bio eoc final review. jepordy review game

8/19/2019 Bio EOC Final Review. Jepordy review game

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Bio EOC Final Review

Scientific Method observations,

testable hypothesis,

identify variables,

control group

interpret data: read charts and graphs

adequate saplereplicating findings

hypothesis, theory and law

inference and a prediction

science, non!science

topic areas may be

very logical and based on good reasoning,

but simply do not fall within the realm of

science. They would include any belief

system, e.g., religious beliefs, philosophy,

personal opinions or attitudes, a sense of

esthetics, or ethics, pseudoscience may

be defined as a non-science which is

portrayed and advertised as a legitimatescience by its followers and supporters.

Good examples of a pseudoscience would

include "astrology"

Biocheistry

water olecules - polarity, hydrogen bonds,

effect on cell membranes, cohesion, adhesion,

universal solvent, moderates temperature,

expands when freezes

acroolecules - monomers, polymers,

structure and function of each:

carbohydrates glucose, sugars, starch,

glycogen, cellulose, chitin!

proteins antibodies, enzymes, hemoglobin,

insulin, collagen!

nucleic acids #$, %#$!lipids fats, phospholipids, steroids, hormones!

Cells

Cell "heory & tenets!

#ro$aryotic Cells

no nucleus or ebrane!bound organelles

unicellular, microscopic!

$rchea and 'acteria omains (ell wall, cell membrane, cytoplasm,

plasmid #$!, ribosomes

Eu$aryotic Cells

nucleus and ebrane!bound organelles

uni- and multicellular, micro- and

macroscopic, ,auto- and heterotrophic!

)rganelles structure and function!

Endosybiotic "heory mitochondria and

chloroplasts have their own #$ and

ribosomes - may have been free livingpro*aryotes that invaded and developed a

symbiotic relationship with host cell.

Cell Mebrane

(ontrols movement into and out of cells

+hospholipid bilayer - semipermeable

+hospholipid molecule - hydrophilic head,

hydrophobic tails

+assive Transport: diffusion, osmosis,

facilitated diffusion

$ctive Transport: endocytosis

pinocytosis, phagocytosis!, exocytosis)smosis: hypotonic, isotonic, hypertonic!

smotic pressure

Microscopes

Copound Microscope %&ight Microscope'

(issecting Microscope

ess magnification, resolution

(an view living specimens

Scanning Electron Microscope

urface structures

"ransission Electron Microscope

internal structures/01, T01 have much greater magnification

and resolution, no living specimens

Cell Cycle

Mitosis asexual reproduction, somatic cells

)ne division 2 diploid cells

"ivision of the nucleus

3nterphase: Gap4, ynthesis, Gap 5

1itotic +hase: +rophase, 1etaphase,

$naphase, Telophase

Cyto$inesis 2 "ivision of the cytoplasm

cancer6 7hat are some causes of cancer

Cell Cycle

Meiosis sexual reproduction, gametesTwo division cycles 2 haploid cells

permatogenesis 8 sperm!

)ogenesis 4 egg, & polar bodies!

Genetic variation : segregation,

crossing over, random fertilization

1eiosis 3 : tetrads, crossing over,

reduced to haploid condition

no replication between divisions

1eiosis 33 ) same as mitosis

*enetics

Mendel: pea plants, seven traits&aw of (oinance 2 if a dominant gene is

present, that trait will be seen

&aw of Segregation 2 uring the formation of

gametes eggs or sperm!, the two alleles

responsible for a trait separate from each

other. $lleles for a trait are then

"recombined" at fertilization, producing the

genotype for the traits of the offspring.

&aw of +ndependent ssortent 2 $lleles for

different traits are distributed to sex cells 9

*enetics cont-

+unnett uare 2 possible outcomes

.on!Mendelian +nheritance

3ncomplete ominance 2 blended traits

(odominance 2 both dominant alleles

expressed Type $' blood!


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offspring! independently of one another.

+ea +lant 0xperiments +, ;4, ;5 generations!

1ultiple $lleles, +olygenetic Traits,

+leiotropy, 0pistasis

lleles, genotype homozygous,

heterozygous! phenotype, $aryotype,

pedigree, se/!lin$ed genes

(. and Replication

(omposed of nucleotides

< carbon sugar, phosphate group,

nitrogenous base $-T, (-G!

(omplementary base pairs adenine

-guanine, cytocine - thymine!

(arries genetic code in genes order of

bases!

)ccurs during phase of cell cycle

1utations: +oint mutations 2

frameshifts!

(hromosomal mutations 2 deletion,

uplication, inversion, translocation!

#rotein Synthesis

"ranscription is the synthesis of m%#$ from a#$ template.

3t is li*e #$ replication in that a #$ strand

is used to synthesize a strand of m%#$.

)nly one strand of #$ is copied.

$ single gene may be transcribed thousands of

times.

$fter transcription, the #$ strands re=oin.

m%#$ moves to a ribosome to begin

translation into a polypeptide chain

%ead in triplets called codons

#rotein Synthesis cont-

"ranslation occurs at the ribosome whent%#$ reads the codon in place matches

codon with anticodon!, and drops off the

associated amino acid to add to the

polypeptide chain coded for by #$.

1utations

(entral ogma 2 gene - %#$ - polypeptide

>racil replaces thymine in %#$

En0yesbiological catalysts

structures that speed up reactions!

• made of proteins and have a

specific shape

• they are not changed or used up

in reactions

they wor* by lowering the

activation energy necessary for

a chemical reaction to occur

"ers to $now: active site, substrate,

induced fit model

optimal conditionsffected by: temperature, p?, amount of

substrate, amount of enzyme

denature

#hotosynthesis

@()5 A @?5) A sunlight ---B @) 5 A (@ ?45) @

%eactants +roducts

+erformed by autotrophs green plants and

other photosynthetic organisms!0nergy from sun is used to ma*e food in the

form of monosaccharides. >sed by plants and

heterotrophic organisms to provide energy for

life functions.

)xygen is a waste product

Cellular Respiration

@) 5 A (@ ?45) @ ---B @()5 A @?5) A 0

%eactants +roducts

+erformed by autotrophs and heterotrophs

to change the energy in the chemical bondsof glucose into a usable form of cell energy

0nergy in the form of $T+!

(arbon dioxide is a waste product


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EvolutionCharles (arwin

amarc*

yell

1althus

1endel

7allace

Evidence to support the theory of

evolution)

;ossil record

(omparative anatomy

(omparative embryology

'iogeography

1olecular biology

)bservable evolutionary change

Evidence of coon ancestor

?omologous structures

#$ and amino acid seuencesEvolution of populations: Genetic rift

Gene ;low, #onrandom mating

*enetic variation

#hylogeny and Cladistics

The evolutionary development and history of a

species or higher taxonomic grouping of

organisms. $lso called phylogenesis

Modern Synthesis is a theory about how

evolution wor*s at the level of genes,

phenotypes, and populations whereas arwinism

was concerned mainly with organisms,speciation and individuals.

Cladogra

0volutionary relationships among groups based

on genetics and biochemistry.

Early Earth

Miller and 1rey2s experiment showed that

under conditions that simulated the early

0arth, amino acids and other biologically

relevant molecules could be synthesized

from inorganic starting materials in the

laboratory.

0arly in its formation the 0arthCs surface

consisted of molten roc* and the atmosphere

consisted primarily of carbon dioxide and

water. The roc* cooled and formed a solid

crust. 7ithin a short period of time the

surface of the crust cooled sufficiently for

water to condense from the atmosphere. $

hot water ocean covered the 0arth, and the

atmosphere consisted primarily of carbon

dioxide and a smaller amount of nitrogen,

methane, ammonia, hydrogen cyanide.

The first, simple organic molecules

accumulated in the ocean for millions of

years, producing a so-called Dorganic soupD.

Early earth cont-

;uelled by the still-extreme heat of early

0arth, these molecules were interacting

with each other, producing new, more

complex organic compounds.

ome groups of organic molecules formed

bubble-li*e structures called

coacervates. (oacervates were made of

organic molecules surrounded by a film of

water molecules. (oacervates could

selectively absorb different materials

from the surrounding water and

incorporate them into their structure.

ome of these coacervates started to

group, grow and divide. 1illions of years

later some of them evolved into true

biological cells

cyanobacteria 2 oxygen in atmosphere

3oinids and Evolution of Man

any of a family ?ominidae! of erect bipedal

primate mammals that includes recent humans

together with extinct ancestral and related

forms and in some recent classifications the

gorilla, chimpanzee, and orangutan.

ustralopithecines importance in human

evolution.

"rends observed in hoinid evolution)

4. 'ipedalism:

5. (ranial capacity:

&. *ull shape:

8. Eaw:


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bio eoc final review. jepordy review game

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