100% BIODEGRADABLE & COMPOSTABLE PLASTIC PRODUCTS FOR A SAFER AND CLEANER ENVIRONMENT

FOR A SAFER AND CLEANER ENVIRONMENT

CEO. Pars Kutay. Pars Kutay                                                                   CFO. Jaydeep Sadadiya                                

BioEnzyme Technologies Company Profile

• BioEnzyme Technologies & Packaging Ltd. is an advanced polymer technology and packaging firm based in Turkey and India, focused on delivering sustainable and affordable solution to the plastic waste problem around the World.

• BioEnzyme Technologies offers own BIOPLAST® branded and unbranded biodegradable and compostable packaging materials such as;

- BIOPLAST ® Branded Garbage Bags and Fridge Bags for the household markets worldwide.

- Carrier Bags and Food & Vegetable Bags for the retail sector worldwide.       - Industrial Garbage Bags for the Greater City Councils, Hospitals, Hotels etc. worldwide.

• BioEnzyme Technologies’ products are produced with using it’s unique proprietary formula of Enzyme-Bacteria based chain-end-biodegradation technology to achieve 100% biodegradation of polymers as per EN 13432:2000 / ISO 14855 standards which is the ONLY biotechnology in the world using Enzyme-Bacteria based substrate to achieve 100% biodegradability and compostability.

• The Formulation of Enzyme-Bacteria based substrate is absolutely unique and consists of several organic ingredients narrowed down to the enzyme, protein and bacteria compound drawn mainly from natural resources and medicinal plants to make this process methodology / technology non-hazardous and non-toxic. BioEnzyme Technologies is using Nature to solve a Man-made problem!

Enzyme-Bacteria based Biodegradation TechnologyBiodegradability

Biodegradability is the ability to be utilized as a carbon source by m icroorganisms and converted safely in to carbon dioxide,biomass and water. M icrobial attack is started where the carbonyl group is found. These functional groups are in troduced in polyethylene during photo-degradation and / or thermal degradation.

H2O

O H

------- CH2 - C = O + CH2 - Ch2 ------

Enzym e

O

------ Ch2 - C --------- SCoA

O 2

H2O 2B-oxidation in the presence of Protein & O 2

O

------- Ch2 - CH = CH - C ------ SC O A

Hydroxylation by water in the presence o f E nzym e

O

------- Ch2 - CH = CH2 - C ------ S CO A

O H

Prote in

O

------- Ch2 - C - Ch2 - C ------ S CO A

O

Enzym e O

Ch3 - C ------ SCO A + ------- C h2 -C -------- SC oA

O

Citric acid cycle

M echanism of biodegradation

BioEnzyme Technologies Recommended Products

100% Biodegradable and Compostable Products produced by BioEnzyme Technologies & Packaging Ltd. for a cleaner and safer environment ;

• Vest type carrier Bags from 7 to 50 µm

• Produce Bags-on- Rolls

• Freezer Bags

• Domestic Garbage Bags

• Industrial Garbage Bags

• Hospital Waste Garbage Bags

BioEnzyme Technology

• Our offering is a unique enzyme-bacteria based biodegradation technology, which has the ability to be utilised as a carbon source by living micro-organisms to convert our plastics products quickly and safely into carbon dioxide, biomass and water. Microbial breakdown is initiated where the carbonyl group is found. These functional groups are introduced in polyethylene during the photo thermal biodegradation process.

• The bio-chemical agents employed to produce our biodegradable products comprise mainly of enzymes, sodium salts and oxidation agents, which react with polyethylene types HDPE and LLDPE.

• It is a highly cost-effective, eco-friendly and non-hazardous biotechnology.

Packaging is the largest Sector

Source: PlasticEurope Market Research Group

Plastics from cradle to cradle (EU)

Source: PlasticEurope Market Research Group

Consumer Demand

Converter Demand of EU2752,5 mio.t

PostConsumer

Waste 24,6 mio.t

Recycling 20,4%5,0

mio.t

Energy29,2%7,2

mio.t

40% short service life60% long life products

Export Export

Import Import

Disposal 50%12,4 mio.t

Recovery 50%12,2 mio. t

Packaging37 %

Improving Resource Efficiency• The EU institutions finally reached an agreement in 2008 on the revised

“Waste Framework Directive” (Directive 2008/98/EC). The WFD provides a framework to drive waste management practices in the EU.

• the Directive lays down a five-step hierarchy of waste management options which must be applied by Member States when developing their national waste policies:

Waste prevention – means: reduce! Re-use Recycling Recovery (including energy recovery) Safe disposal, as a last resort

RECYCLING... the answer?Recycling can be an excellent way of handling waste - but not always.

Some reasons:

• Recycling does not occur until somebody actually uses the material.

• Health concerns raise problems with using post-consumer recycled material for food.

• Consistent and reliable supply of the recovered material may pose problems.

• Recycled material is often more costly to produce in terms of carbon footprint. The recycled product has to be broken down by machines, transported away and then re-machined all of which takes up a lot of energy and carbon footprint.

The answer to what is left for disposal

• Fact is that today 50% of all post consumer waste is still being disposed of within the EU

• Yet the disposal percentage is much higher in other parts of the world

• The percentage of plastic bags within the disposal fraction is very high as the recycling fraction primarily shows recycling of PET bottles which is very well established

• The answer to plastic bags when disposed of is:

Biodegradable Materials - Bioplastics BioEnzyme Technologies

Bioplastics – DefinitionAccording to European Bioplastics e.V., Germany Bioplastics are:

• Polymers based on renewable resources(Starch Plant-Based) 

and/or

• Biodegradable polymers which meet all criteria of scientifically recognized norms for biodegradability and compostability of plastics and plastic products. In Europe this is EN 13432 / EN14995

In other words: not only renewable resources are Bioplastics!

Biodegradability – Definition

• Most Bioplastics are biodegradable, however this is not an inherent requirement.

• Biodegradability is directly linked to the chemical structure rather than the origin of the raw materials.

• As a result, there are synthetic polymers which are certified biodegradable and compostable such as;

BioEnzyme Technologies’ products.

BioEnzyme Technologies Biodegradation - Definition

• Biodegradation means transformation and deterioration of polymers solely by living organisms including the micro organisms excreted by them.

• The process is an active enzymatic reaction over the molecular structure of the polymer, in this case polyethylene.

• Is a biological processes during composting to yield CO², water, inorganic compounds and biomass.

• Rate of degradation consistent with other compostable materials like cellulose, wood or paper.

• Process leaves no visible, distinguishable or toxic residue.

Certifications and ComplianceProduct / Material Test Method

StandardTest Description Yes / No

BIOPLAST®BioEnzyme Technologies®

EN 13432: 2000

Packaging - Requirements for packaging recoverable through composting and biodegradation Yes

ASTM D 6400: 04 Standard specification for compostable plastics

Yes

ISO 14855-1: 2005

Determination of the ultimate Aerobic biodegradability of plasticmaterials under controlled composting conditions method by analysis of evolved carbon dioxide

Yes

ISO 14855-2: 2007

Determination of the ultimate Aerobic biodegradability of plasticmaterials under controlled composting conditions method by analysis of evolved carbon dioxide

Yes

ASTM-D 5988: 96Standard test method for Determining aerobic biodegradation of plastic materials in soil Yes

ASTM-D 7209: 06Standard guide for waste reduction resource recovery, and use of recycled polymeric materials and products Yes

US FDA 177.1520 United States Food Contact Safety Standard

Yes

BioEnzyme Technologies Bacterial Sources

• The plastic treatment used in this technology, becomes a source for the growth of the bacterial culture. The latter have been observed for numbers and growth rates under laboratory conditions and testing. The total fungal and bacterial counts, for biodegradable polyethylene bags, have been expressed in units of CFU/gm.* A definite bacterial group, found alive and active in these bags treated with our enzymes, proves that both soil and bag bacteria jointly eat away at the polyethylene film leading to total biodegradation of the latter. Bacterial and fungal counts were enumerated and classified by Vimta Labs. The total fungal count is < 10 CFU/g and total bacterial count is 25 CFU/g.

• *CFU means Colony Forming Unit. Since bacteria have been enumerated as CFU, further multiplication of bacteria cannot be ruled out.

BioEnzyme Technologies

Enzymes with Polyethylene

• Enzymes used in our technology are regarded as catalysts, helping to promote the chemical reactions within the polyethylene products and thus accelerating the process of degradation. Auto-trophic bacteria, present in mineral salt media, containing some form of nitrogenous material, are also employed in this technology. Carbon is formed from the added oxidation agents within the product. The PH value of this embedded polyethylene composition is 9.5 thus confirming its alkaline characteristics.

• All the ingredients used in our BioEnzyme Technology are organic, food-grade and non-toxic in nature.

BioEnzyme Technologies

Composting of Polyethylene

It is known that soil comprises at least 58% Carbon. The greater part of the nitrogenous fraction of soil is closely linked to organic matter. As the organic soil matter gradually decomposes, the nitrogen component gradually gives way to water or available forms of ammonia and nitrates. A moist soil environment reacts with the biodegradable polyethylene film rendering it susceptible to composting and the release of carbon dioxide, process of manufacturing our biodegradable bags.

Overview of Degradation ProcessesOXO-degradable HYDRO-degradable PHOTO-degradable BioEnzyme Technologies

Chain-end -biodegradation

Process Oxidation Hydrolysis ultra violet light Polymer - Chain-end biodegradation

Emits CO2,H20, biomass, trace elements CO2, Methane gas Monomer units that compost, CO22, H20, inorganic compounds and biomass

Method Reduction of molecular weight, break the polymer chain by UV light, light reduces the plastics strength and weakens the polymer bonds and fragments into small pieces.

Unzipping of polymer chain ends, Enzymes are catalysts accelerating degradation, finally attacked by micro organisms which can easily digest it

Initiated by Pro-degradant Additive Enzymatic treatment of HDPE/LLDPE blends with a 1 - 5% Bio-Master Batch

Material is based on Naphtha TPS, starch based polymers, up to 50% petrochemical base

98,5 -99 % PE is on petrochemical base, additive is Enzyme-Based substrate

AdditionalCost

Little Up to 400% more expensive than standard polymers such as LDPE

Very high Little

Advantages Available, inexpensive, easy to use, best performance

Disadvantages More harmful to the environment as it fragments into tiny pieces which remains in the environment and can be more dangerous and hazardous to wildlife and to human food chain.

Polymer chain structures remain in the soil, Green House Gas (methane) emissions, Price is high, Use of crops and land that could be used for foodstuff instead. GMO Geneticly motified crops. Cannot be recycled.

GMO Geneticly motified crops. Will not degrade in a landfill, sewer or in open environment. Cannot be recycled.

None

Oxo-degradability is not accepted!

Studies of DegradationDegradation observed after 105 days on a HDPE-based BIOPLAST carry bags:

60%

CertificationsTest Certificate for BIOPLAST-Composition and BIOPLAST Bio MasterBatch

by the SHRIRAM INSTITUTE FOR INDUSTRIAL RESARCH

Certifications as per EN 13432:2000

Cross referred to ISO 14855Test Certificate for BIOPLAST-HDPE bags: • Chemical Characteristics

• Biodegradability• Disintegration

Certifications as per EN 13432:2000

Cross referred to ISO 14855

Test Certificate for BIOPLAST® - HDPE bags:

• Annexure 1• Annexure 2• Annexure 3

Summarizing the Invention• BioEnzyme Technologies has invested more than 10 years of research and

development and successfully achieved a unique formula of Enzyme-Bacteria based Chain-end-Biodegradation technology which has been developed to biodegrade in open environment and landfills within 180 days after disposal.

• The formulation, the bio MasterBatch and the finished products are all tested according to the applicable EN 13432:2000 / ISO 14855 standard.

• The Formulation of the Enzyme-Bacteria based substrate is absolutely unique and consists of several organic ingredients narrowed down to the enzyme, protein and bacteria compound drawn mainly from natural resources and medicinal plants to make this process methodology / technology non-hazardous and non-toxic.

• The formulation is compounded and PE-based and easily to be added to any existing blown film extrusion line.

• The finished biodegradable product features the same mechanical and optical properties as a product without the bio MasterBatch loading.

BIOPLAST® in the Market • BioEnzyme Technologies® has successfully achieved it’s pilot

marketing with Carrefour SA throughout Turkey by supplying its BIOPLAST® branded household garbage bags products using its unique enzyme-bacteria based biodegradable technology.

• BioEnzyme Technologies® is bringing a total new understanding about protecting our Beloved Mother Earth (Gaia), not only for now but for all future generations to come.

BIOPLAST® Brand Pilot Marketing BIOPLAST® product launch at Fulya and Akatlar Carrefour SA -

Istanbul

ConclusionsBiodegradable materials have not been successful in a big way until today,  Reason  being

– most of biodegradable materials are based on renewable plant-base resources– The new study from the scientists of University of Massachusetts-Lowell University conducted a

cradle to grave life-cycle analysis (LCA) found that plant-based renewable Bioplastics are environmental and occupational health and safety hazards in their production as they use vast amount of chemical pesticide and fertilizers which produce Methane that pollute our air and water.

– plants grown for bio-plastics have negative impacts of their own and they are under attack as they are often produced from GMO genetically modified food crops such as corn, potatoes, and soybeans, a practice that carries a high risk of contaminating the food chain

– plant-based bio-plastics materials are very expensive and they show a very poor performance especially in the form of biodegradable and compostable bags

– plant-based bio-plastics are designed to be composted and cannot be recycled. The plant-based material will actually contaminate the recycling process if not separated from conventional plastics such as normal plastic bags etc.

– plant-based materials cannot biodegrade in open environment or landfills as they require high heat industrial composting facilities which are few and far between

On the other hand, BIOPLAST® by BioEnzyme Technologies®– is truly biodegradable and compostable in an open environment and landfills within 180 days

after disposal – is available and affordable with the lowest cost addition– Is eco-friendly and is not a threat to the global food supply chain– does not deliver inferior products and can also be recycled– is organic, non-hazardous and non-toxic– is established at a pilot marketing with Carrefour Turkey in terms of it’s unique bio-technology

with BIOPLAST® branded products and consumer acceptance

We are using Nature to solve a Man-made problem!

www.bioenzyme.technology