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Biodiversity Strategy

Action, research and engagement for biological diversity

David Russell Halls Environment Team

Version 3 September 2018 Biodiversity Strategy 2019 – 2029 Biodiversity Policy Working Group

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Executive Summary

Aim and Scope

The overarching aim of the University of St Andrews Biodiversity Strategy is to proactively

conserve and promote the biodiversity of St Andrews, so enhancing the University and

town as a desirable place where staff, students and the local community can live, work and

learn and in which wildlife may thrive.

This Biodiversity Strategy aims to provide a comprehensive framework to undertake

biodiversity conservation on University-managed property and land. This can be achieved by

following the Strategy’s recommendations for three principle foci: Habitats and Areas;

Species; Teaching, Research, Communication and Engagement (extensive SMART targets for

each foci are outlined in the University’s separate Biodiversity Action Plan). This Strategy and

associated Action Plan is intended to cover a temporal scope from 2019 – 2029 (after which it

should be revised and renewed). However, what is undertaken in this crucial decade will lay

the foundations for a biodiversity ethos which will continue for the next 600 years and more.

Rationale

This Biodiversity Strategy is essential to:

Ensure the University meets basic legal requirements

Meet BREEAM Excellent building standards

Aid in the achievement of the University’s Strategic Plan 2015 – 2025 and Sustainable

Development Strategy

Develop a reputation for biodiversity and sustainability excellence, which could be

recognized through a number of national awards and accreditation schemes

Enhance and safeguard staff, student and local community quality of life and wellbeing

Create a desirable and prosperous natural environment for all

Objectives

This Strategy defines the University’s biodiversity objectives as to:

Develop and maintain a record of species and habitats existing within University

grounds

Conserve and enhance biodiversity to comply with national legislation and regional

plans

Ensure biodiversity conservation and enhancement is at the forefront of development

decisions

Provide and promote hands-on teaching about biodiversity and sustainable ecosystem

management within the University

Raise staff, student and the local community’s awareness of and positive engagement

with local wildlife and the immediate environment

Become a leader in biodiversity management, therefore increasing the reputation of the

University

Key Recommendations

To meet the above objectives, key recommendations have been proposed for the Strategy’s

three principle foci (for SMART targets see the UStA Biodiversity Action Plan 2019 – 2029):


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Habitats and Areas

Implement evidence-based conservation methods with proven success in specific

habitats and areas

Conduct and maintain baseline surveys for all key habitats and areas

Maintain current supportive habitat; identify habitat that requires no management

Create new desirable habitat

Connect fragmented areas of habitat through the creation of wildlife corridors

Safeguard important habitats when pursuing University Estate expansion or undergoing

changes

Species

Conduct baseline surveys and maintain an up-to-date database of local biodiversity

Identify key species of conservation interest and areas of conflict and potential solution

during University development

Implement key species action plans, predominantly through habitat and area

conservation as above

Teaching, Research, Communication and Engagement

Utilise the University estate and biodiversity for educational purposes by:

Promoting Living Labs biodiversity projects throughout the academic and non-academic

community

Collaborating with local stakeholders for biodiversity teaching and learning

Compiling a portfolio of potential biodiversity Living Labs projects available to

undergraduate and postgraduate students

Promoting the implementation of this Strategy itself as a Living Labs case study for

wellbeing

Improve awareness of existing wildlife among staff, students, visitors and the local

community

Involve staff, students, and the local community in monitoring biodiversity, setting

targets and habitat management

Monitoring Progress

The Biodiversity Strategy and Biodiversity Action Plan’s progress will be monitored through

the following actions:

The Biodiversity Policy Working Group (BPWG) will form a new group termed the

‘Biodiversity Core Group’ (BCG) who will be responsible for monitoring the Strategy and

Action Plan

The BCG will feed progress reports back to the SDWG.


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Preface

Much of the value of the University of St Andrews stems from

the high quality of life here, a significant part of which arises

from the green and pleasant natural environment which

surrounds the University. Maintaining and enhancing the

University’s natural environment – for wildlife and so for people

– must therefore be a priority.

Biodiversity – or biological diversity – is the variety of life. This variety is fundamental in

promoting healthy, resilient and productive ecosystems, and providing the invaluable life-

supporting services which underpin our daily lives. In addition to enabling us to live,

biodiversity undeniably creates a world worth living in – as wildlife and natural places enrich

our lives in a multitude of irreplaceable ways.

St Andrews, with its rural location on the East Coast of Fife, boasts a wealth of natural habitats

and many of Scotland’s estimated 90 000 species – from the grey seal to the Scottish bluebell.

This pleasant natural setting makes the University environment a wonderful place to work

and study, from the obvious to the more subtle: dappled shade on a hot day, the hope of

swallows returning in early spring, or the uplift of a breaching dolphin glimpsed on a cold

winter’s walk into work. But the fate of this extraordinary natural environment - for the

present and next 600 years – is a consequence of how we live in it now and choose to develop

it for the future.

As a centre of academic excellence which endeavours to be a leading figure in sustainability

research and action, it is imperative the University recognises biodiversity conservation

among its very top priorities. What we achieve (or neglect to achieve) here in St Andrews sets

a precedent not only to our staff and students but to all who look up to us as a leading

institution. St Andrews must provide the best example to the world of how sustainable

development leads to a better quality of life for us all.


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Table of Contents

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ......................................................................................................... 2

PREFACE ................................................................................................................................... 4

1 BACKGROUND .................................................................................................................... 6

1.1 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................. 6 1.2 THE BUSINESS CASE FOR BIODIVERSITY ........................................................................... 7 1.3 BIODIVERSITY AS PART OF WIDER UNIVERSITY STRATEGIES ........................................... 9 1.4 LOCAL BIODIVERSITY GOVERNANCE AND STAKEHOLDERS............................................ 10 1.5 THE UNIVERSITY’S CURRENT BIODIVERSITY EFFORTS .................................................... 11

2 THE STRATEGY ............................................................................................................... 13

2.1 AIMS AND OBJECTIVES .................................................................................................... 13 2.2 ACHIEVING OBJECTIVES AND MONITORING PROGRESS ................................................. 14 2.3 ACTIONS: HABITATS AND AREAS .................................................................................... 14 STRATEGY SCOPE ................................................................................................................................. 14 THE UNIVERSITY OF ST ANDREWS ESTATE ........................................................................................ 14 HABITATS ............................................................................................................................................. 17 2.4 ACTIONS: SPECIES ........................................................................................................... 20 2.5 ACTIONS: TEACHING, RESEARCH, COMMUNICATION & ENGAGEMENT ......................... 21 TEACHING AND RESEARCH ................................................................................................................. 21 LIVING LABS ......................................................................................................................................... 22 COMMUNICATION AND ENGAGEMENT .............................................................................................. 23

APPENDICES ......................................................................................................................... 24

APPENDIX 1: HOW THE ST ANDREWS BIODIVERSITY STRATEGY FITS INTO GLOBAL, NATIONAL

AND LOCAL BIODIVERSITY STRATEGIES AND LEGISLATURE ............................................................. 24 APPENDIX 2: DETAILS OF GENERIC HABITAT RECOMMENDATIONS AND SOME EXAMPLES OF THEIR

POTENTIAL IMPLEMENTATION ............................................................................................................ 28 APPENDIX 3: POTENTIAL SPECIES AND POTENTIAL ACTIONS ........................................................... 34 APPENDIX 5: POTENTIAL AREAS OF IMPLEMENTATION .................................................................... 46 APPENDIX 6: RELATED DOCUMENTS .................................................................................................. 51 APPENDIX 7: KEY RESOURCES ............................................................................................................. 52


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1 Background

1.1 Introduction

“The Earth's biodiversity, which Darwin described as 'these endless

forms most beautiful', provides sustenance and inspiration. The

decisions that each of us makes in our daily lives will determine whether

future generations share these benefits.”

– Professor Anne Magurran, Centre of Biological Diversity, St

Andrews

What is biodiversity and why conserve it?

Biodiversity is a contraction of biological diversity, a term defined by the Convention on

Biological Diversity (CBD) as “the variability among living organisms… this includes

diversity within species, between species and of ecosystems”. Biodiversity is crucial to

existence in numerous ways. At the individual level, biodiversity enriches species’

populations through increased genetic variation which enhances their adaptability to

changing environments. At the ecosystem level, a multiplicity of flora and faunae sustain the

web of life by allowing for the complex and varied interactions that regulate an ecosystem’s

functioning. Finally, at a global level, an array of interconnected ecosystems govern the

complex earth system processes which regulate services such as nutrient cycling and climate

regulation. Within a local environment such as St Andrews, biodiversity upholds ecosystem

services and natural capital, providing amenities such as clean water, air and fertile soil,

protecting regions from harsh weather, and diminishing the occurrence of disasters such as

erosion and flooding. These processes work together to increase an area’s resilience to external

pressures.

With the current intensity of human impact and the looming consequences of climate change,

upholding environmental resilience is becoming increasingly significant. However, the rate

of species loss is increasing worldwide, largely due to human-induced habitat loss and

degradation from agriculture, deforestation and development in urban and rural areas as

human populations increase.

This Biodiversity Strategy

This Biodiversity Strategy aims to conserve biodiversity at the local level and so to contribute

to conserving biodiversity at national and global levels. The Strategy expounds the

responsibilities outlined in the University’s Biodiversity Policy and provides the essential

context and rationale for a University-wide biodiversity effort. A companion document: the

UStA Biodiversity Action Plan 2019 – 2029 provides specific actions and/or targets.


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1.2 The Business Case for Biodiversity

Although the intrinsic value of nature and wildlife (and our obligation to ensure future

generations benefit from them) is a sufficient argument for conserving biodiversity, there is

also a strong business case to do so.

Legal compliance

The University is duty-bound to comply with much legislation relating to land management,

habitats and species. Applying good practice ensures compliance and will help the University

avoid potential fines, prosecutions, and negative publicity. Below is a list of some of the

important biodiversity-related legislature the University must comply with:

UK-wide legislature:

The Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981 (as amended)

Forestry Act 1967

Natural Environment and Rural Communities Act 2006

Scottish legislature:

The Protection of Badgers Act 1992

Nature Conservation (Scotland) Act 2004

Environmental Liability (Scotland) Regulations 2009

The Conservation (Natural Habitats, &c.) Regulations 1994 and Conservation of

Habitat and Species Regulations 2010

Town and Country Planning (Scotland) Act 1997 and The Town and Country

Planning (Tree Preservation Order and Trees in Conservation Areas (Scotland)

Regulations 2010

The Water Environment (Controlled Activities) (Scotland) Regulations 2011

The Wildlife and Natural Environment (Scotland) Act 2011 (WANE Act)

Details of the wider biodiversity strategies the UStA Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan

align with, and the legislature they must adhere to are in Appendix 1.

University development

Planning for biodiversity can increase the success of planning applications, particularly when

a proposed development site is on or nearby a designated protection area. Building for

biodiversity may also preempt future conservation legislation that the University will need to

comply with. Furthermore, the University has set a standard that all new builds must be

BREEAM Excellent; building for biodiversity will help contribute towards BREEAM targets.

Reputation and awards

Enhancing biodiversity will further the sustainability reputation of the University and

sharpen the University’s competitive edge. Biodiversity projects are often visually

conspicuous and necessitate interaction with local stakeholders, which will increase

knowledge and dissemination concerning the University’s sustainability achievements.

https://www.breeam.com/BREEAM2011SchemeDocument/Content/03_ScoringRating/scoring.htm


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Furthermore, biodiversity projects will be eligible for competitive awards such as the EAUC’s

(Environmental Association for Universities and Colleges) Green Gown Awards, as well as

accreditation and benchmarking schemes. Accreditation and benchmarking schemes include

the Sustainability Leadership Scorecard, and the LiFE (Learning in Future Environments) self-

assessment scoring tool. LiFE enables the University to assess its biodiversity score calculated

from a range of areas including ‘Policy and Strategy’; ‘Action Planning’; ‘Stakeholder

Engagement’; ‘Measurement’; ‘Communication’; ‘Training and Support’; ‘Implementation’;

and ‘Link to the Curriculum’. The combined scores for these areas give the University a total

score for Biodiversity. The University currently scores a total of 27/100 via the LiFE tool.

Cost savings

Many biodiversity initiatives are extremely cost-effective and will help the University save

money. For example, green walls and roofs provide natural cooling and insulation, whilst

wildflower meadows and corridors will save lawn maintenance costs.

Sustainability in the curriculum

The University is world-leading in having a well-established undergraduate and

postgraduate Sustainable Development programme within the department of Geography and

Sustainable Development. Biodiversity initiatives will foster hands-on sustainability learning

and skill-building for these students, as well as for students studying biodiversity, ecology

and conservation within the School of Biology. Furthermore, biodiversity initiatives will help

disseminate sustainability within wider academic faculties, through the Living Labs approach

to research and learning (see below). The study, research, and volunteering opportunities

enabled by this will provide the essential skills needed to further students’ career prospects.

The University consistently produces world-leading, far-reaching alumni; students’

involvement in biodiversity initiatives while enrolled at the University will produce

influential, environmentally-minded ambassadors of which the University can be proud.

Outreach and partnerships

Biodiversity initiatives provide ample opportunities for University collaborations both within

and across institutions. The transdisciplinary partnerships that can be formed while working

on a biodiversity project will increase professional and personal networks and foster a

stronger sense of community both within the University and beyond. Even in projects which

do not call for wide local involvement, displaying active investment to enhance the quality of

life in the local area will enhance relations between town and gown.

Wellbeing and quality of life

Mental health is a crucial concern for the University’s Student Services. Regular engagement

with the natural environment has been shown to boost mood, concentration and overall

quality of life. Biodiversity initiatives and their associated partnerships will enhance

opportunities to connect with wildlife, and thus increase staff and students’ wellbeing.

Recruitment and satisfaction

Many staff and students choose to apply to St Andrews due to the abundance of local natural

spaces and the opportunities for recreation, relaxation and research that they provide. Thus,

biodiversity plays an important role in the student and staff experience. Conserving and

http://www.eauc.org.uk/sustainability_leadership_scorecard

http://www.eauc.org.uk/life/home


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promoting biodiversity will uphold these experiences and increase St Andrews’ desirability

as a place to work and study.

The business case and rationale for biodiversity conservation as part of sustainability in UK

Universities is further covered in detail by the Environmental Association for Universities and

Colleges (the EAUC Biodiversity Guide).

1.3 Biodiversity as Part of Wider University Strategies This Biodiversity Strategy adheres to and will contribute to the delivery of objectives within

broader University strategies such as the University’s Strategic Plan 2015 – 2025 and

Sustainable Development Strategy 2012 – 2022 (see also Related Documents section).

UStA Strategic Plan 2015 – 2025

The plan notes the history and natural beauty of the town and surrounding areas of St

Andrews, recognising the excellence of experience of University of St Andrews is partly built

on the success of the town. The plan also states, “In delivering growth, we will take care to do this

sustainably, adding to the magic of St Andrews as a place”.

Further, the plan declares “We will also continue to enable local groups and societies such as the St

Andrews Botanic Garden Trust in maintaining a tranquil space for townsfolk and the Pilgrim Trust

in improving the natural amenity of the town centre by enhancing our own open spaces and enabling

public access to them.”

Sustainable Development Strategy

Underpinning the overall strategic plan are several subject-specific strategies, including the

Sustainable Development Strategy. While ‘biodiversity’ is not directly referenced in the

current version of the University Sustainable Development Strategy, it is advisable this be

revisited at the next strategy update in 2022. The current strategy aims to improve the delivery

of sustainable development across the four areas of: Teaching, Research, Operations, and

Community Engagement.

The ‘Operations’ category includes an aim of ‘living within our environmental limits’. This

includes measures to address environmental impacts arising from the impacts of the

University’s core business of teaching and research. The document includes several aims and

objectives including:

To prevent pollution and ensure full compliance with relevant environment legislation now

and in the future;

To ensure prudent use of natural resources;

To develop solutions that reduce travel and transport impacts generated by the University

To achieve effective communication of environment and sustainability issues to all staff

and students

Under ‘Community Engagement’ the University aims to contribute to a ‘healthy and just

society’. This includes measures to “build on the existing proposals to bring sustainable

http://www.eauc.org.uk/biodiversity_guide


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development awareness as a core part of the first-year student experience with the University” and to

“develop an action plan that will support community engagement and the sustainable development

vision”.

Lastly, under ‘Advocacy and Civil Leadership’ the University aims to “to act as an exemplar of

sustainable development practice and to promote the principles of sustainable development at a local,

regional, national and international level”.

1.4 Local Biodiversity Governance and Stakeholders Internal Governance and Stakeholders

The University has multiple staff working on biodiversity across the estates, guided by

various strategy documents (see Appendix 6: Related Documents). Table 1 outlines the

current staff positions and academic departments which incorporate elements of biodiversity

management within their remit. Policy on biodiversity is usually passed through the

University’s Sustainability Development Working Group (SDWG), formed of a selection of

senior staff, chaired by the University’s Quaestor and Factor, every two months.

Table 1: University Departments and Staff Positions Incorporating Biodiversity

Management

Position/ Department Current Holder of Position

Principal’s Office

Quaestor and Factor Derek Watson FCCA (quaestor@)

Estates

Director of Estates Mark Simpson (director.estates@)

Strategic Asset Manager Jill Williamson (jsw25)

Trades and Grounds Manager Stephen Mercer (sm2342)

Grounds Team Leader Donald Steven (ds46)

Head Groundsman Playing Fields John Reid (jjr3)

Estates Environment Team

Sustainability Manager David Stutchfield (ds51)

Environment Officer

Sustainability Intern Anya Kaufman (ak246)

Transition

Project Manager Alistair MacLeod (am296)

Edible Campus Project Officer Andrea Roach (ar252)

Edible Campus Project Officer Helena Simmons (hks3)

Academic Departments and allied External Institutions

St Andrews Botanic Garden James Hearsum

School of Biology

Centre for Biological Diversity

Centre for Research into Ecological and Environmental Modelling

Scottish Oceans Institute & Sea Mammal Research Unit


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School of Geography and Sustainable Development

Integral to success will be the formation of a strong partnership with the St Andrews Botanic

Garden – the University’s own Botanic Gardens from the 1880s until 1982, now managed by

the St Andrews Botanic Garden Trust.

External Stakeholders

In addition to internal stakeholders, the Biodiversity Strategy’s will necessitate working

closely with external stakeholders such as the St Andrews Community Council, Fife

Council, St Andrews Links Trust and Fife Biodiversity Partnership.

1.5 The University’s Current Biodiversity Efforts

It is important to acknowledge that the foundations for this Biodiversity Strategy have

already been laid by several University biodiversity efforts – the existence of which will

undoubtedly aid in this Strategy’s success. However, many of these actions are isolated and

sporadic and will therefore benefit from the guidance of a Strategy and Action Plan. Thus,

this Biodiversity Strategy will provide a common purpose to unify the existing actions

outlined below, whilst providing a vital framework to promote and organise future

biodiversity efforts.

Habitat and landscape management

Figure 1: Stakeholders involved in planning and implementing a biodiversity strategy

Source: diagram provided by Molly Harvey and Tara Chalmers


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The University currently supports biodiversity by maintaining important habitats such as

various patches of native woodland and the 14 existing community gardens, as well as

regenerating habitats such as the Eden Estuary saltmarsh. The University Grounds Team have

also been adapting their land management strategies to better support biodiversity, for

example by leaving certain areas unmown and seeding in wild flowers and grasses.

Biodiversity surveying

There are currently few ongoing measures to monitor and research biodiversity in St

Andrews, and most are independent and irregular. Local biodiversity is surveyed each year

during the BioBlitz. BioBlitz is a 24-hour community event where varied specialists lead

biological public surveys of different taxonomic groups including bats, birds, insects and

vegetation, and record all the species encountered. Some undergraduate Geography and

Biology labs also survey local ecosystems and biotic communities, such as marking plant

species around St Andrews for a GPS assignment and having students conduct intertidal or

bird surveys for ecology labs.

Biodiversity research

Biodiversity is an active area of research in St Andrews. BioTIME, the world’s largest

biodiversity time series database, was started by several researchers at the University.

Undergraduate and Postgraduate students can study biodiversity through biodiversity-

related degree courses such as BSc Biology, BSc Ecology and Conservation, BSc/MA

Geography, BSc/MA/MSc Sustainable Development, and MSc Conservation Studies. Such

degree programmes have led to many biodiversity-themed projects in the local area.

Communication and Engagement

There have been several events in recent years aimed towards encouraging community

members to engage with local biodiversity. For example, the student-led Wildlife Society

(WildSoc) and Transition University St Andrews (TUSA) have organised wildlife walks, tide

pooling days and bat surveys. There are also several sustainability-centric societies, initiatives

and events which do not currently focus on biodiversity engagement but could be encouraged

to do so by the existence of a Biodiversity Strategy. Examples of these include Sustainable

Development Society (SDSoc), TUSA SkillShare and TUSA Green Film Festival.


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2 The Strategy

2.1 Aims and Objectives

Overarching Aim

To proactively conserve and promote the biodiversity of St Andrews, so enhancing the

University and town as a desirable place where staff, students and the local community can

live, work and learn for generations to come.

The University of St Andrews is duty-bound to conserve biodiversity by the Nature

Conservation (Scotland) Act 2004. The University of St Andrews recognises the local and

global significance of biodiversity for promoting healthy and resilient ecosystems and

providing invaluable ecosystem services. As a leading institute in sustainability, we believe

our responsibilities extend beyond those which are duty-bound and thus we aspire to be at

the forefront of biodiversity engagement, research and action.

Specific Objectives

Develop and maintain a record of species and habitats existing within University

grounds through systematic and long-term surveying

Conserve and enhance biodiversity to comply with national legislation and

regional plans

Ensure biodiversity conservation and enhancement is a priority during

development planning

Provide and promote hands-on teaching about biodiversity and sustainable

ecosystem management within the University through carrying out biodiversity

surveying, planning and management

Raise staff, student and the local community’s awareness of and positive

engagement with local wildlife and the immediate environment

Work with all relevant local stakeholders and other bodies working towards

biodiversity conservation at the local, national and global level

Become a leader in evidence-based biodiversity management, therefore increasing

the reputation of the University

The objectives outlined in this Biodiversity Strategy will be enacted through the UStA

Biodiversity Action Plan 2019 – 2029. The UStA Biodiversity Action Plan outlines specific

timescales for each target, the measurement of success for each target, and the

persons/departments responsible for ensuring achievement.

Specific actions are focussed in three areas:

1. Habitats and Areas

2. Species

3. Teaching, Research, Communication and Engagement


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2.2 Achieving Objectives and Monitoring Progress

The Biodiversity Policy Working Group (BPWG)* have been responsible for presenting the

University’s Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan. Following the Biodiversity Strategy and

Action Plan’s endorsement by senior University management, the BPWG will form a new

group termed the ‘Biodiversity Core Group’ (BCG) who will be responsible for monitoring

the Strategy and Action Plan, as well as answering biodiversity enquiries, providing

biodiversity consultation, and assessing and evaluating new developments for impact on

biodiversity. The BCG will collaborate with the University’s Sustainability Development

Working Group (SDWG)** in monitoring the Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan.

The Biodiversity Strategy and Biodiversity Action Plan’s progress will be monitored through

the following actions:

The Biodiversity Action Plan is a working document which will be continually

updated with additional targets. Ideally, the document will be web-based and

subject to revision as and when required by those managing and enacting the

plans.

The Biodiversity Strategy is a static document which can be revised when needed

(e.g. with relevant legislature when the UK leaves the EU).

The BCG will meet regularly (at least quarterly) to monitor the Biodiversity Action

Plan’s progress.

The BCG will feed progress reports back to the SDWG.

Both the Biodiversity Action Plan and the Biodiversity Strategy will be reviewed

during biennial meetings of the BCG and SDWG.

A new Biodiversity Strategy, Biodiversity Action Plan and Biodiversity Policy will

be formed at the end of the current documents’ temporal scope (2029).

*The BPWG is chaired by Professor Will Cresswell, School of Biology

**The SDWG is chaired by Derek Watson, Quaestor and Factor

The Biodiversity Core Group will be organised in Autumn 2018 with first priorities to

allocate or confirm individual or group responsibility for Action Plans, and a timetable and

mechanism for monitoring and reporting progress.

2.3 Actions: Habitats and Areas

Strategy Scope

This strategy pertains only to the University’s owned and managed Estate and does not

include for example Links Trust or Fife Council managed land. However, the University

envisions and encourages collaboration with non-University managed areas.

The University of St Andrews Estate

The University’s estate is thoroughly integrated within St Andrews town, with University

buildings and halls of residences interspersing community buildings and residences.


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Therefore, actions to improve biodiversity will often be site specific rather than a campus wide

strategy as is more common with other campus-based Universities.

The University is also a prominent land holder in the East Coast of Fife, owning and managing

an extensive estate that stretches beyond the St Andrews town boundary. University-held

land amounts to approximately 85ha of land in the town of St Andrews and an additional

373ha of farmland. Thus, the University’s management choices have far-reaching

consequences for ecosystem health.

Figure 2A: University lands - Total Estate


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Figure 2B: University lands - St Andrews Town Centre

Figure 2C: University Lands – North Haugh


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Figure 2D: University Lands – Guardbridge

A key consideration for any site-based biodiversity strategy is what occurs for land

earmarked for future development (as is likely with several areas such as the North Haugh

and St Katherine’s Lawn). Such sites may remain unused for years and even decades.

Consequently, these sites should not be left simply as low diversity lawns, but instead

should be regarded as an opportunity to create interesting early successional habitats such

as wildflower meadows, willow scrub or shallow ponds.

Habitats

Managing habitat is integral to

supporting biodiversity. In

managing habitat, the University

should aim to maintain current

supportive habitat as well as

creating new desirable habitat.

The University should also

endeavour to connect fragmented

areas of biodiverse habitat

through the designation and

creation of wildlife corridors.

Figure 4 displays current

University land cover percentages

(excluding farmland which

amounts to 89% of University-owned land). A large proportion of University land is currently

Figure 4: University Land Cover Percentages

(excluding

farmland)


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designated for amenity grassland, which is a species-poor habitat. The University should aim

to increase the overall percentage of desirable habitat such as woodland and ponds.

5A. Beehives, Boxes and Bug ‘Hotels’ 5B. Formally-planted Areas

Beehives in the apiary near Andrew Melville Hall (St

Andrews) © Connie Dawson

Planted flowers at St Salvator’s Quadrangle (St Andrews)

© Connie Dawson

5C. Grassland 5D. Green Roofs and Walls

Low-species amenity grassland near Andrew Melville Hall

(St Andrews) © Connie Dawson Green Roof at David Russell Hall (St Andrews) © Connie

Dawson

5E. Hedgerows 5F. Marine, Coastal and Intertidal


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Low-species leylandii hedge bordering David Russell Hall

Sports Field (St Andrews) © Connie Dawson

The Eden Estuary Local Nature Reserve and the coastal

town of St Andrews © David M Paterson

5G. Ponds and Rivers 5H. Soil and Compost Heaps

David Russell Hall Pond (St Andrews) © Connie Dawson Observatory Community Garden compost heaps (St

Andrews) © Connie Dawson

5I. Wooded areas 5J. Corridors

North Haugh Arboretum (St Andrews) © Connie Dawson Observatory Woodland shelter belt (St Andrews)

Generic habitat improvement recommendations are:

1. Increase planting of native and habitat diversifying, invertebrate resource rich species

2. Reduce mowing intensity and create wildflower meadows, strips and corridors

3. Increase native hedgerow length

4. Increase the proportion of woodland and abundance of native trees

5. Create green roofs and walls

6. Increase number of bird/ bat boxes and bug hotels on University property

7. Increase organic matter in soil and create open compost heaps

8. Retain and increase the amount of dead wood (entirely compatible with academia)

9. Manage coastal habitats to reduce erosion, disturbance and improve access for wildlife

viewing

10. Manage riparian habitats to reduce erosion, disturbance and improve access for wildlife

viewing

11. Increase the number of ponds

12. Reduce the amount of sealed surfaces and paths


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13. Increase connectivity between University areas and habitats through corridor creation

and integration into existing habitats throughout St Andrews

Further details are provided in Appendix 2 along with examples of potential implementation

in several areas of the University.

2.4 Actions: Species

The University should aim to increase overall native species richness and abundance of

individuals within species, as well as functional richness. Species targeted will depend on

species occurrence, or potential occurrence with favourable management, and identification

of these will arise from the survey and monitoring we will do as part of this strategy. Initially,

we focus on known and potential high conservation priority species and include all of the Fife

LBAP priority species, as well as several UKBAP priority species. Which species are targeted

or prioritised is subjective, or might be a consequence of a particular opportunity, special

interest or even because an expert or passionate species advocate is present at the University

or in the local community. Ultimately, species action plans are secondary to habitat and area

plans that effectively conserve many species, and these plans will take precedence over single

species plans, although in many cases there will be sensible compromises available.

Invertebrates

Pollinating and herbivorous invertebrates (multiple species)

Mycetophagous (fungi-eating) and detritivorous invertebrates (multiple species)

Aquatic invertebrates (multiple species)

Soil invertebrates (multiple species)

Amphibians

Great Crested Newt (Triturus cristatus) *

Reptiles

Common Lizard (Zootoca vivipara) *

Slowworm (Anguis fragilis) *

Birds

European Herring Gull (Larus argentatus) & Lesser Black-backed Gull (Larus fuscus)

Corn Bunting (Emberiza calandra) *

Mammals

European Badger (Meles meles)

Bats (multiple species) *

European Hedgehog (Erinaceus europaeus) *

Red Squirrel (Sciurus vulgaris) *

Water Vole (Arvicola amphibious) *

Fungi (multiple species)


21

Native Trees (multiple species):

European Aspen (Populus tremula)

Wild Flowers (multiple species):

Bluebell (Hyacinthoides non-scripta)

Control and replacement of Invasive Plants (multiple species):

Giant Hogweed (Heracleum mantegazzianum); Japanese knotweed (Fallopia japonica);

Rhododendron (Rhododendron ponticum & hybrids)

Control and replacement of Invasive Animals (multiple species):

American Mink (Mustela vison); Grey Squirrel (Sciurus carolinensis)

* If UK BAP priority

If Fife LBAP priority

2.5 Actions: Teaching, Research, Communication & Engagement

Teaching and research

Managing a range of biodiverse habitats within and around the University provides an

opportunity for practical teaching, student research projects and engagement with the local

community. Communication and engagement is vital to the long-term success of any

biodiversity strategy, and both are achieved through teaching, involvement in survey and

research, and practical implementation of management actions that arise. St Andrews already

has strengths in biodiversity research in the Centre for Biological Diversity, the Scottish

Oceans Institute, Centre for Research into Ecological and Environmental Modelling, in the

School of Biology and in the School of Geography and Sustainable Development. The School

of Biology has research specialists in species identification, monitoring biodiversity and in

conservation of biodiversity. The School of Geography and Sustainable Development has

strengths in all aspects of sustainability research and in monitoring awareness and

engagement. Both schools also teach all aspects of biodiversity conservation: the rationale for

it, the theories behind its occurrence and conservation, the monitoring of it and the economic,

social and political considerations that are involved in valuing and conserving biodiversity.

Teaching occurs at all levels from all undergraduate years, more than three directly

conservation-related Masters programmes, and up to around 40 PhD students directly

working on conservation-related topics. Student topics and researchers at St Andrews come

and go, but at any one time there are over 50 post-docs at St Andrews, over 100 post-grads

and several hundred undergraduates with direct biodiversity conservation experience: we

therefore have a huge pool of expertise that could be engaged in local biodiversity

conservation and involved in the process of communication and engagement.

We aim to fully utilise the University’s personnel and estate for practical teaching to

undergraduates and the local community about:

a. Species identification


22

b. Biological monitoring methods

c. Conservation management methods

d. Monitoring of opinions and impacts on human stakeholders including health and

mental wellbeing.

e. Community involvement, Citizen Science methods and organization of monitoring

Teaching and subsequent survey and research can feed into management through

recommendations to Estates and also through involvement of Fife Conservation Volunteers

who undertake lots of woodland and habitat management across Fife. We plan to establish a

group at the University and run a practical conservation programme that could include

woodland management and habitat creation.

A key approach will be undergraduate and post graduate student-led local research projects

and dissertations, arising from the research interests and expertise of staff within the

traditional academic departments. This already occurs, but greater linkage and continuity

between projects can be achieved to add value to the research experience for the students and

to the University in monitoring and managing their biodiversity. One way to achieve this is

through the Living Labs approach.

Living Labs

The St Andrews Living Lab is an interdisciplinary, collaborative platform that aims to foster

innovation and community engagement by addressing sustainability issues in a real-life

context. The University of St Andrews’ Living Lab programmes address local sustainability

issues, as well as those with global significance; encourage research and teaching that breaks

down traditional disciplinary divides; and promote improved communication, knowledge

exchange and learning between academics, students, professional staff and the wider

community.

Living Lab programmes are implemented through academic projects, formal extracurricular

projects, and informal extracurricular activities. Academic projects include any work

conducted by a student or academic that contributes to their research or degree – such as

dissertations, coursework, fieldtrips and all research papers and publications. Formal

extracurricular refers to organised undertakings such as internships which are not part of staff

and students’ compulsory research, teaching or coursework, yet are still formal projects.

Informal extracurricular refers to optional activities that individuals can engage in as and

when they desire, with no expectation of taking on roles of responsibility – such as voluntary

conservation projects1.

Key Recommendations for Living Labs:

Compile a portfolio of potential biodiversity Living Labs projects available to

undergraduate and postgraduate students

Collaborate with local stakeholders on biodiversity teaching and learning

1 For more information on Living Labs see Greig, A. (2018) The University of St Andrews Living Lab. St

Andrews: University of St Andrews Environment Team


23

Promote Living Labs biodiversity projects throughout the academic and non-

academic community

Promote the implementation of this Strategy itself as a Living Labs case study for

wellbeing

Communication and engagement

Communication and engagement are key to fulfilling the promise of the Biodiversity Strategy.

To ensure that our communication and engagement is effective as possible, the University

must strive to be inclusive and thought-provoking. In order to reach the broadest audience –

from students and staff to the wider community – a number of methods must be used.

Communication methods will range from a biodiversity website and other online/mobile

resources to a physical biodiversity trail with the purpose of educating individuals about the

wildlife of St Andrews. In order to engage the St Andrews population in biodiversity action

there are plans for skill-share sessions on building habitats for wildlife, the implementation of

a Biodiversity Week, and a long-term collaboration with the St Andrews Botanic Gardens.

Another potential way we can increase local community engagement is via citizen science

projects as typified by initiatives by the British Trust for Ornithology, RSPB and Butterfly

Conservation Scotland; a potential project – where engagement and education are actually the

solution to the problem – might be householders monitoring gull nesting in St Andrews. By

communicating and engaging in this way with a wide variety of individuals and stakeholders

the overall strategy will be enhanced as the larger community begins to more highly value

and respect St Andrews’ biodiversity.


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Global: CBD Strategic Plan 2011 - 2020

EU: EU Biodiversity Strategy to 2020

UK: UK Post-2010 Biodiversity Framework

National: 2020 Challenge for Scotland's Biodiversity

Local: Fife LBAP 2013 - 2018

Institutional: UStA

Appendices

Appendix 1: How the St Andrews Biodiversity Strategy fits into Global, National and

Local Biodiversity Strategies and Legislature

The University of St Andrews’ Biodiversity Strategy and associated Biodiversity Action Plan

are nested within wider national and global Biodiversity Strategies. In addition to being

informed by wider strategies, actions, research and case studies at the local scale also feedback

to and transform national and global initiatives (see Figure 6). Thus, the University has a

crucial opportunity to influence national and global biodiversity governance from the

ground-up. The following section outlines the wider biodiversity strategies the UStA

Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan align with, and the legislature they must adhere to.

Global

Strategy

In 1992, during the Rio de Janeiro Earth Summit, the Convention on Biological Diversity

(CBD) treaty was formed. The CBD is a legally-binding treaty, of which the UK is a signatory;

countries (‘parties’) that join the CBD are legally obliged to implement the treaty’s provisions.

The primary three goals of the CBD are “the conservation of biological diversity, the sustainable

use of its components, and the fair and equitable sharing of benefits arising out of the utilisation of

genetic resources”. As of 2016, the CBD has 196 parties. In 2010, CBD parties revised and

updated a CBD Strategic Plan for Biodiversity, for the 2011 – 2020 period. This includes the

20 Aichi Biodiversity Targets which were formed under five goal headings:

UStA Biodiversity Strategy

and Action Plan 2019 - 2029

Figure 6: Current Global, National and Local Biodiversity Strategies

Global

Local

Feedback


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Strategic Goal A: Address the underlying causes of biodiversity loss by

mainstreaming biodiversity across government and society

Strategic Goal B: Reduce the direct pressures on biodiversity and promote

sustainable use

Strategic Goal C: To improve the status of biodiversity by safeguarding

ecosystems, species and genetic diversity

Strategic Goal D: Enhance the benefits to all from biodiversity and ecosystem

services

Strategic Goal E: Enhance implementation through participatory planning,

knowledge management and capacity building

These goals are implemented through National Biodiversity Strategies and Action Plans

(NBSAPs), such as the 2020 Challenge for Scotland’s Biodiversity.

Legislature

The UK contributes to global networks of protected sites created under the Ramsar, World

Heritage and OSPAR Conventions.

Europe

Strategy

The European Union (EU)’s current biodiversity strategy is the EU Biodiversity Strategy to

2020, to which all EU member countries must align. The Strategy outlines six key targets: to

fully implement the Birds and Habitats Directive; maintain and restore ecosystems and their

services; increase the contribution of agriculture and forestry to biodiversity; ensure the

sustainable use of fisheries resources; combat Invasive Alien Species; and step-up action to

tackle the global biodiversity crisis.

Legislature

Although scheduled to leave the EU in March 2019, the UK is still currently a member of the

EU. As a member of the EU, the UK is signatory to the EC Birds Directive (2009) for the

conservation of wild birds and to the Habitats Directive (1992) for the conservation of natural

habitats and of wild fauna and flora. Under these two directives the UK is required to

designate Special Protection Areas (SPAs) for birds and Special Areas of Conservation (SACs),

forming part of a larger European network called Natura 2000.

UK

Strategy

The UK was the first nation to produce an NBSAP following the CBD in 1994. The UK does

not currently have an overarching NBSAP as this responsibility was devolved to the English,

Scottish, Welsh and Northern Irish parliaments following the UK Post-2010 Biodiversity

Framework, published in 2012. The Post-2010 Biodiversity Framework was created to align

with the CBD’s Strategic Plan for Biodiversity 2011 – 2020 and Aichi targets. Prior to this

Framework, the UK had a Biodiversity Action Plan (UKBAP), which listed UK priority


26

species. The prior UKBAP priority species list2 is still used as a guide for each of the UK’s

nation countries’ NBSAPs.

Legislature

Within the UK sites that are nationally important for biodiversity are protected by law as Sites

of Special Scientific Interest (SSSIs), Marine Nature Reserves (MNRs) and Marine

Conservation Zones (MCZ). This system provides the underpinning statutory protection for

all sites, including those which are also of international importance.

Scotland

Strategy

Scotland’s current NBSAP is the 2020 Challenge for Scotland’s Biodiversity: A strategy for

the conservation and enhancement of biodiversity in Scotland, which was published in

2013. The strategy urges local governments and public bodies to ‘step up to their ‘biodiversity

duty’ by following the main three aims of the strategy: to protect and restore biodiversity on

land and in our seas, and to support healthier ecosystems; to connect people with the natural

world, for their health and wellbeing and to involve them more in decisions about their

environment; and to maximise the benefits for Scotland of a diverse natural environment and

the services it provides, contributing to sustainable economic growth. The Scottish

biodiversity strategy guides the Scottish local authorities’ Local Biodiversity Action Plans

(LBAPS), such as the Fife LBAP.

Legislature

Scottish Ministers have the power to designate Nature Conservation Marine Protected Areas

under the Marine (Scotland) Act 2010. This complements the MPA power introduced

through the Marine and Coastal Access Act for offshore waters around Scotland. The Act

also allows the Scottish Ministers to designate MPAs for demonstration and research and for

historic/cultural conservation.

Fife

Strategy

The current Fife LBAP for the period 2013 – 2018 is Fife’s fourth LBAP edition. A fifth edition

LBAP is currently undergoing revision as of 2018. The present and future fifth edition was

and will be assembled by the Fife Biodiversity Partnership, which is formed of members from

numerous key stakeholder organisations in Fife. The Fife LBAP aims to support and direct

individual and institutional-level biodiversity action, such as this UStA Biodiversity Strategy.

The Fife LBAP outlines the context of biodiversity in Fife and presents strategies for each key

ecosystem type. The priority species and habitats identified by the Fife LBAP are listed in

Section 2.4 (for a comprehensive list of priority species across the whole of Scotland, please

see the Scottish Biodiversity List and the UKBAP Priorities List. For more information about

protected species, see the Scottish Natural Heritage website).

Legislature

2 see JNCC (2016)

https://www.nature.scot/plants-animals-and-fungi


27

Fife has nine internationally designated protected areas: four SPAs, two SACs and three

Ramsar sites. It is also home to 56 nationally designated areas (54 SSSIs and two NNRs) and

11 locally designated areas (seven Local Nature Reserves (LNR), one Regional Park and three

Country Parks). It also has around 100 important sites with non-statutory designations,

including 10 Scottish Wildlife Trust Reserves, 82 Wildlife Sites (areas of land that are

especially important for wildlife, identified and selected locally using scientifically-

determined criteria and surveys) and 7 Regionally Important Geological and

Geomorphological Sites (RIGS) (Fife LBAP, 2013).

The Eden Estuary is a highly protected conservation area and arguably one of the most

extensively researched estuaries in Scotland (through bird interests, seals and coastal

habitats). It has been designated as an SSSI and a local nature reserve, as well as an SAC, an

SPA and a protected site under Ramsar (for a reference please search under ‘Designated Sites’

on Scottish Natural Heritage map). With the acquisition of the old Guardbridge Paper Mill

(located adjacent to the estuary) and the establishment of a new campus on this site (Eden

Campus), the University is now subject to compliance with all of the above-listed conservation

legislation. This impacts all building and infrastructure developments on site. All works on

the Campus require an appropriate ecological assessment to be carried out prior to

commencement (flora and fauna) and suitable mitigation to be put in place. Examples of this

include 1) Work on the north area of the site where a replacement bridge was built across a

designated stretch of the Motray Water river to serve the Biomass plant. Mitigation for this

development included the installation of a kingfisher nesting box, replacement of lost scrub,

and seeding of newly created bare areas; 2) Work carried out on the eastern side of the campus

to replace the seawall which forms the west boundary of the designated area has also required

a sensitive approach – the work was subject to a Marine Scotland Licence and limited to the

summer period (the site designations are for bird species over winter, not summer). In

addition to compliance, it is the University’s ambition to enhance the Eden Campus site for

biodiversity, by providing an additional buffer and foraging habitats for species currently

using the Estuary.

https://gateway.snh.gov.uk/sitelink/searchmap.jsp


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Appendix 2: Details of generic habitat recommendations and some examples of their

potential implementation

1. Increase planting of native and habitat diversifying, invertebrate resource rich species

Formally-planted areas are spaces planted for maximum visual appeal. The University has a

number of formally-planted areas, such as the St Salvator’s Quadrangle flower borders, and

the various flower beds that can be found at the entranceways to most University buildings.

It is important the flowers prioritised for these planted areas are nectar-rich species, or those

known for providing resources (e.g. as larval host plants) to invertebrates. Native, nectar-rich

species should be made a priority; choosing native species will not necessarily detract from

aesthetic potential; in fact, many native, nectar rich species make for incredibly attractive

flower displays. Examples of such flowers are common valerian (Valeriana officinalis), common

poppy (Papaver rhoeas), common honeysuckle (Lonicera periclymenum) and primrose (primula

vulgaris). However, some non-native, southern-hemisphere species should also be considered

to extend the flowering season and maintain a constant nectar supply.3

In addition, the University could consider turning some formally-planted areas into ‘sensory

gardens’. Sensory gardens are therapeutic spaces planted with species specifically chosen to

stimulate all 5 senses. Sensory gardens provide numerous benefits and could be used as a

possible area of research on the benefits of nature for people with mental health conditions

and disabilities.

Key recommendations:

Choose mostly native species that diversify the habitat and provide resources for

invertebrates (nectar, galls, fungi etc.)

Choose a variety of species which will mature and flower at different times of the

year, thus maintaining a constant nectar/resource supply

Consider window boxes and hanging baskets to maximise space

Consider planting sensory gardens for therapeutic benefit

2. Reduce mowing intensity and create wildflower meadows, strips and corridors

Mown grassland is a species-poor habitat which offers very little benefit for biodiversity.

Much of the University estate is covered in mown-grassland: from the manicured, high-

visibility Rector’s lawn to the functional Sports Centre playing fields. These grassland areas

require an intensive and costly management regime yet provide very little environmental

benefits in return.

Where possible, a reduction in the frequency of mowing will allow grassland species to flower

and seed, providing nectar and seed for invertebrates and birds. This could be achieved

without comprising the recreational function of the grassland, for example by reducing

mowing around the borders of amenity grassland or designating permanent ‘no-mow’

3 For a list of suitable species please consult: www.rhs.org.uk/plantsforpollinators

http://www.rhs.org.uk/plantsforpollinators


29

patches. Low-mow borders will also act as biodiversity corridors, reducing habitat

fragmentation and providing mobility cover for invertebrates, reptiles and small mammals.

Lower-priority grassland could be restored to species-rich meadow, with mowing of edges

and paths used to give a ‘managed’ appearance. If soil is nutrient-poor a perennial meadow

should be established; if soil is nutrient-high a native annual flower meadow should be

planted.4 In addition to large grassland spaces, there are also many small patches of grassland

(such as embankments, road verges and building edges) which offer no amenity nor visual

value; these small, unused spaces are prime areas to plant native, nectar-rich flowers.


Relax mowing regimes on all but essential-to-maintain grassland

Maintain a ‘managed’ appearance in low-mow areas by mowing paths and edges

Allow spaces of perennial wildflower meadows to flourish across lower-priority

lawns and higher-priority lawn borders

Reduce chemical inputs on grassland and promote organic management

3. Increase native hedgerow length

Hedgerows are an important resource for many species. As well as being a habitat in their

own right, hedgerows also act as wildlife corridors allowing species to move between

fragmented habitats. The University currently maintains many hedgerows. However, many

of these are non-native hedge species such as Leyland Cypress (Cupressus × leylandii).

Native, diverse-species hedgerows are of greatest importance for biodiversity. The more

diverse a hedgerow is the more species it is likely to support (for specific information on how

hedgerows support different species, please see Hedgelink UK5). Native species such as

buckthorn (Prunus spinosa), hawthorn (Crataegus monogyny), Beech (Fagus sylvatica) and hazel

(Corylus avellena) should be considered over non-native species.

In addition, less-managed hedgerows are more attractive to bird, mammal, amphibian and

invertebrate species than frequently cut hedges. Relaxed management will encourage a dense

hedge to develop and allow the production of flowers, fruits and seeds. A cutting cycle of

two-three years should be considered for all hedges to allow species to benefit from such

products.


Relax hedgerow management where possible, with two/three-year cutting-cycles

Use hedgerows instead of fences where possible

Choose a diverse mix of native species for all new hedgerows

4. Increase the proportion of woodland and numbers of native trees

4 For more information on perennial and annual meadows see:

https://www.womansweekly.com/gardening/start-perennial-meadow-14893/ 5 Hedgelink UK (2018). About Hedgerows: Hedgerow Biodiversity. [Online] Available at:

http://www.hedgelink.org.uk/index.php?page=21

https://www.womansweekly.com/gardening/start-perennial-meadow-14893/

http://www.hedgelink.org.uk/index.php?page=21


30

‘Wooded areas’ encompass any area containing multiple trees, for example woodlands,

forests, orchards and arboretums. Wooded areas support and encourage a variety of different

species (including the trees themselves that constitute the wooded area). For example, trees

provide nest spaces, food and shelter for various birds, mammals, reptiles and invertebrates;

fallen bark and leaf litter also creates hibernacula for wildlife, before it ultimately decomposes

and increases soil organic matter. Trees also provide many services to humans such as climate

sequestration, water regulation, temperature regulation, shelter and food. The University

should therefore agree to only remove trees in the following circumstances:

If posing a safety hazard to people

If growing in unsuitable areas or damaging services (e.g. root damage to pipelines)

If need to be cleared for new development and no other option exists

If a tree meets the criteria above and thus has to be removed, care should be taken to replace

or replant it elsewhere. When planting new wooded areas, a variety of native species is

preferable to support the maximum number of species.

The University manages several wooded areas such as the woodlands near the Observatory

and the North Haugh Arboretum. TUSA’s 2017 University Woodland Proposal identified

potential sites both within and outside of the University estate for the creation of a new

University woodland (for more information refer to the TUSA team).


Carry out regular tree surveys to maintain the health and biodiversity value of

trees

Maintain existing wooded areas for biodiversity

Replant or replace any trees needing removal

Increase wooded areas by planting a variety of native trees

5. Create green roofs and walls

The University should consider green roofs and green walls on all new developments.

Green Roofs provide a sustainable urban drainage system mitigation measure, but also a

habitat for flora and fauna. Green walls should also be considered where appropriate. If

possible, these should consist of a framework and ground mounted planting with climbing

plants rather than a proprietary green wall system.

The University has already established a successful green roof above the main David Russell

Apartment building, which helps to reduce rainwater runoff and supports nesting

oystercatchers.


Consider green roofs and walls on all new developments

Consider mounted, climbing-plant green walls where appropriate


31

6. Increase number of bird/ bat boxes and bug hotels on University property

Man-made habitats such as bird and bat boxes, bug hotels, and beehives have an important

role to play in increasing available habitat and supporting species.

Changes in habitat, land use and building designs have limited the nesting, habitat and

roosting opportunities for bat and birds within the UK. The loss of suitable habitat sites has

been suggested as a key reason for the decline in UK bird and bat species. Bird and bat boxes

provide a suitable alternative nesting site for birds and roosting site for bats. Over 60 species

of UK birds, including blue tits and nuthatches, and 11 of the UK’s bat species are known to

use these artificial nesting and roosting sites. Bug hotels and habitat piles have potential to

support a wide range of insects and smaller animals. They provide food and shelter for many

insects, fungi, mosses, lichens, birds, mammals and amphibians. For example, birds can feed

on insects found in big hotels and hedgehogs often use habitat piles for hibernation sites.

Solitary bee boxes likewise increase habitat available for solitary bees.

The University has already installed a number of bird and bat boxes around campus.

However, as these boxes and bug hotels are inexpensive and low-maintenance they should

be increased in every suitable area. The University provides space for apiaries near Andrew

Melville Hall and North Haugh Arboretum and at the Newton Bank Nursery.


Increase number of bird/ bat boxes and bug hotels on University property

Hold skillshare workshops and outreach sessions to encourage staff, students and

local community to build their own man-made wildlife habitats

7. & 8. Increase organic matter in soil and create open compost heaps; increase the amount

of dead wood

Soil biodiversity regulates soil fertility and upholds ecosystem services such as nutrient

cycling and climate regulation. Soil in St Andrews consists of a mixture of mineral gleys,

mineral podzols, alluvial soils, and brown soils. Threats to soil include erosion, structural

damage (e.g. compaction), pollution, reduced soil carbon, loss of organic matter (SOM), and

loss of soil biodiversity.

Composting helps increase SOM in localised areas such as gardens, which in turn enhances

the conditions for numerous soil biota. Compost heaps themselves, as well as dead wood and

log piles also create a favourable habitat for many invertebrates, amphibians and small

mammals. All but one of the University’s community gardens currently have compost

facilities. However, many of these are green waste composting bins which cannot be accessed

by wildlife.


Minimise use of herbicides, pesticides and artificial fertilizers on land

Enhance soil organic matter content (SOM)

Increase number of open compost heaps (instead of green waste composting bins)


32

Retain dead trees where possible

Create conservation log piles

9. Manage coastal habitats to reduce erosion, disturbance and improve access for wildlife

viewing

St Andrews is a coastal town boasting award-winning beaches and coastal sand dunes,

intertidal mudflats and saltmarshes, strandline and shingle communities, and maritime cliffs,

slopes and islands. Few staff and students at the University will not be familiar with one or

more of these habitats, whether dog walking, bird watching, kayaking or kite flying. As a

coastal university town, we have strong personal and professional links to the surrounding

marine and coastal world.

The Eden Estuary in particular, is arguably one of Scotland’s most extensively researched

estuaries, and the University leads in the education and prevention of plastics and microfibre

pollution in the marine environment, and spearheads innovative strategies regarding coastal

carbon storage and green engineering techniques.

With the Eden Campus development well under way, and the university hosting MASTS –

the UK’s largest marine research consortium (Marine Alliance for Science and Technology for

Scotland) and SMRU (the Sea Mammal Research Unit), it is important the University is seen

to help conserve and protect key coastal habitats to support a wide variety of species.


Support and protect marine and coastal habitats

Manage university boundaries with coastal areas for biodiversity

Greater involvement in helping to conserve coastal habitats and species

10. & 11. Manage riparian habitats to reduce erosion, disturbance and improve access for

wildlife viewing; increase the number of ponds

Ponds and rivers are extremely useful habitats for supporting and encouraging a variety of

wildlife.

The University manages large ponds such as David Russell Apartment and Andrew Melville

ponds. However, ponds do not necessarily have to be large to support wildlife; small ponds

such as the Observatory Community Garden pond can provide proportionally-large benefits

for wildlife. Ponds need to be at least 60cm deep to allow wildlife to lie dormant under a

frozen top-layer. Within and surrounding the pond should be a mixture of native emergent,

submerged and floating plants.

Rivers such as Motray Water, Swilken Burn and Kinness Burn run through University-

managed land. It is important the University maintains riparian habitats to support a variety

of species, for example by planting tall herbaceous vegetation to provide cover for

invertebrates, amphibians, reptiles and small mammals.


33


Manage riparian vegetation for biodiversity

Increase number of freshwater ponds and manage existing ponds for wildlife

12. Reduce the number of sealed surfaces and paths

Water run-off due to increasingly impermeable surfaces in urban areas contributes to flooding

and erosion as well as the increased need for irrigation.


Replace solid surfaces with gravel or permeable paths where possible

13. Increase connectivity between University areas and habitats through corridor creation

and integration into existing habitats throughout St Andrews

Habitat fragmentation is one of the key threats to biodiversity. Much of the St Andrews

University estate is scattered through St Andrews and separated, although garden and

farmland habitat can provide stepping stones for many species to facilitate connectivity.

Where possible we can add hedgerows, trees and less managed grassland habitat to connect

habitats. For example, along the back of the North Haugh and particularly along the cycle

path between Guardbridge and St Andrews.


Consider management of habitat at the landscape level, so that patch size and

connectivity is maximized.

Create and promote hedge and woodland corridors – or other appropriate linking

habitat - between areas where possible.


34

Appendix 3: Potential species and potential actions

Invertebrates

The key threat to local invertebrate biodiversity is undoubtedly our own ignorance - of the

species found in and around our estate lands, their life histories, and their associations with

other organisms. The majority of invertebrate species found in Fife and St Andrews have little

information available on their specific ecologies, and even less of this information has been

collected or tested locally. What is known more broadly however, is that invertebrates can be

found in almost every environment on earth, utilising a vast array of resources from plant,

fungal and animal material, to faecal matter, bacteria, and even human-made substances such

as paints and adhesives.

In the face of such diversity, species-specific approaches are feasible for only a small subset of

the UK invertebrate fauna. Instead, modern invertebrate conservation approaches typically

consider specific habitats, resources (e.g. larval stage host plants) or functional groups (e.g.

pollinators, detritivores, etc.), and focus on maximising their quality and community

resilience more broadly. At this macro scale, the key threats to invertebrate biodiversity arise

from habitat loss, fragmentation, and reduction in habitat or resource quality.

Our conservation efforts should therefore focus on increasing the provision of known (and

suspected) habitats and resources for major functional groups of invertebrates. As monitoring

progresses and more complete species and life history inventories are assembled, more

nuanced conservation actions can be incorporated to target specific taxa of interest. There

remains however, much work to be done.

Key facts:

There are approximately 5,700 invertebrate species known to occur in Fife, including

770 beetle species, 250 species of spider, and 350 species of macro-moth

1138 invertebrate species in the UK are currently included on the British habitats and

species priority list

Fife is home to only a small fraction of these UKBAP species, although this may be

due to under-recording

Threats to invertebrates include habitat fragmentation and alteration, loss of habitat

resources (such as larval host plants), pollution via manufactured substances, and

climate change


Conduct baseline surveys of terrestrial and aquatic invertebrates on University estate

land

Incorporate survey data into relevant national recording schemes and consult pre-

existing species-specific action plans (e.g. spider recording scheme)

Update local management plans to incorporate national recommendations

Where specific ecologies are unknown, assign local species to habitat or functional

groups and base management decisions in relation to previously published best

practices

http://srs.britishspiders.org.uk/portal.php/p/Summary/s/Monocephalus+castaneipes


35

Amphibians

Great Crested Newt (Triturus cristatus)

Great Crested Newts are the largest native newt species in the UK. Great Crested Newts spend

the majority of their life on land (usually within 250m of a freshwater pond) and return to

freshwater ponds to breed. They are a nocturnal species, hunting invertebrate prey at night

and hiding in damp grassland or leaf litter during the day. Breeding occurs during March to

June; egg larvae spend approximately three months developing in freshwater ponds before

moving to land. It is therefore of utmost importance that freshwater ponds are maintained in

newt-friendly conditions over the crucial summer months. An area containing multiple ponds

connected by long-grass habitat is ideal for the Great Crested Newt.

Great Crested Newt have been sighted in wider Fife according to the NBN Atlas citizen

science database6. However, there is no known data on distribution in St Andrews. There is a

need for a formal baseline survey to establish current data.

Key facts:

European Protected Species

Protected species under Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981

UKBAP priority species

Fife LBAP priority species

Threats include fragmentation, destruction and pollution of terrestrial habitat and

breeding ponds; introduction of fish to breeding ponds; pond vegetation succession


Conduct baseline surveys and continual monitoring to improve accuracy and

availability of Great Crested Newt data

Manage existing ponds to minimize vegetation overgrowth

Increase number of suitable ponds available, surrounded by long-grassland habitat

Minimise use of chemical fertiliser and pesticides on land

Reptiles

Common Lizard (Zootoca vivipara)

The common lizard is the UK’s most widespread and common reptile. Common lizards can

be found in a variety of habitats including woodland, brownfield sites and large gardens,

providing they have opportunities to bask in sunny, open spaces in proximity to nearby cover.

During night they hide beneath piles of rocks and logs or in small burrows and hibernate in

such places during the winter. Adults mate during April and May and produce multiple

young in July. Unlike most other lizard species, the common lizard incubates its eggs

internally and gives birth to live young (hence it is often called the ‘viviparous’ (live young)

lizard). Common lizards feed on a range of invertebrates. Thus, efforts to encourage

invertebrates also encourage the common lizard.

6 NBN Atlas Partnership (2017)


36

Common lizards can be found across Fife. They have been sighted in St Andrews according

to anecdotal accounts and the citizen science database NBN Atlas.

Key facts:

Native to UK and wider Eurasia



Threats include loss and fragmentation of heathland, grassland and woodland

habitats through human activity, and the domestic cat


Conduct baseline surveys to improve accuracy and availability of common lizard data

Increase long grass cover by reduced mowing

Create habitat piles near to basking spaces

Avoid disturbing potential common lizard hibernacula during hibernation and

incubation months

Plant native, nectar rich flowers to attract common lizard prey

Slowworm (Anguis fragilis)

Slowworms are semifossorial (burrowing) reptiles, favouring warm, humid and enclosed

hibernacula such as compost heaps. Slowworms hibernate underground from October to

March and are active during April to September, when they can often be found hiding in

gardens, woodland, pastures, heathland, scrubland and railway and motorway

embankments. Hence, common threats to slowworms include destruction and interference of

such habitats. After breeding in May, slowworms incubate their eggs internally until late

August/early September when they give birth to live young. Slowworms feed on a range of

invertebrates. Thus, efforts to encourage invertebrates also encourage the slowworm.

According to the citizen science database NBN Atlas, slowworms have been sighted in

central-north and south-west Fife. There have been no recorded citizen science sightings of

slowworms in St Andrews, which is supported by a reported lack of sightings by UStA Edible

Campus volunteers. However, as slowworms are a secretive species and spend most of their

time burrowing, casual sightings are unlikely to occur.

Key facts:



Threats include loss and fragmentation of heathland, grassland and woodland

habitats through human activity, and the domestic cat


Conduct baseline surveys to improve accuracy and availability of slowworm data

Increase long grass cover by reduced mowing

Create available hiding spaces, particularly in gardens


37

Avoid disturbing potential slowworm hibernacula during hibernation and

incubation months

Plant native, nectar rich flowers to attract slowworm prey

Birds

European Herring Gull (Larus argentatus) & Lesser Black-backed Gull (Larus fuscus)

European Herring gulls are present across the UK all year round, with additional individuals

arriving from Scandinavia during the winter months. They are resident in coastal areas and

are increasingly common within urban towns and cities. They have an omnivorous diet which

typically consists of fish, carrion and human refuse, with many individuals feeding

opportunistically. Pairs will typically breed for several seasons and demonstrate a bi-parental

care system in which both the male and female share incubation and chick-rearing duties. On

average three eggs are laid and chicks will fledge after approximately 35 days. Lesser Black-

backed Gulls are similar to Herring Gulls but are less common. Their global stronghold is in

the UK and we have a statutory obligation for their global conservation. They are mainly

summer migrants to St Andrews. They nest with Herring Gulls at a ratio of about 1:10.

Traditionally they are colonial breeders in rural areas. However, there has been an increase in

the number of individuals occupying nesting habitat within towns and cities. They show a

preference for artificial nesting habitats such as flat roofed buildings and take advantage of

anthropogenic food sources. This proximity to humans has consequently led to increasing

reports of disturbance and conflict across many areas of the UK.

Herring gulls are widespread in Fife and can be regularly seen feeding on refuse within St

Andrews all year round. Several pairs breed across University-managed properties during

the summer months. This is documented the St Andrews’ Gull Survey 2016 Report (Smith &

Cresswell unpublished). Key findings from this report were:

The presence of gulls in St Andrews may not be such a significant problem as first thought.

We estimated a minimum of 108 gull nests across central St Andrews including most

University buildings, which represents about 10% of all buildings in the survey area. We

found that using the hessian gull-proof bags provided by the local council prevented bin bags

being attacked by gulls, however, these had to be tied up and secured correctly. Untied

hessian bags containing rubbish were attacked almost as often as bin bags. Permanent bins

were seen to be attacked less than bin bags and untied hessian bags, however, the observer

noticed that as permanent bins became fuller they were attacked by both gulls and carrion

crows in the town. Very few incidences were recorded in which gulls attacked people for food.

However, everyone seems to have a “gull story” to tell. It is likely that this is as a result of

these events being very significant and memorable when they do occur rather than reflecting

their frequency. However, one site in particular, The Scores, saw a considerably higher

number of incidences than the rest of the town.

A number of recommendations can be made to reduce the conflict between those using the

town and gulls:


38

1. Bin bags should not be left out overnight – in many cases attacked bags were seen in

the early hours of the morning between 6am-7am.

2. Where bags are used, these should be secured within the hessian gull proof-bags

provided by the council and tied up properly.

3. More permanent bins would reduce the number of bins that became full quickly and

limit the availability of waste to gulls. In addition, a different style of permanent bin which is

inaccessible to wildlife by having an opening and closing mechanism to dispose of waste (as

seen locally in Anstruther) could be used.

4. Specific locations were shown to be more susceptible to gull attacks than others.

Warnings about eating in these places could be issued to members of the public purchasing

food in St Andrews.

Key to solving this problem is breaking the culture of having food accessible to gulls, this

requires a multifaceted approach applying the recommendations above to make accessing

waste and food more difficult for gulls.

With respect to gulls nesting in St Andrews. There is never likely to be a solution that could

remove or even reduce nesting gulls in the town because there are so many available nesting

sites and the gulls will nest somewhere. Removing nests or preventing the gulls from building

nests through netting may solve the problem for one building but the gulls are likely to simply

move to an adjacent, currently vacant building. As noise, pollution and rubbish scavenging

occurs over a much larger scale than individual buildings this will not solve the problem.

Key facts:

Protected species under the Wildlife & Countryside Act 1981

Classified as a red listed species by the IUCN


Identify key areas occupied by nesting gulls during the breeding season

Identify ‘sacrificial’ roofs for gull nesting

Engage public so that the “gull problem” can be perceived realistically and

tolerance of gulls increased

Corn Bunting (Emberiza calandra)

Corn Buntings are one of the UK’s fastest declining bird species and for several decades have

been in long term decline in Northwest Europe and in the UK. They are a ‘poster’ species for

the RSPB and a good example of how rural landowners can work with conservation to save

iconic farmland bird species. Initiatives in recent years by the RSPB, sympathetic farmers and

other organisations are helping to recover corn bunting populations in Eastern Scotland, and

especially North East Fife. Farmers are engaged to set aside land and sow crops to provide

suitable winter seed as food source. Rural land owned by the university could provide

additional sites and funding opportunities through the Scottish Rural Development Fund

may be realised to help initiate and develop projects.


39

Currently the long term monitoring of corn buntings in Fife (28 years) by many local bird

watchers is being coordinated by Professor Cresswell in the School of Biology and Yvonne

Stephan of the RSPB. There is evidence in the last two years that corn buntings are

reoccupying areas at Kenly Farm and at Strathkinness close to University land held on the

west of St Andrews. Habitat management in both these areas to increase the amount of

wildflower seeds are likely to lead to further gains in corn buntings.

Provisional map of corn bunting territories as of end of July 2018 showing re-appearance on

the edge of university land compared to 2017 maps

Key facts:

Red List species of high conservation concern & a high priority species under the UK

BAP

EU Birds Directive (European SPEC Category 2; Unfavourable Conservation Status

in Europe)

Threats include intensive farming practices and specifically loss of winter stubble

and feeding grounds


40


Join RSPB initiative which includes Fife farmers and local organisations

Establish corn bunting populations on university farmland

Farmland management options include: late cut set-aside, leaving wide field margins,

not harvesting some crops and leaving over-winter cereal stubble

Mammals

European Badger (Meles meles)

The European Badger is the largest native land predator in the UK. Badgers are a nocturnal

species, spending the day sleeping in underground setts. Badger setts consist of an intricate

web of tunnels and chambers which can cover a vast space underground. Setts are protected

under UK law. Badgers forage for food mostly at night, occasionally traveling more than 2

miles from their setts to find food. Their omnivorous diet depends on availability, eating for

example acorns, wild fruit, roots, invertebrates and small mammals. Badgers usually mate

during the spring and experience a long implantation period, giving birth in late winter the

following year to litters of up to 5 cubs. Due to their wide foraging radius, it is important the

University manages land for badger clans which both directly and indirectly inhabit the

University estate.

Badgers are known to be present on University land due to the existence of setts near the

North Haugh and Langlands areas. However, it is unknown whether the setts belong to one

badger clan or multiple clans. It is anticipated that badgers will also be present on University

farm land.

Key facts:


Protected under the Protection of Badgers Act, 1992

Threats to badgers include badger-baiting, road traffic, habitat destruction and

development.



availability of badger data

Ensure that badger trails remain clear of obstructions throughout their routes so that

badger clans have unimpeded access to foraging and water sources

Provide suitable protective cover and enhanced feeding around setts,

foraging/watering areas, and along wildlife corridors (e.g. plant elderberry, hawthorn,

blackthorn, rowan and other native fruit-bearing species), leaving a margin at the edge

to allow badgers to dig for earthworms etc.

Remove existing impediments around setts and along foraging/watering routes, such

as the wire fencing around the South Sett. (Obstructing access to a sett is a criminal

offence under the Protection of Badgers Act 1992.)

Implement traffic-mitigating infrastructure such as badger tunnels, green bridging,

slow signs and road bumps near badger setts


41

Steps should be taken to minimise disturbance from lighting and noise, which can

adversely impact upon the safety of the badgers and their willingness to leave their

setts

Bats

Common pipistrelle (Pipistrellus pipistrellus); Soprano pipistrelle (P. pygmaeus); Nathusius

pipstrelle (P. nathusii); Brown long eared bat (Plecotus auratus); Daubenton’s bat (Myotis

daubentoniid); Natterer’s bat (M. nattereri); Noctule (Nyctalus noctula)

There are as many as 17 bat species living in the UK, 9 in Scotland. They are nocturnal

predators, using echolocation to hunt for insects in the dark. Bats are highly sensitive to

changes in land-use practices. As such, their populations are considered excellent biodiversity

and environmental quality indicators7. Both bats and their roosts are protected by UK law.

A 2006 report8 indicates five bat species have confirmed roosts in Fife: Common pipistrelle

(widespread and common), Soprano pipistrelle (widespread and common), Brown long-

eared bat (widespread and scarce), Daubenton’s bat (widespread and uncommon) and

Natterer’s bat (widespread and scarce). Occasional flight records of further three species exist

but no roosts have been confirmed: Nathusius’ pipistrelle (rare), Noctule (rare) and

Whiskered bat (unconfirmed). A more localised baseline survey is needed in St Andrews to

establish current roosts.

Key facts:

European protected species

Protected in Scotland under Conservation (Natural Habitats &c.) Regulations 1994

(as amended)

Noctule, Soprano Pipistrelle and Brown Long-eared Bat are UK BAP priority

species

All species (except Noctule) are Fife LBAP priority species

Threats include loss of foraging habitat, roost destruction/loss of potential roosts.



availability of bat data

Maintain and enhance the provision of foraging habitats for bats

Assess all current and future developments for impact on bat foraging habitat

European Hedgehog (Erinaceus europaeus)

European hedgehogs are nocturnal mammals, identifiable from the thousands of spikes that

cover their bodies. The hedgehog can be found largely in hedgerows, grassland and gardens,

feeding on a variety of invertebrate prey. Hedgehog birth litters of up to 5 young between

May to September and hibernate from November to April. To prepare for hibernation season,

7 Bat Conservation Trust (2018) 8 Cohen (2006)


42

hedgehogs build hibernacula (refuge nests) in small, warm spaces such as piles of leaves or

compost heaps. Hedgehog numbers have been steadily declining in the UK since the 1960s9.

Threats implicating their decline include secondary poisoning from chemical pesticides,

increased road traffic, and reduction/fragmentation of habitat.

Hedgehogs are known to inhabit St Andrews and are widely distributed in Fife according to

the NBN Atlas citizen science database. However, there is a need for a formal baseline survey

to establish current data.

Key facts:


UKBAP Priority Species

Threats include Loss of habitat through development/ over management, reduced

habitat quality due to over management, habitat fragmentation due to

infrastructure development and loss of hedgerows, increased exposure to hazards

such as traffic, predation from and competition with badgers



availability of hedgehog data

Minimise use of chemical fertiliser and pesticides on land

Avoid destruction and fragmentation of hibernacula such as hedgerows

Red Squirrel (Sciurus vulgaris)

Red squirrels are one of Scotland’s five biologically and culturally significant wildlife species.

Fife is a particularly important stronghold in lowland Scotland and Tentsmuir National

Nature Reserve, only 10 miles or so from St Andrews, is a key conservation site. Red squirrel

numbers on the East Coast of Fife however, are generally low, with populations restricted to

small areas of suitable habitat. Small, local woodlands in East Fife therefore are important

satellite sites for the Tentsmuir population. Local pockets of University-owned woodland, e.g.

the North Haugh, can be managed to attract this species, whilst management tactics employed

to dissuade the spread of the grey squirrel.

Key facts:

Listed IUCN Red List and Appendix III of the Berne Convention.

Protected under Schedules 5 & 6 of the Wildlife & Countryside Act, 1981

UK and Fife BAP priority species

Threats include competition from grey squirrels, loss/fragmentation of habitat and

the parapox virus (not yet recorded in Fife)


Manage existing woodlands to discourage grey squirrels

9 Hof (2009)


43

Plant woodland species favoured by Red Squirrels

Create wildlife corridors between satellite sites by planting berry-bearing shrub

species

Install red squirrel nest boxes and trial the use of squirrel bridges

Water Vole (Arvicola amphibious)

Water voles are the largest of the UK vole species. Scottish water voles are genetically different

to the water voles found in England and Wales. Both the Scottish and English/Welsh water

voles are threatened, having seen a dramatic decline in the 20th century due to habitat loss,

degradation, and fragmentation, and predation by the invasive American mink. Water voles

usually live beside freshwater bodies, rivers and wetlands, where they feed on grasses and

herbs growing on the banksides. During winter, water voles escape cold temperatures by

burrowing underground and becoming sedentary, feeding on stores of tubers, bulbs and

rhizomes. For this reason, water voles cannot often be sighted during winter months. Water

voles are an important species to protect as they act as ecosystem engineers along water ways;

their tunnels improve soil conditions for micro and macro organisms, therefore increasing soil

biodiversity.

Water voles have been sighted in St Andrews and wider Fife according to the citizen science

database NBN Atlas. However, they may not currently be present in St Andrews. Even if

water voles are currently absent, maintaining land to support water voles will help encourage

the species and enable the success of a human-managed reintroduction.

Key facts:


Threats include development alongside waterways; littering in streams; over-

management of riparian vegetation; development of pathways along the water

edge; predation by cats and American mink; disturbance by dogs



availability of water vole data

Maintain tall grasses and limit scrub growth in riparian habitat

Fungi

Fungi are important to the health and welfare of the planet. They contribute to nutrient cycling

and soil fertility, act as a source of medicines (e.g. penicillin), produce valuable chemicals and

sustainable materials, and are used as a food source and in food processing methods. Fungi

represent a substantial part of the Earth’s biodiversity. It is difficult to write action plans for

fungi: instead we should focus on actions to improve and increase supportive habitat - which

will be clearer once a baseline fungi survey has been conducted.

Key facts:


44

Preferred habitats include mixed forests and dead wood

According to the database NBN Atlas, 329 species recorded within a 10km radius

around St Andrews


Conduct baseline surveys to describe St Andrews’ fungi community

Important habitats and actions for fungal abundance and diversity can then be

identified with expert input: Tayside and Fife Fungal Group have already

expressed a willingness to help

Native Trees

European Aspen (Populus tremula)

Aspen is an important woodland species partly because it is associated with a wide range of

bryophytes and lichens; it is therefore ecologically significant. Aspen woodlands are scarce

and have a poor distribution, mainly because dispersal and therefore successful reproduction

is limited by being a dioecious species (males and female pars are on separate and, i.e. cross-

pollination can be low). The long-term aim of national and regional Action Plans is to develop

new sites. Thus, there is good potential here for the University to be at the forefront of newly

created, protected sites around St Andrews to help the wider strategy.

Key facts:

Priority habitat in UK, Scottish and Fife Biodiversity Plans

Threats include overgrazing, fragmentation and low fertility


Ensure Aspen stock is sourced from local genetic origin

Include Aspen in woodland mix during tree planting on university ground

Create small Aspen rich woodlands

Wild Flowers

Bluebell (Hyacinthoides non-scripta)

Bulbs of the invasive species, the Spanish Bluebell (Hyacinthoides variablis) are commonly

planted in gardens and often this species finds its way into the wild, which leads to

hybridisation with our native species. Good management practices and guidance can make a

difference ensuring that the University’s woodlands host only the native species, which can

be used as stock for other recovery efforts.

Key facts:

The UK has 30% of the global population

Classed as species of conservation concern (not priority) in the UK BAP

So1 Species in the Scottish Biodiversity Strategy (of importance to the Scottish Public)

Threats include inappropriate management of woodlands, cross-pollination with the

Spanish Bluebell and trampling


45


Survey the Bluebell stock of University woodlands to ascertain origin

If necessary, develop a Bluebell Recovery project in University owned woodlands

Use the Landlife model for the above

Work with Fife Biodiversity Partnership to ensure only bulbs of local genetic origin

are planted

Educate and inform university staff about the differences between the native and

invasive species

Invasive Species

Invasive Plants (multiple species)

Including but not limited to Giant Hogweed (Heracleum mantegazzianum); Japanese knotweed

(Fallopia japonica); Rhododendron (Rhododendron ponticum & hybrids)

Invasive plants threaten our native plants by outcompeting them for resources. Some invasive

plants such as Giant Hogweed also pose a health and safety risk to humans. It is important

the University actively seeks and eradicates invasive plants which threaten native species and

human wellbeing.

It is important to acknowledge that invasive plant species can also provide a habitat for

wildlife. Thus, invasive plant species should be removed with due caution and replaced with

a suitable native plant species to continue habitat provision. An example of this is the Giant

Hogweed found bordering Castlecliffe which was supporting an Eider duck population.


Actively seek and eradicate invasive plant species

Replace invasive plant species with an alternative native species

Invasive Animals (multiple species)

Including but not limited to American Mink (Mustela vison); Grey Squirrel (Sciurus carolinensis)

Invasive animals threaten native plant and animal species by outcompeting and over-preying

on them. It is important the University actively controls invasive animals. Methods to do so

include fostering habitats which are preferable to native species (such as planting Red

Squirrel-suitable trees) and promoting the conservation and reintroduction of native predator

species to control invasive populations (such as supporting White-tailed Sea Eagles which

prey on American Mink).


Foster habitats and conditions which support native species

Encourage biological control by promoting native predator species


46

Appendix 5: Potential areas of implementation

St Salvator’s Quadrangle

Plant native, nectar-rich flowers in formally-planted areas

Install two bird boxes on ivy walls

Install a wall-mounted bug hotel near Schools 1 – 6, with a descriptive plaque

Plant native

flowers

instead

Plant native

flowers

instead

Install bird

boxes

Install wall-

mounted bug

hotel with

plaque


47

St Katherine’s Lawn

(Outside the main library, opposite St Katherine’s Lodge, The Scores)

Create no-mow wildflower borders around trees

Install two bird boxes on trees

Create >60cm deep pond (dependent on future development)

Create pond

Create

wildflower

no-mow

borders

around

trees

Install bird

boxes


48

Castlecliffe

(School of Economics, The Scores)

Create no-mow, wildflower corridor

Plant aspen tree area

Plant native hedge

Install two bird boxes on trees

Plant an

aspen tree

area

Install bird boxes

Create no-mow

wildflower corridor

Plant native

hedge


49

DRA Playing Fields

(In between David Russell Apartments and the Observatory, Buchanan Gardens)

Replace Leylandii hedge with native hedge

Remove dead trees and replace with aspen

Plant native hedge next to Buchanan Road fence

Create no-mow, wildflower corridor along existing hedge

Install bird boxes

Plant native hedge next

to roadside fence

Install bird boxes

Install bird

boxes

Remove dead trees

and replace with

aspen

Create no-mow,

wildflower corridor

alongside hedge

Replace

Leylandii

hedge with

native hedge


50

Careers Centre Garden

(Behind the Careers Centre, 6 St Mary’s Place)

Install bird boxes

Create rock/log piles

Create no-mow wildflower corridor

Create open compost heap

Create wildlife pond

Create pond

Install bird boxes

Create no-mow

wildflower corridor

Create open

compost heap

Create rock/log

piles


51

Appendix 6: Related Documents

University documents relating to this Biodiversity Strategy:

UStA Biodiversity Action Plan 2019 – 2029

UStA Estate Strategy 2007 – 2027

UStA Sustainable Development Strategy 2012 – 2022

UStA Strategic Plan 2015 – 2025

The following document (written by former UStA postgraduate Benjamin Ong) provides a

rationale for biodiversity conservation in St Andrews:

Rewilding St Andrews: a concept paper for landscape, biodiversity and conservation

(2017)

Two previous UStA students have written their thesis papers on the topic of biodiversity in

St Andrews (for more information, please enquire at their relevant schools):

Harvey, M (2018). Working Together towards a Shared Future: A whole-of-university

approach to biodiversity policy formation at the University of St. Andrews. Undergraduate.

University of St Andrews: Department of Geography and Sustainable Development

Ong, B (2017). The reinvention of nature: Conceptualising urban rewilding on the frontiers of

campus sustainability. Postgraduate. University of St Andrews: Department of

Geography and Sustainable Development

https://www.st-andrews.ac.uk/media/principals-office/planning/strategicplanning/universityoperationalstrategies/estate-strategy.pdf

https://www.st-andrews.ac.uk/media/estates/SD%20Policy%202012-22.pdf

https://www.st-andrews.ac.uk/about/governance/university-strategy/

https://www.st-andrews.ac.uk/media/dept-of-geography-and-sustainable-development/pdf-s/gsd/Rewilding%20St%20Andrews.pdf


52

Appendix 7: Key Resources

Below are the key documents referred to in this Strategy, along with useful and inspiring

resources:

Bat Conservation Trust (2018). Bats as Indicators of Biodiversity. [Online] Available at:

http://www.bats.org.uk/pages/bats_as_indicators.html

Berman, M., Jonides, J. and Kaplan, S. (2008) The cognitive benefits of interacting with

nature. Psychological Science, 19. pp1207-1212.

Cohen, K. (2006). Chiroptera: Bats. Published by beautiful.fife.scot. [Online] Available at:

https://beautiful.fife.scot/wp-

content/uploads/sites/6/2016/11/c64_BATSNOFI20061.pdf

Convention on Biological Diversity (2018). Aichi Biodiversity Targets. [Online] Available at:

https://www.cbd.int/sp/targets/

EAUC (2018). Biodiversity Guide. [Online] Available from:


European Union (2011). The EU Biodiversity Strategy to 2020. Luxembourg: Publications

Office of the European Union, 2011

Fife Council (2013). Fife Local Biodiversity Action Plan 2013–2018. Glenrothes: Fife Council

Greig, A. (2018) The University of St Andrews Living Lab. St Andrews: University of St

Andrews Environment Team

Hof, A.R. (2009). A study of the current status of the hedgehog (Erinaceous europaeus), and its

decline in Great Britain since 1960. PhD thesis, University of London, Royal

Holloway

JNCC and DEFRA (2012). UK Post-2010 Biodiversity Framework. July 2012. [PDF] [Online]

Available from: http://jncc.defra.gov.uk/page-6189.

JNCC (2016). UK BAP Priority Species. [Online] Available at: http://jncc.defra.gov.uk/page-

5717

Loughborough University (2015). Biodiversity Action Plan (LUBAP): Review and Update 2015–

2020. [PDF] [Online] Available from:

http://www.lboro.ac.uk/services/sustainability/biodiversity/plan/

NBN Atlas Partnership (2017). NBN Atlas ‘Search for taxa’ tool. [Online] Available at:

https://species.nbnatlas.org/

Nisbet, E. and Zelenski, J. (2011). Underestimating nearby nature: Affective forecasting

errors obscure the happy path to sustainability. Psychological Science, 22. pp1101-1106.

Rockström et al. (2009). A safe operating space for humanity. Nature 461(24), pp.472-475

Scottish Government (2004). Scotland’s Biodiversity: It’s In Your Hands – A strategy for the

conservation and enhancement of biodiversity in Scotland. [Online] Available from:

http://www.gov.scot/Publications/2004/05/19366/37250

https://beautiful.fife.scot/wp-content/uploads/sites/6/2016/11/c64_BATSNOFI20061.pdf

https://beautiful.fife.scot/wp-content/uploads/sites/6/2016/11/c64_BATSNOFI20061.pdf

https://www.cbd.int/sp/targets/


http://jncc.defra.gov.uk/page-6189



http://www.lboro.ac.uk/services/sustainability/biodiversity/plan/

https://species.nbnatlas.org/

http://www.gov.scot/Publications/2004/05/19366/37250


53

Scottish Government (2013a). 2020 Challenge for Scotland’s Biodiversity: A Strategy for the

conservation and enhancement of biodiversity in Scotland. [PDF] [Online] Available at:

http://www.gov.scot/Resource/0042/00425276.pdf

Scottish Government (2013). Scottish Biodiversity List. Available from:

http://www.gov.scot/Topics/Environment/Wildlife-

Habitats/16118/Biodiversitylist/SBL

Scottish Natural Heritage (2017). Protected species A-Z guide. [Online] Available at:

https://www.nature.scot/professional-advice/safeguarding-protected-areas-and-

species/protected-species/protected-species-z-guide

Smith, G. & Cresswell W. St Andrews’ Gull Survey 2016 Report. Unpublished report to the

St Andrews Business Improvement District (BID) available from [email protected]

United Nations (1992). Convention on Biological Diversity. [PDF] [Online] Available at:

https://www.cbd.int/doc/legal/cbd-en.pdf

University of Oxford (2016). Biodiversity Strategy 2016–2020. [PDF] [Online] Available at:

http://www.ox.ac.uk/sites/files/oxford/field/field_document/EMS_S_0006_Biodiversit

y_Strategy.pdf

University of Worcester (2016). 2016–2019 Biodiversity Strategy. NetSustain Ltd. [PDF]

[Online] Available from: https://www.worcester.ac.uk/discover/biodiversity.html

University of Worcester (2018). 2016–2019 Biodiversity Action Plan. [PDF] [Online] Available

from: https://www.worcester.ac.uk/discover/biodiversity.html

Van den Berg, A. (2005). Health impacts of healing environments: A review of evidence for

benefits of nature, daylight, fresh air, and quiet in healthcare settings. Environment

and Behavior, 33: pp343-367

http://www.gov.scot/Resource/0042/00425276.pdf

http://www.gov.scot/Topics/Environment/Wildlife-Habitats/16118/Biodiversitylist/SBL

http://www.gov.scot/Topics/Environment/Wildlife-Habitats/16118/Biodiversitylist/SBL

https://www.nature.scot/professional-advice/safeguarding-protected-areas-and-species/protected-species/protected-species-z-guide

https://www.nature.scot/professional-advice/safeguarding-protected-areas-and-species/protected-species/protected-species-z-guide

mailto:[email protected]

https://www.cbd.int/doc/legal/cbd-en.pdf

http://www.ox.ac.uk/sites/files/oxford/field/field_document/EMS_S_0006_Biodiversity_Strategy.pdf

http://www.ox.ac.uk/sites/files/oxford/field/field_document/EMS_S_0006_Biodiversity_Strategy.pdf

https://www.worcester.ac.uk/discover/biodiversity.html