Miguel A. Carretero (carretero@cibio.up.pt)http://webpages.icav.up.pt/pessoas/podarcis/BET/

Master and Doctoral Program in Biodiversity, Genetics and Evolution

2018/2019

Biodiversity ofterrestrial ecosystems

1. CONCEPTS IN BIODIVERSITY

1. Concepts

Wilson (1988) Biodiversity (Proceedings)

Biodiversity

Margalef (1996)“...the total specific, taxonomic or genetic richnesscontained in Nature or any local or taxonomic partof it.”

Lovejoy (1980) number of species present

Norse & Mc Manus (1980) genetic d. + ecologic d.

Norse et al. (1986) genes + species + communities

1985 National Forum of Biodiversity, Washington.

1. Concets

Rio Convention

1. Concepts

Wilson (1988)“... a global resource, to be indexed, used andpreserved.”

Biodiversity

UN (1992) The Earth Summit“... the variability among living organisms from allsources including, interalia, terrestrial, marine andother aquatic systems and the ecologicalcomplexes of which they are part; this includesdiversity within species, between species andecosystems.”

Noss (1990)

1. Concepts

Reed F. Noss

Biodiversity species number

Biodiversity ecological diversity

Biodiversity = biological diversity

Biodiversity genetic diversity

Biodiversity structural diversity

Biodiversity landscape diversity

1. Concepts

Biodiversity species number

1. Concepts

1. Concepts

Local 1

Local 2

Local 3

Local 4

1. Concepts

(ecological) diversity

2

1

<

2

1

<

evenness

species richness

a b c d

a b c d

1. Concepts

diversity

diversity

diversity

l1 l2 l3 l5l4

sp1

sp2

sp3

sp5

sp4

1. Concepts

1. Concepts

Biodiversity ecological diversity

1. Concepts

1. Concepts

(genetic) diversity

allelicrichness

<

aiai aiaj ajaj

a1 a2 a3 a4

2

1

2

1

heterozigosity

<

1. Concepts

1.236

1.264

1.885

1.989 1.5191.709

1.720Expected

heterozygosity

0.095

0.088

0.210

0.202 0.1360.160

0.179Allelic richness

(g=18)

1. Concepts

..

.

.. . . .. .

.

..

..

..

..

.

.

..

.

.

.

..

.

.

.

. .

.

.

.

.

Pgd

1. Concepts

Petit et al. (2003)

1. Concepts

Galarza et al. (2015)

1. Concepts

Coronella austriaca

1. Concepts

(landscape) diversity

landscaperichness

complexity

<

h1 h2 h3 h4

h1 h2

<

<

1. Concepts

1. Concepts

1. Concepts

closed openpatchy

( ) ( )

Biodiversity

ecological + genetic + landscape diversity

1. Concepts

1. Concepts

1. Concepts

1. Concepts

Evolutionary Significant Units (ESU)

Moritz (1994)reciproc monophyly for mtDNA allelessignificant divergence of the allelefrequencies in the nuclearloci

1. Concepts

Evolutionary Significant Units (ESU)

Moritz & Faith (1998)

1. Concepts

Evolutionary Significant Units (ESU)

Crandall et al. (2001)“populations not exchangeable,ecologically and/or genetically.”

++ ++- -

-

Genetic Ecological

RecentHistorical

Ho: Exchangeable

1. Concepts

1. Concepts

Testudo graeca

1. Concepts

E

W

W

W

EE

Jbilet

Admine

Essaouira

Tafrayate

Atlas Mountains

Iberian

Peninsula

Sahara Desert

Atlantic

Mediterranen

1. Concepts

Jbilet

Admine

Essaouira

malesfemales

1. Concepts

Testudo graeca ibera

W. Morocco

W. Morocco (inc.T. whitei)

E. Moroccoand Spain

E. Morocco

S. Morocco(Jbilet and

Tafrayate)

S. Morocco(Admine,

Essaouira

and Jbilet)

11

5

5

10

3

1

1

deletiondeletion

C-T C-A

A-T

A-C

G-A

C-T

G-A

C-T

A-G

C-T

C-T

Haplotypes 12S (rRNA) 394 bp

1. Concepts

Jbilet

1. Concepts

Biodiversity structural biodiversity

1. Concepts

1. Concepts

1. Concepts

1. Concepts

Interactions -> coevolution

✓ phyletic coevolution

✓ antagonic interactions

✓ competition & divergence

✓ mutualism & convergence

✓ coevolution & speciation

1. Concepts

1. Concepts

1. Concepts

Margalef (1997)

R. Margalef1919-2004

1. Concepts

Margalef (1997)

1. Concepts

Margalef (1997)

1. Concepts

Noss (1990)

1. Concepts