bio psyc unit 2

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INTRODUCTION TOPSYCHOLOGY

PSYC 1101Unit 2 Biological and Developmental

Bases of Behaviour


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PSYCHOLOGYDevelopmental Psychology

The branch of psychology concerned

with the study of progressivebehavioral changes in an individualfrom birth until death (Santrock, 2000).


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PSYCHOLOGYThe Nervous System

Bodys electrochemical communicativecircuitry, made up of billions of neurons.

A complex, sophisticated system that regulatesand coordinates body activitiesResponsible for sending, receiving, andprocessing nerve impulses throughout the

body.All the organs and muscles inside your bodyrely upon these nerve impulses to function.


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PSYCHOLOGYThe Nervous System Parts

Central nervous system (CNS) consisting of the brain and the spinalcord.Peripheral nervous System (PNS)- allother neural elements.

Network of nerves that connects the brain andspinal cord to the other parts of the body .


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Source: University of Maryland, 2012


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Source: Hypermart.net(2012)


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PNS

1. Somatic Nervous System- consisting of sensory nerves which convey messagesfrom the skin and muscles to the CNSabout issues like pain, temperature,

and motor nerves.Inform muscles when to act .


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PNS

2. Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)- takesmessages to and from the bodys internalorgans, monitoring processes such asbreathing heart rate and digestion.

a. Sy m p ath et ic n erv o us s ys tem - division of

the ANS that arouses the bodyb . Par as ym p ath etic - division of the ANS that

calms the body.


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Neuron - The basic unit of the nervous system,the nerve cell which receives, processes, andgenerates messages (neurological impulses)to and from the brain, as well as within thebrain itself.

Afferent or Sensory nerves carry info to the

brain. Efferent of motor nerves carries the brains

output.


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Performs unique functions that

operate independently of othersystems in the body. These underlieconsciousness, memory, rationality,language, and the ability to projectour mental images forwards orbackwards in time.


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PSYCHOLOGYThe Nervous System & Behaviour Representations of the external

world are transmitted, transformedand manipulated by the nervoussystem to subsequently affectbehaviour


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PSYCHOLOGYThe Nervous System & Behaviour

Functions 1. Sensory - gathering of information from the

external environment.2. Integrator - of information from all sources for

assessment3 . Effector - to produce a motor response.4. Internal regulator stabilising for optimum

performance.


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PSYCHOLOGYThe Nervous System & Behaviour

Resulting in1. The creation of a sensory perception of the

external world.2. Behaviour3. The creation of knowledge that can be used

to guide future behaviour in response tochanges in the surrounding environment.


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You are preparing to give a speech in classYou go over your notes one last time (your PNS carries info about the notes to your CNS).CNS processes the marks on the paper interpreting the words as you memorise key

points and plan ways to keep your audienceinterested.You scribble a joke in between the notes (PNStelling the muscles in your arm and hand towrite info from your brain (CNS)


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Your SNS handles the info transferred fromyour eyes to your brain to your hand (voluntary).You are nervous so your stomach feel queasyand your heart rate increases (sympathetic division of the ANS (involuntary) functioning as

you become aroused.You regain confidence after remembering youare prepared, so you relax (parasympathetic division of the ANS) also involuntary.


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PSYCHOLOGYGenes

The units of hereditary information

that are comprised from DNA.DNA (Deoxyribonucleic acid) - acomplex molecule that containsgenetic information.Unique to every individual exceptidentical twins.


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PSYCHOLOGYNature Vs Nuture

Environment all the surround conditonsand influences that affect thedevelopment of living things.

Nuture an organisms environmentalexperiences.

Nature an organisms biologicalinheritance.


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Behaviour often is species specificBehaviours run in families. E.g. certain mental

illnesses are hereditary.Behaviours can alter in response to alterationsin biological structures or processes. E.g. abrain injury can turn a polite, mild-mannered

person into a foul-mouthed, aggressive boor,the behavioral manifestations of mentalillnesses are modified with drugs that alterbrain chemistry


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Genes play a role in human behaviour,however they alone cannot influence who we

are.Both the environment and genes are necessaryfor a person to exist and influences aspects orthe mind and behaviour.

Produces an individuals intelligence,temperament, height, weight, physical abilitiesetc.


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PSYCHOLOGYPeriods of Development

1. Prenatal Period time of conception to birth.Single cell to complete organism with brain

etc.2. Infancy - birth to 18 months

Beginning of psychological activites e.gsymbolic thought, social learning, sensiomotorskills.

3. Early Childhood 24 months to 5-6 years.Learning to become more self sufficient andcare for others


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4. Middle and Late Childhood 6 - 11 yrs

Mastering elements of reading, writing,maths etc.Being formally exposed to the largerworld and its culture.Achievement becomes a central themeand self control increases.


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5. Adolescence- 10-12 years through to18-21 years .Rapid physical changesPursuit of independence and identityThought is more logical, abstract andidealistic.


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6. Early Adulthood -21- 30 years.

Time of establishing personal andeconomic independence.Selecting a mate, starting a family,rearing children

Developing a career


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7. Middle Adulthood begins 35- 45 years into the 60s.Expanding social and personalinvolvement and responsibility.Assisting the next generation inbecoming mature and competent.Reaching and maintaning satisfaction inones career


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8. Late Adulthood- begins in 60s or 70sand last until death.Adjusting to decreasing strengh andhealth.Life review

RetirementAdjusting to new social roles.


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Developmental psychologists believethat it is import to transition througheach stage.This way individuals will have a well -rounded life and develop important

coping skills they need to deal with lifesrealities.


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PSYCHOLOGYMoral Development

Lawrence Kolberg proposed that individuals gothrough three levels of moral development ,

each characterised by two (2 stages).Internalisation developmental change frombehaviour that is externally controlled to onethat is controlled internally by self-generated

principles and standards


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1. Preconventional Level- lowest level of moralthinking.

Based on punishment (stage 1) or rewards(stage 2) that comes from the external world.

2. Conventional Level- intermediate level of internalisation.

Individual abides by certain standards(internal) e.g. parents (stage 3) or societylaws (stage 4).


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3. Postconventional Level- highest level of moralthinking.

moral development is completely internalisedand not based on ohters standards.The individual recognises alternative moralcodes, explores the options then developstheir own personal moral code.Code developed based on princeples generallyaccepted by the community (stage 5) or ismore individualised (stage 6)


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Occurs in sequence and are age related.

Advances because of maturation inthought, opportunities for role-takingand discussion of moral issues with anindividual who reasons at a stage above

your own.

bio psyc unit 2

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