory at Badr demonstrated the Muslim power to other

tribes and nations of surrounding areas. It also showed military weakness of pagans

whose prestige got a set back. To avenge the battle of Badr, pagans fought battle of Uhad with Muslims. There

was not out and out defeat for Muslims, nor outright victory for pagans. Muslims faced

loss for not obeying commands of Holy Prophet (PBUH). As a result, Muslims became

more united and loyal to Islam. The results of Battle added fuel to the burning fire of

taking revenge of Quraish as they could not destroy Islam root and branch. The army of Quraysh and their allies, consisting of loooo men, attacked Madina in

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627 A.D. Muslims dug a ditch around Madina and defended from inside. This battle marked the end of days of the offensive operation of Quraysh, as much of their prestige

was lost. Their resources were exhausted. The Muslims were declared an absolute power. Many neighbouring tribes voluntarily became the allies of the Muslims.

In 6th

year of Hijrah, Holy Prophet (PBUH) marched to Maduinah along with 1500

companions for ‘Umra’. But instead of it, he had to reach a treaty with pagans. The ten

year truce of no war gave time and opportunity for Islam to expand, and bound Quraysh

for no war. However, pagans themselves cancelled the treaty after two years.

In 7 A.H. Holy Prophet (PBUH) dispatched letters to various rulers and emperors

of different areas and empires. They include Heraclius (Roman emperor), Chosroes

(Persian emperor), Negus (Emperor of Abyssinia) and Cyrus (ruler of Egypt). This

helped spreading of Islam outside Arabia, and Muslims got some allies. After the cancellation of treaty of Hudaiybiya by Quraysh, Holy Prophet (PBUH)

marched against Mecca in 8 A.H. Whole Mecca was captured without any fighting. The

rule of pagans ended over Mecca and Holy Prophet’s victory was confirmed over pagans.

Q: Trace the main outlines of the relationship between the Muslims of Madina and

Quraysh between 622 and 632.

The relationship between Muslims of Madina and the Quraysh of Mecca between

622 and 632 A.D. is full of hostility, animosity and mistrust. After migration to Madina,

Holy Prophet (PBUH) made an agreement with Jews and surrounding tribes, which came

to known as “Treaty of Madina”. This agreement became an eyesore for Quraysh as it

helped Muslims in getting support and confidence of Jews, and stopped them from falling

into hands with Makkans. It made the Quraysh frustrated and annoyed. The Battle of Badr was fought in 624 A.D. The ill-armed army of Muslims,

consisting of 313 men, defeated Quraysh army of 1000 men. 70 Makkan people including

most of their leaders like Abu Jahl, Ummaya bin Khalf, Utba, Shaba and Waleed, were

killed. Moreover, 70 of them were made prisoners. This developed feelings of revenge

among Quraysh. To avenge the battle of Badr, Pagans fought another battle with Muslims in 625

A.D. with an army of three thousand. The Muslim army of 1000, which later reduced

700, fought bravely, but due to mistake of archers, they suffered heavy loss and

temporary defeat. Quraysh remained unsuccessful to crush the Islam from root and

branch. It added fuel to the burning fire of taking revenge of Quraysh. The relations

between Muslims and Quraysh worsened. The Army of Quraysh and their allies, consisting of 10,000 men, attacked Madina in 627

A.D. Muslims dug a ditch around Madina and defended it from inside. After a siege of

Madina for about four weeks.

Quraish withdrew in utter confusion after severe storm. They were disappointed as their

power was fully crushed.

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In 6th year of Hijra, Holy Prophet (PBUH) along with his 1400 companions set

out to Mecca for the minor pilgrimage, But instead of it he had to sign the treaty with

pagans. According to truce, there would be no fighting for ten years between Muslims

and Makkans. In this way, Quraysh of Mecca bound themselves for no war. However,

pagans ended this era of peace themselves after two years. Finally, after cancellation of treaty of Hudaybia by Quraysh, Holy Prophet (PBUH)

marched against Mecca and captured it without war. Overall, the relations between

Muslims and Quraish were full of hostility, animosity and aggression.

Q: Give an account of relation of the Holy Prophet with Hypocrites and Jews. Relation with Hypocrites

Hypocrites were the people in Muslim community who had accepted Islam

outwardly to get benefits and privileges. They were not true Muslims by the conviction of

heart. They were imposters involved in their previous religions and wrong practices. The relations of Holy Prophet were not friendly with them due to their seditious

activities. They became a source of distress and harm to Muslims community at many

occasions. Hypocrites were always hidden and mixed up in the Muslim society of

Medina. They appeared on the scene at the time of the battle of Uhad in 625A.D. When

Muslim army was marching towards enemy for fighting, three hundred out of thousand

left the Muslim army under the leadership of Abdullah Bin Ubbay. They made the excuse

that Holy Prophet had turned down their demand of fighting while staying within the city.

These were the hypocrites who left Muslims in the hours of need.

After this, again in the fifth year of Hijrat, when battle of Ahzab took place, these

imposters did not help the Muslim army and returned to their homes. They granted

permission from Holy Prophet on the excuse that heir homes were not safe. About this

the Quran says: “And a band of them asked form the Prophet, saying, ‘Truly our houses are bare and

exposed” (Al Ahzab)

At the time of Khyber expedition in 7 A.H, hypocrites showed the worst form of

their faces as they supported the Jews in the battle. They helped the Jews and fought from

the side of enemy against the Muslim.

At the time of Tabuk expedition, They discouraged the Muslims and did not

participate in the army. The Holy Prophet however, never took any action against hypocrites in his life.

Relation with Jews After migration to Yasrib in 622 A.D. Holy Prophet signed a treaty with Jews. In

this treaty, civil and religious rights were granted to them. Jews assured and guaranteed

help for the Muslims in case of foreign attack and would not become tool of the Quraish. Jews did not respect this treaty. They first tried to create disruption between two

tribes of Aus and Khazraj. They incurred the displeasure of Muslims by their contact with

the Quraish of Mecca.

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At the time of Battle of Badr they did not help the Muslims according to the treaty

signed with the Holy Prophet. Kaab leader of Banu Qainuqa propagated against the

Muslims, and even tried to maintain secret communication with the Quraish. He even did

an attempt to murder the Holy Prophet Among the three tribes settled at Madina Banu Quainqah was the first to break the

treaty. They fought against the Muslims in the period between Battle Badr and Uhad.

They remained busy in seditious activities against the Muslims. Holy Prophet ordered

them to leave the city. On their refusal siege was enforced against the Banu Quainqah

which ended in expulsion of Banu Quainqah from the Madina in 624A.D.

In 625 A.D. Banu Nazir tribe plotted to murder Holy Prophet and at the instigation

of Quraish planned to rise against Muslims. Holy Prophet ordered them to leave the city.

On their refusal Holy Prophet led an army against them. They surrendered and were

exiled from Madina. The third tribe Banu Quraiza openly joined Quraish and revolted against the

Muslims during the battle of Ditch. After the battle was over they were ordered to leave

the Madina. On their refusal, Holy Prophet laid siege on them. They surrendered and as

punishment their all men were executed, women were made slaves and their land was

distributed among the Muslims according to the decision of Saad bin Muaz.

Most of the Jews expelled from Medina took shelter at Khyber near the border of Syria.

They began to plot plans in co-operation with other tribes to invade Madina. They also

looted Muslims caravans and plundered their houses near the surrounding villages of

Medina. In 626 A.D. Holy Prophet marched upon the Jews at Khyber and besieged their

fortress. They were defeated and their lands were captured by Muslims. Jews were

allowed to remain there by contributing a share of their produces to the Muslim

government. The relations between Holy Prophet and Jews remained hostile. They had their

undying hostility and enmity towards the Muslims and Islam. They did not refrain from

their seditious activities even after their defeat at Khyber. Once again they plotted to

murder Holy Prophet by poisoning him, but fortunately he was saved. They continued

their enmity against Muslims even up to the regime of Hazrat Umar when they were

ordered to leave Arabia.

Q: How personality and conduct of the holy Prophet brought revolution in Arabia.

Before the message of Islam, the world had forgotten the message of Islam and

was lost in polytheism. Pagans used to worship the Idols. The Holy Prophet started

preaching of oneness of God. He faced opposition and persecution in the early days of

Islam. Inspite of this opposition, Holy Prophet confirmed the unity of God by his

personality and conduct. There was no moral code in the Arab society. He practised all the moral values

and was declared Al Sadiq and Al Amin due to his truthfulness and trustworthiness.

Women had no status and were considered as an article of trade. Holy Prophet

married to Khadija, a widow and gave exalted status to her by his conduct.

Before advent of Islam, there was no respect of law. Holy Prophet declared

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punishment of cutting of hands for woman from Banu Makhzum. People interceded for

concession. On that time, his conduct confirmed the respect of law as Prophet said,

“If my daughter Fatima had been at her place, I would have given the same

punishment.” Slaves were deprived of their rights. Holy Prophet encouraged freedom of slaves.

He himself freed Zaid and made him adopted son. This conduct of the Prophet brought

revolution and many slaves were freed.

In Arab society pactice of usury was common. As model He cancelled interest of his

uncle Abbas in speech of last sermon.

The Holy Prophet practised, what he said. His inspiring personality and

stimulating character brought revolution in Arabia.

Q: Seal of the Prophets is distinctive quality of Muhammad. Comment. Seal of the Prophets

Literal meaning of seal is to finalize, to end. Seal of the Prophet is the exclusive

and distinctive title of the Holy Prophet. He is the last Divine Messenger.

It is confirmed by the God in Surah Al-Ahzab:

“Muhammad is not the father of any man among you but He is the Messenger of

Allah and the seal of Prophets”

For guidance of humanity, series of prophets was started from Hazard Adam.

According to one saying of the Prophet, they were almost 124000 including Noah,

Ibrahim, Isaac, Ismail, Shoaib, Moses, Yousaf, Daud and Jesus. None of them claimed

that He had perfected and completed his religion but all of them pointed out the advent of

the last messenger. Hazrat Muhammad himself claimed as the last Prophet in these

words: “I am the last brick of the beautiful building of the prophethood”.

He came as the last messenger of God with the final revelation in form of the Holy

Quran. It is the only revealed book that is in its original form and will remain till the Day

of Judgment because it is being preserved by the Almighty Allah. It is the strongest

evidence of his finality. He is the last Prophet as his message was universal. Messages of the previous

Prophets were localized. The universality of the Holy Prophet is confirmed by the God in

the Holy Quran.

“(O Muhammad ) say: O mankind I am a messenger to all of you. He is the last Prophet as religion was perfected for him. The verse about perfection

of religion was reveled at the occasion of last sermon.

It is said in the Holy Quran.

“This day I have perfected your religion for you, completed my favour upon you

and have chosen for you Islam as your religion.” He is the last Prophet as Quran and Sunnah is preserved.

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In short the line of the prophets has come to an end with its completion and perfection.

Now no further addition can be made to it as Muhammad’s life and teachings exist to

provide guidance, aspiration and light to those who seek assistance from them.

Q: Describe distinguishing qualities of the Holy Prophet with regard to other

Prophets.

Hazrat Muhammad (PBUH) is the Messenger of God who was sent for guidance

of humanity. Seal of the Prophet is the exclusive and distinctive quality of the Holy Prophet. He

is the last Divine Messenger.

It is confirmed by the God in Surah Al-Ahzab:

“Muhammad is not the father of any man among you but He is the Messenger of

Allah and the seal of Prophets.” Universality of message is the second quality of the Prophet. Messages of the

previous Prophets were localized. The universality of the Holy Prophet is confirmed by

the God in the Holy Quran; “(O Muhammad ) say: O mankind I am a messenger to all of you. Perfection of the religion is another quality of the Prophet. Allah has perfected religion

for him. “This day I have perfected your religion for you, completed my favour upon you and have chosen for you Islam as your religion.”

Preservation of Quran is another quality of God. Books of the previous Prophets

were distorted. The Holy Quran is the only Divine Book existing in original form. The

Quran says, “We have, no doubt, sent down the Message and we will assuredly guard it (from

corruption).” The Holy Prophet is the only Prophet whose life history is saved and exists today

in the form of Sunnah (Hadith). All these qualities confirm the superiority of Hazrat Muhammad over other Prophets.

Q: The Holy Prophet is a model of excellence for humanity. Comment

The Holy Prophet is the only apostle of Allah and man in the history whose whole

life is recorded and preserved in the most authentic books of Ahadis. All the important

events, details of his character and conduct and sayings are saved. His life is a perfect

model for every class of people. These records cover the matters of morality, spirituality,

economics, politics and sociology. He not only preached but also practiced.

He was orphan and showed determination in overcoming disadvantages. He was

disciplined in his regular visits to cave of Hira and showed humbleness at the time of visit

of Jibrail.

As a Prophet, he was a most effective and fearless preacher and proclaimer of

Islam. When he went to Taif for preaching of Islam, he was hurt and stones were thrown

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at him. In spite of all these injuries, he prayed for their guidance. Every preacher and

proclaimer must follow him. In his social life, he worked as an ideal judge discharging his judicial obligations

in the fairest manner. His court marked equality for all the individuals. Once ,He ordered

to cut the hands of the woman of Banu Makhzum who was caught during stealing. The

people interceded for concession. Prophet said, “If my daughter Fatima had been at her place, I would have given the same

punishment.” This shows him as an excellent judge. We must follow him.

He showed great diplomacy in dealing with the leaders of other countries. He

wrote letters and invited them to Islam. This set an example for us for preaching of

Islam..

After migration, he made arrangements for inhabitants of Madina by making pact

of brother hood between Muhajirin and Ansar and treaty with Jews. This shows his

decisiveness in leadership.

He worked with his companions like a common man without any discrimination.

He worked at the time of construction of mosque and digging of trench during battle of

Ahzab.

He was embodiment of extraordinary qualities. He was a truthful and trustworthy

person. He was called Al Sadiq and Al Amin and was entrusted with the business of

Hazrat Khadija. He showed strength, patience, and courage in facing the terrible persecution in the early

days of Islam. His reaction towards persecution is good example for us.

He was the most exemplary statesman. He showed tolerance and wisdom in

signing the truce of Hudaibiyah with Pagans. He was an excellent warrior and a military commander. Muslim forces remained

successful in the battles with non Muslims. As a head of the family, he exercised justice among his wives by dividing days of

his stay. His successful family life is a good example for us. He is the most excellent and perfect model for the humanity. His life is a perfect

model for people to follow to attain goodness, piety and success in all spheres of life. The Quran mentions: “You have indeed in the messenger of God a beautiful pattern (of conduct) for

everyone whose hope is in Allah and the final day.”

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POINTS OF BIOGRAGHY SECTION

BIRTH AND CHILDHOOD OF HOLY PROPHET (PBUH):

Born on 9th

of Rabi-ul-Awwal / 20th

April 571 A.D.

Named “Muhammad” on 7th

day of birth by grandfather Abdul Muttalib Amina and Sobia suckled the Muhammad

Given into care of wet-nurse, Halimah Sadiah, and return to his family after four

years Accompanied her mother, Aminah, to Madinah, along with Umm-e-Ayman Aminah passed away on return journey near Abwa

Abdul Muttalib as a guardian, who also passed away after two years

Abu Talib, his uncle, became his guardian

Journey to Syria in age of 12 and meeting with Buhirah, the monk

Took part in battle of Fijar and participation in the formation of Alliance of Fudul

MARRIAGE WITH KHADIJA:

Holy Prophet (PBUH) took the trade caravan of Khadijah to Syria

Khadijah offered him marriage

The marriage was solemnized by Abu Talib and twenty young camels were set as

dowry Muhammad (PBUH) got two sons (Qasim and Abdullah) and four daughters

(Zaineb, Ruqayya, Umm-e-Kulthum and Fatimah) from Khadijah Khadijah was first to accept him as Prophet of God

Stood by Holy Prophet (PBUH)’s side during the period of persecutions

Died in 10th

year of Prophethood and was buried at Janat-ul-Muala

She provided moral and financial help

CALL TO PROPHET HOOD: (610 A.D.)

Angel Jibrael approached Muhammad (PBUH) and asked him to read the

revelation Muhammad (PBUH) told him that he cannot read on which angel squeezed him

and repeated it for 3 times Muhammad returned home and told whole story to Khadijah who consoled him

and took him to Warqa bin Naufal Warqa bin Naufal confirmed his Prophethood.

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PREACHING OF ISLAM:

Secret preaching for three years Due to preaching Khadijah, Abu Bakr, Ali, Zaid bin Haritha, Talha, Zubair,

Usman, Abdur Rehman Bin Auf and Abu Ubaidah bin Jarrah accepted Islam Command of open preaching given by Allah

Event of Mount Safah

Preaching to relatives

Dar e Arqam as center of preaching.

OPPOSITION AND PERSECUTION:

Muhammad (PBUH) was called liar, magician, poet, etc by pagans (mental

torture) Physically tortured by pagans (throwing of fetus by Abu Jhal while he (PBUH)

was praying) His Companions were tortured and some were beaten to death (e.g. Harith bin Abu

Hala, Usman bin Affan and Saad bin Abi Waqas) Muslim slaves (e.g. Bilal, Sammayyah, Ammar) were persecuted by severest

means and some were martyred Quraish offered to Holy Prophet (PBUH) worldly fame and riches in reply of

giving up his mission Social boycott of Hashim clan by Quraish

MIGRATION TO ABYSSINIA: (615 A.D.)

15 Muslims (11men, 4women) migrated to Abyssinia in first migration

Quraish send a deputation to court of Abyssinian king, Negus, demanding hand

over of Muslims to them

Speech of Jafar bin Abu Talib in reply of Negus enquiy about Islam Weeping of Negus on hearing the verses of Surah Maryam

Refusal of Negus to hand over Muslims to Quraish

Second migration to Abyssinia consisting of 101 Muslims (83men, 18women)

SOCIAL BOYCOTT: (7th

-10th

Year of Prophet hood\616-619 A.D.)

Quraish boycott Hashim clan unless they handed Muhammad (PBUH) for

execution Resolution drawn by Mansur bin Ikramah and hung on the door of Kaaba Abu Talib was forced to confine his clan in a gorge called Shi’b Abi Talib After 3 years, some close relatives of Hashim clan (e.g. Hisham Makhzumi,

Muta’am bin Adiyy) stood against the boycott

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Agreement was eaten by insects, except the words “In the name of Allah”, so Hashim clan returned to their houses

THE PROPHET’S ASCENSION (MIRAJ): (10th

Year of Prophet Hood\621 A.D.)

Accompanied by Jibrael, Holy Prophet (PBUH) journeyed from Masjid-e-Haram

to Masjid-e-Aqsa on Buraq

Led congregational prayer of Prophets Journeyed to Heavens and held meetings with Prophets in their various abodes Pass Sidrat-ul-Muntaha and saw Bayt-ul-Mamur, the Kaaba of angels

Visited Paradise and Hell

Experienced the thrill of witnessing Divine glory and manifestation

Received Divine commandments of performance of five daily prayers

JOURNEY TO TAIF:

Accompanied by Zaid bin Haritha

Preached Islam for ten days without any success

People hooted and threw stones at him

Found refuge in the vineyard of Utba bin Rabi’ah

Visit of angel of mountains

Mutam bin Adiyy extends support

THE FIRST PLEDGE OF AQABAH :( 12th Year of Prophet hood\ 621 A.D.)

Twelve men (ten of Khazraj, two of Aws) met Holy Prophet (PBUH) on the

account of hajj Accepted Islam and took oath

Musab bin Umair was sent as preacher with them

THE SECOND PLEDGE OF AQABAH :( 13th

Year of Prophet hood\

622 A.D.)

Seventy five people took the pledge

Abbass accompanied Muhammad (PBUH)

Invitation of Madinates to Muhammad (PBUH)

MIGRATION TO MEDINA: (13th

Year of Prophet hood\ 622 A.D.)

Allah’s command of migration Quraish meeting in Dar-al-Nadwa

Putting Ali on his bed and accompanying Abu Bakr, Muhammad (PBUH)

migrated

Stay at Cave Thaur and pursuit of Quraish

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Stay at Quba and founding of the first mosque

Welcome by Madinates and stay at Ayub Ansari home

EVENTS AFTER THE MIGRATION:

Building of Prophet’s Mosque

Beginning of the Adhan (Prayer-call)

Pact of Brotherhood

The Charter of Madina

Change of Qiblah

BATTLE OF BADR: (624 A.D.\17th

Ramazan, 2nd

Hijrah)

Reasons: Quraish opposition; event of Nakhla; trade caravan of Quraish, returning

from Syria

Muslims 313 men with 2 horses & 70 camels; Quraish 1000men with 200 horses

& 700 camels Single combat and general fighting

Angels came for help

Result: Muslims won; 14 Muslims martyred; 70 pagans killed; 70 pagans taken

prisoners Importance: Quraish power crushed; effect on Jews and Bedouin; moral

encouragement of Muslims

BATTLE OF UHAD: (625 A.D.\Shawal 3 A.H.)

Reasons: Revenge of battle of Badr; Campaign of al-Swiq; Quraish opposition

Muslims (in start) 1000, 700 (during battle); Quraish 3000 men with 200 horses Appointing of archers under Abdullah bin Jubayr

Single combat and general fighting (martyrdom of Hamzah)

Mistake of archers and temporary defeat of Muslims

Injuring of Holy Prophet (PBUH) and battle around him

Result: Muslims suffer temporary defeat; 7o Muslims martyred; 28 pagans killed Importance: lesson to Muslims; Pagans failed to crush the Muslims Muslims

became more united

BATTLE OF DITCH: (627 A.D.\ 5 A.H)

Reasons: Quraish opposition; Bedouins and Jews instigation

Muslims 3000 men; Quraish 10000 with 600 horses

Suggestion of Salman al-Farsi and digging of ditch

Siege of Medina and conspiracy of Banu Quraizah

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Storm and withdrawal of Quraish

Siege of Banu Quraizah and their execution

TREATY OF HUDAYBIYA: (628 A.D.\ 6 A.H.)

Dream of Prophet (PBUH) and Muslims (1400) march to Makkah for Umra (lesser

pilgrimage)

First two Muslim ambassadors were detained

Sending of Usman as ambassador

Suhail bin Amr from Pagans side

Writing of treaty and confusion of Muslims over its terms

Importance: Manifest victory, time for preaching, time to crush the power of Jews,

paved a way to conquest of Mecca.

LETTERS TO KINGS AND RULERS: (629 A.D.\ 7 A.H.)

Letters were written to Heraclius of Roman by Wahya kalbi,

Chosroes of Persia by Abdullah bin Huzaifa, Negus of Abyssinian by

Umr bin Ummaya, Cyrus of Egypt by Hatib and kings of Bahrain and

Oman by Amr bin Aas. .

Kings of Abyssinia ,Bahrain and Oman accepted Islam.

TTLE OF MUTAH: (629 A.D.\ 8A.H.)

Killing of Prophet’s ambassador Haris on the Syrian border Sending army of 3000

Martyrdom of three commanders ( Zaid, Jaafar and Abdullah bin Rawaha ) and

election of Khalid bin Waleed as commander. Withdrawal of Muslim army

BATTLE OF KHYBER: (Muharram 7 A.H.\

Muslim 1600 including 200 cavalry; Jews 20,000 8 Jewish fortresses (e.g. Qamus, Na’im, Natat)

Ali’s commanding and killing of Marhab

Treaty of Khyber

CONQUEST OF MAKKAH: (8 A.H.\ 630 A.D.)

Breaking of Treaty of Hudaybia by Quraish Mustering of allies and marching with 10,000 troops

Division of army into four groups

Resistance by Banu Bakr from southern side

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Acceptance of Islam by Abu Sufyan

Entering of Muslims in Makkah

Cleaning of Kaabah from idols and general amnesty granted to Quraish General forgiveness by Holy Prophet

BATTLE OF HUNAYN:

Muslims 12000; Hawazin and Thaqif 4000

Sudden attack of enemy and fleeing of Muslims

Calling back of Muslims and re-attacking of Muslims

Divine help (angels)

Fleeing of enemy to Nakhlah, Taif and Awtas

Siege of Taif

Distribution of spoils of war

EXPEDITION OF TABUK: (Rajab 9 A.H.\ 630 A.D.)

Muslims 30,000; Byzantine 40,000

Appeal for war fund and donations of Muslims (e.g. Usman, Abu Bakr, Umar) No participation of hypocrites and their propaganda against campaign

Arrival of Prophet (PBUH) and withdrawal of Byzantine

Agreement of peace with the princes of the area (e.g. Aylah, Jarba, Dumah)

Return after a month and dealing with Muslims who did not join the expedition

FAREWELL PILGRIMAGE: (10 A.H.\631 A.D.)

120,000 people participated Performance of rituals of pilgrimage by Prophet (PBUH)

Farewell sermon at Arafat

ILLNESS AND DEATH: (Rabi al-Awwal 11 A.H.\632 A.D.)

Prophet (PBUH) fell ill on Safar 18, 11 A.H. due to poison given to him at Khyber Move to quarter of Aishah and whispering in ears of Fatima

Appointment of Abu Bakr as leader of prayer Passed on 12 Rabi al-Awwal, 11A.H. at age of 63

Buried in the apartment of Ayshah

SEAL OF THE PROPHETS:

Literal meaning

Quranic reference

Supporting Hadith

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Perfection of religion

Universal message

Preservation of Quran and Sunnah

QUALITIES OF HOLY PROPHET:

Truthfulness ( Al Sadiq)

Trustworthiness ( at the time of migration

Justice ( He declared same punishment for his daughter in case of stealing) Equality ( He worked for construction of mosque)

Tolerance ( He observed at the time of treaty of Hudaibiya

Importance of events

Treaty of Madina This treaty was a new social order in place of old tribal system. It was the

first ever written constitution of the Islamic State on which the state affairs were to

run. This charter shows the political wisdom and foresight of the Prophet to settle

down the issues. It provided religious freedom to the Jews. This was in fact a convention for

fusing all the Arab tribes of Medina into one nation. It stopped the Jews to fall in

the hands of Quraish of Mecca.

This treaty laid down the foundation of Islamic State without any opposition.

Battle of Badr This battle proved a great triumph of truth over falsehood. This victory

inspired the Muslims with new hope and encouraged them for future success.

The Muslims emerged as a political dominant group. The Jews were suppressed by

the victory of Muslims. The small tribes in surroundings of Madinah

acknowledged political power of the Muslims.

The Muslims got control over the ancient Syrian trade route passing by

Madina. This victory paved a way to the conquest of Mecca.

Battle of Uhad The defeat of Muhammad and his companions in the battle was not a defeat

in true sense. It was a lesson to the believers who disobeyed the commands of their

leader.

This setback for the Muslim army made them more united and loyal to

Islam. They busied themselves whole heartedly in the task of post war

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reconstruction under the leadership of the Holy Prophet.

It was not an outright victory for the pagans as they could not crush the Islam root

and branch. It was their foolishness that instead of inflicting a crushing defeat on

the Muslims, they returned to Makkah leaving it unaccomplished. This battle

exposed the real face of the Hypocrites who deserted Muslims at the time of need.

Battle of Ahzab The Quraish faced decisive defeat in this battle. Their resources were

exhausted, their wealth consumed, their glory lost, their trade gone, pride humbled

down and their allies dispersed in disgust.

Aggressive spirit and offensive energy of Pagans was frustrated. The Pagans

could not unite themselves in the future against the Muslims.The Holy Prophet and

his followers had no fear of being attacked by the Pagans. Muslim morale rose sky

high. Banu Quraiza was killed after this battle. The victory of the Muslims produced marvellous effects on the neighbouring

tribes who voluntarily became the allies of the Muslims. Islam began to spread

rapidly among the Arabs and many people recognized the power of Islam and

came under its banner.

Treaty of Hudaibiyah This treaty proved harbinger of Islamic victories in future. In the beginning

Muslims had failed to perceive the real implications and the hidden advantages of

the treaty, but later events proved that the treaty of Hudaibiya was indeed a clear

victory. The treaty placed Madina on the political map of Arabia. The ten-year truce

of no war gave the time for preaching of Islam. It confirmed the Prophet’s wisdom,

foresight and deep political insight.

After this treaty the Prophet felt safe and secure of his position. He dispatched

messengers to rulers of Rome, Persia, Abyssinia, Cyrus, Bahrain and Oman with

invitation to Islam.

Khalid Bin Walid and Amr Bin Al Aas accepted Islam. The treaty opened

the door of unification of Arabia under the banner of Islam. This treaty gave time

to crush the power of Jews at Khyber. It paved a way to conquest of Mecca. It can be described as a Tactical Retreat of Muslims but a Strategical

Victory.

Fall of Mecca

The conquest of Mecca opened the way to the progress and supremacy of

Islam in Arabia as many of the Arabs hastened to become Muslims. This victory

confirmed the Unification of Arabia. Kaaba, home of God was cleaned from Idols.

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A general amnesty was declared. The Holy Prophet gave message of peace

to everyone. As a result, many Makkans accepted Islam. This victory gave the courage to Muslims to crush the power of Banu Hawazin and

Saqif.