biochemistry. chemistry of life all living things are made of carbon organic chemistry- branch of...
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Biochemistry
Chemistry of Life
All living things are made of Carbon
Organic Chemistry- branch of chemistry devoted to studying carbon and the bonds Carbon makes
Organic Compound- contains carbon covalently bonded to other atoms
Why Carbon?
4 Valence e- means 4 different bonds
Carbon can bond with itself (single, double,or triple)
Can form different shapes when bonding
Shapes give C ability to form millions of different
combinations
Carbon Molecules
Monomer- basic building block, single molecule that can bond to each other
Polymer- many monomers linked together
Macromolecule- “giant molecule”; many polymers linked together
How large molecules are formed
Condensation Reactions- reaction used to link monomers together– In the process, also
makes a water molecule
Large to small
Hydrolysis- breaks off monomers from large polymer– One water molecule
is needed for every piece broken off
– Exact opposite of Condensation reactions
Macromolecules of Life
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins
Nucleic Acids
Carbohydrates
Function- main energy source
Made of- Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen– Found in 1:2:1 ratio– Example-
6C:12H:6O
Categories of Carbs
Monosaccharide- the monomer of carbohydrates; simple sugar– Example- glucose,
fructose
Isomer- two molecules having the same formula, but are shaped differently
Disaccharide- two monomers linked together; double sugar– Example- sucrose
Polysaccharide- many monomers linked together– Example- starch,
cellulose
Lipids
Function- energy storage
Made of Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen
Large, nonpolar molecules that do not dissolve in water
Most common Lipid
Fatty Acid- unbranched carbon chain– Has two different ends
• One end loves water- hydrophilic• One end hates (fears) water- hydrophobic
Water lovingend
Water fearingend
Types of Lipids
1. Triglyceride- molecule made of 3 fatty acids and 1 glycerol
– Hear a lot with levels in blood
2. Phospholipid- molecule made of 2 fatty acids, a phosphate group, and a glycerol– Used to make
membranes
3. Wax- type of structural lipid, long fatty acid chain joined with alcohol4. Steroids- molecule containing 4 fused carbon rings with different functional groups attached
Chloresterol
Proteins
Function- involved with all cell functions; individual function depends on type of protein
Made of- Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, and Nitrogen
There are 5 different categories of proteins
Function of each type is based on structure
Building Blocks of Proteins
Amino acid- name of the 20 different types of monomers used to build proteins
Peptide bond- name of bond holding together two amino acids
Dipeptide- two amino acids linked together
Polypeptide- many amino acids linked together
Nucleic Acids
Function- store and transmit genetic information
Made of- Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, Phosphorus– Very large, complex
molecule
Forms
Two Major Types of Nucleic Acids– DNA-
deoxyribonucleic acid
– RNA- ribonucleic acid
Building block (monomer) for Nucleic acids- Nucleotide
Nucleotide- made of sugar, phosphate, and base
Nucleotides
DNA Nucleotides- has four different nucleotides (A,T,C,G)
RNA Nucleotides- has four different nucleotides (A,U,C,G)