BiochemistryBiochemistry

Biology – Chapter 6

EOC Goal 2:01

Basic ChemistryBasic Chemistry

Basic ChemistryBasic ChemistryBasic ChemistryBasic Chemistry

• Atoms are the basic unit of matter.– Made of:

• Protons• Neutrons• Electrons

Basic ChemistryBasic ChemistryBasic ChemistryBasic Chemistry

• Elements are pure substances that are made of one type of atom.

• Chemical symbols are used to represent each atom.– Found on the Periodic Table

Basic ChemistryBasic ChemistryBasic ChemistryBasic Chemistry

• Compounds are combinations of 2 or more atoms.– Combination has different properties than

the individual atoms– Chemical formula shows the number and

type of atoms in a compound

Basic ChemistryBasic ChemistryBasic ChemistryBasic Chemistry

• Compounds are held together with chemical bonds.

• Types of Bonds:– Ionic Bonds

• Exchange electrons• Called ions

– Covalent Bonds• Share electrons• Called molecules

pH ScalepH ScalepH ScalepH Scale• Acids, Bases, and pH

– Acids make hydrogen ion in water; are bitter to the taste

• Examples: lemon juice, vinegar, stomach acid

– Bases make hydroxide ion in water; are slippery to the touch

• Examples: soaps, Clorox, Pepto Bismol

– pH Scale scale that measures acid and base– Range 0 Acid 7 Base 14

A buffer is used to maintain a certain pH level.

Understanding pHUnderstanding pHUnderstanding pHUnderstanding pH

BiochemistryBiochemistry

BiochemistryBiochemistryBiochemistryBiochemistry

• Study of the chemicals necessary for living things.

• Also called organic chemistry.– Involves the element carbon (C) in a

covalent bond

BiochemistryBiochemistryBiochemistryBiochemistry

• Six elements needed in large quantities for living things are:

–Carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, and sulfur

• Elements needed in small quantities are called trace elements.

BiochemistryBiochemistryBiochemistryBiochemistry

• Terms to Know:– Monomer – the smallest unit of a substance

• Example: like one Lego block

– Polymer – many monomers linked together to make a large structure; also called macromolecules

• Example: Lego blocks put together to make a Lego house

Bio-MoleculesBio-MoleculesBio-MoleculesBio-Molecules

• Types of Organic Molecules• (Bio-molecules)

1. Carbohydrates2. Lipids3. Proteins4. Nucleic Acids

CarbohydratesCarbohydrates

CarbohydratesCarbohydratesCarbohydratesCarbohydrates

• Also called sugars and starches• Composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in

a 1:2:1 ratio (Example: C6H12O6)

• Typically end in –ose (Example: glucose)• Function: to store and release quick energy

(but if not used, these are stored as fat)• Test Used To Identify Starch>Iodine• Test Used To Identify Sugar>Benedict’s

Solution

CarbohydratesCarbohydratesCarbohydratesCarbohydrates

• One unit of sugar (monomer ) monosaccharide– Example: glucose, fructose

• Two units of sugar Disaccharide– Example: sucrose, lactose

• Many units of sugars (polymer) Polysaccharide

CarbohydratesCarbohydratesCarbohydratesCarbohydrates

• Examples of Polysaccharides– Starch sugars in plants– Glycogen energy storage in animal muscle

(makes muscle meat dark)– Cellulose found in plant cell walls;

animals can not digest (roughage)– Chitin in insect exoskeletons

LipidsLipids

LipidsLipidsLipidsLipids

• Commonly called fats, oils, and waxes• Composed of carbon, hydrogen, and

oxygen in a non-specific ratio (Example: C21H17O43)

• Function: – Quick energy (twice as much as carbs)– Insulation, body padding Test Used to Identify: Brown Paper Bag

LipidsLipidsLipidsLipids

• Monomer glycerol and 3 fatty acids

LipidsLipidsLipidsLipids

• Types of Lipids (Fats)– Saturated – bonds in molecule are

unbendable; tend to clog arteries; typically from animals (fats, butter, lard)

– Unsaturated – some bonds in molecule bend; better, but can still clog arteries; typically from plants (oils)

– Polyunsaturated – many bonds in molecule bend; best type of fat to eat; typically from plants (oils)

ProteinsProteins

ProteinsProteinsProteinsProteins

• Composed of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and sometimes sulfur

• Monomer amino acids• Polymer polypeptide• Account for 50% of the dry weight of

cells• Test Used To Identify: Biuret’s

ProteinsProteinsProteinsProteins

• Functions of Proteins– Structure (cells,tissues…)– Fibers in bone, tendons, ligaments, and

cartilage– Homeostasis regulation (hormones and

enzymes)– Metabolism– Defense against disease (antibodies)

Enzymes (Catalysts)Enzymes (Catalysts)Enzymes (Catalysts)Enzymes (Catalysts)

• Enzymes are special proteins that act as catalysts in the body.

• Catalysts: Substances that

speed up chemical reactions

without being affected by

the reaction themselves.

Nucleic AcidsNucleic Acids

Nucleic AcidsNucleic AcidsNucleic AcidsNucleic Acids

• Made of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and sulfur

• Function control genetic information• Monomer nucleotide• Polymers

– DNA deoxyribonucleic acid– RNA ribonucleic acid

Bio-molecule Subunit(Monomer)

Examples Function

CarbohydrateStarch: Sugar:

Proteinstest:

Lipidstest:

Nucleic Acids

Bio-molecule Subunit(Monomer)

Examples Function

CarbohydrateStarch: iodineSugar: Benedict’s solution

Monosaccharide Starch, cellulose, insulin, glycogen, glucose

Store and release energy

Proteins(test:Biuret’s solution)

Amino acid Enzymes,hemoglobin

Structure,Metabolism

Lipids(test:brown paper bag)

Fatty acidsAnd glycerol

Fats, oil Long term energy storage, insulation

Nucleic Acids Nucleotide DNA, RNA Store genetic information, make protein