Bio-energy in PolandBioresources, industry & RTD potentials

Grzegorz Wisniewskiecbrec@ibmer.waw.pl

EC Baltic Renewable Energy Centre – Centre of ExcellenceInstitute for Building, Mechanisation and Electrification of Agriculture

Warsaw, Poland,

www.ecbrec.pl

„International Conference on the Future of Energy in Enlarged Europe: Perspectives for R&D Co-operation”.

A contribution within the context of the Weimar Triangle

Warsaw, October 7th, 2004

Poland: general data: land useGeneral data

Area 312 thous km2

Forestry area 8,9 mln ha

Woodiness 9,4%

Timber removals 26,9 hm3

Agriculture land 18,4 mln ha

Sown area 2,6 mln ha

59,67%

29,41%

1,61%

0,12%

3,42%3,08%

2,69% agricultural land

forests and wooded landwaters

minerals

transport

residentialwasteland

Lithuania

Malta Cyprus

Slovenia

Slovakia

Poland

Czech Republik

Hungary Latvia

Estonia

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

- 1,00 2,00 3,00 4,00 5,00 6,00 7,00 8,00 9,00 10,00

Agricultural area per capita, ha

Fu

el im

po

rt d

epen

dan

cy, %

of

all f

uel

s

Opportunities for energy crops in the EU NMS

Biggest bio-energy export potential

Policy & legal drivers for RES in Poland and EU NMS

Country RES targets (primary energy)

RES-E targets 2010

RES Act or national programme

Environmental funds

Feed-in tariff/quota obligation

Cyprus 9% 2010 6% National Programme ?

Czech Republic 4% 2010

7% 2030

8% National Program

Estonia - 5,1%

Hungary 7,2 % 2010 3,6% National Programe under preparation

Latvia 12% 2010 49,3%

Lithuania - 7% National Program

Malta - 5% ?

Poland 7% 2010

14% 2020

7,5% Biofuel act- quota targets (biodiesel and bioethanol)

Quota obligation*

Slovakia 4% 2005 31% ?

Slovenia 12% 2010 33,6%

*Usually quota obligation does not favour advanced technology development

Forecast for the primary energy use in Poland till 2020 in PJ,

„National Energy Policy”, reference scenario

1 9 9 7 2 0 0 5 2 0 1 0 2 0 1 5 2 0 2 00

1 0 0 0

2 0 0 0

3 0 0 0

4 0 0 0

5 0 0 0

H ard co a lB ro w n co a lC ru d o ilN a tu ra l g asR en ew ab les

No nuclear energy in Poland!

Utilisation of renewable energy sources in Poland ‘2002 (source: EC BREC)

*Biomass – 92% of total production of renewable energy

SourceCapacity

(MW)Electricity

Production (GWh)Heat production

(TJ)Total energy

production (TJ)

Contribution to total energy production

Biomass ~6500 310 102056 103173 92.0

Solar 17 - 37 37 0.0

Geothermal +

heat pumps89 - 526 526 0.5

Wind 29 60 - 216 0.2

Hydro

(small plants

<5 MW)

524 (185) 2276 (698) - 8192 (2511) 7.3 (2.2)

Total ~7100 2646 102619 112146 100.0

0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000 9000

Wind power plants

Small hydropower plants

Photovoltaic systems

Municipal biogas plants

Agricultural biogas plants

Landfill gas

Solar collectors

Solar water collectors

Wood-fired heating plants

Straw-fired heating plants

Small biomass boilers

Wood CHP

Geothermal heating plants

[MW]

Expected structure of capacity increase in RES in Poland 2002- 2010

National Renewable Energy Strategy ‘2001

RES target ‘2010 – - 7,5% TPS

Official short term technological priorities?

Generation of energy from RES in Development Strategy of Renewable Energy Sources

Total production of energy in 2010, TJ

0 10000 20000 30000 40000 50000 60000 70000 80000

Wind power plants

Small hydro-electric power plants

Photovoltaic systems

Town biogas plants

Farm biogas plants

Landfill gas

Wood-fired combined heat and power plants

Automatic wood-fired heating plants

Automatic straw-fired heating plants

Independent biomass-fired boilers

Rape oil methyl esters

Bioethanol

Geothermal heating plants

Solar air collectors

Solar water collectors

FORESTRY FIRE-WOD POTENTIAL

Woodiness in Voivodships and timber harvest [m3/100 ha] (GUS - Forestry Statistics 2002) 10

Forestry area 8,9 mln ha

Woodiness 28,3%

Timber removals 26,9 Mm3

Afforestations 63.000 ha/a

Long-term plan 0,7 Mha by ‘2020

ACTUAL PROD FOR ENERGY

FIRE-WOOD – 1,5 Mm3

SMALL-SIZE – 0,7 Mm3

FUTURE

LOGGING RESIDUE – 1-1,6 Mm3

ROOT & STUMWOOD – 1,6 Mm3

SMALL-SIZE (EARLY THINNINGS) – 2,5 Mm3

STRAW POTENTIALS

PRODUCTION T/a

Cereals 25,5 mln

Rape 1 mln

Needs T/a

Feeding and litter

13 mln

Plaughing 2,5 mln

SURPLUS 11 mln

No of pig farms above 500 units

No of poultry farms above 5000 units

No of cow farms above 100 units

Biogas technical potential; 26 PJ in total

CO-FIRING (biomass+coal), large power plants, industry BIOMASS DISTRICT HEATING (municipalities)

CHP (small and medium scale, industry, municipalities)

TRANSPORT (biodiesel, bioethanol)Problem: development of solid biofuels market

BIOGAS (from agriculture)

BIOMASS GASIFICATIONProblem: market maturity of technologies

Bioenergy market:

short and medium term opportunities

Bioenergy Market- role of biomass co-firing

• Accession Treaty–an indicative RES-E goal for Poland ‘2010 - 7.5% • Governmental assumption: 4% of green electricity from biomass co-

fring in coal power plants in 2010 – equivalent of some 8-10 million tons (10-12 million m3) of fuel

• The present logging of wood - 2.5 million m3, missing –9-10 million m3 should therefore come mostly from energy crops (ca. 300 thousand hectares) or be imported

• Resulting competitions and conflicts of interests: -land competition (food-energy), -biofuels import-export competition, -competition for current limited biomass resources for

green heat & green & liquid biofuels production, -sustainability of agriculture &energy?

Drivers for bio-energy deployment

Good public perception and the role of bio-energy RTD

P R O M O T IO N & IN F O R M A T IO N

POL IC Y

& R EG

ION A L

STRA TEGIES

R ESEA R C H

& D

EV ELOPM

EN T

INTEGRATIONOF ACTIVITIES

The results of Polish bioenergy RTD scan Source: ERA-Bioenergy ‘2003

• About 150 experts and scientific workers are active in bioenergy

• Comparable small research groups: 1-4 scientists

• Annually budget in bioenergy area - about 2 000 000 EUR

• Rather small scale dispersed projects: 5000 – 50000 EUR/year

• Biggest projects financed by FP5

• A few bilateral projects: Sweden, Germany, ...

• Two national bioenergy programmes under preparation

• Participation of Poland in NoE Bioenergy (FP6)

Share of biomass to energy conversion topics in RTD projects ‘2002

C o m b u s t i o n1 8 %

G a s i f i c a t i o n1 2 %

F l u e g a s t r e a t m e n t8 %

P y r o l y s i s8 %C o m b i n e d H e a t a n d P o w e r

1 4 %

F e r m e n t a t i o n6 %

T r a n s e s t e r i f i c a t i o n4 %

A n a e r o b i c d i g e s t i o n8 %

M a t e r i a l s6 %

C o r r o s i o n2 %

P h y s i c a l p r o c e s s e s4 %

F e e d s t o c k p r e p a r a t i o n1 0 %Since ‘2003

new topic – biomass co-firing with coal due to new legislation and industrial interest

Source: ERA Bioenergy, FP5,’2003

INTEGRATION of NATIONAL RTDPolish Sustainable Energy RTD Network of CoE

Fuel cells

Hydrogen

Ener gy

socio-economics

Eco-bu

ildings

Poligeneration

Energy storage

Biomass

PV

Wind

Geo

ther

mal

en

ergy

RE

Sin

t egr

ati o

n

SHP

CO

2 sequ

estr

atio

n

Electri

city

Steering Committee

6FP

NC

P

Europ

ean

Com

mission

KB

NRENEWABLE RELATED

RE

NEW

ABLE

S SUSTAINABLE

ENERGY

EC BREC – coordinatorof bio-energy sub-network

Institue for Energy –coordinator

R&D of renewable technologies

Market stimulation by subsidies and legal instruments

SMALL SCALE OF

PRODUCTION

HIGH COSTS

„VICIOUS CIRCLE” OF BIOENERGY

TECHNOLOGIES Area of co-operation with

industry and scientific

centres

Area of co-operation with local governments in implementation of projects

Overcoming barriers to development of bioenergy

Strength of bio-energy in Poland

•Considerable bio-resources availability at lower than in EU-15 cost (land and labour);

•Potential surplus of agricultural production and opportunities for energy crops production

•Attractive short term options for heat and CHP production: coal to biomass (co-firing) or biogas instead of imported gas/oil

•Continuous improvement of bio-energy policy and legal framework, driven by the EU regulations

•Strong agriculture and agro-industry lobby

Bio-energy research suffers from under-funding but the existing research potential is considerable and should be one of the national RTD assets in near future

Temporary focus on short and medium term research is essential for better involvement of bio-energy industry and for increase of the share of private funding for energy RTD.

There is a need for joint setting of relevant RTD bio-energy priorities and measures in Poland, considering biomass resources, maturity and potential of industry, as well as current specialisation and possible co-operation with others EU MS.

Open questions:

will Poland be one of the bio-energy leading country in the EU and advanced technology creator or just technology imitator

how much Poland wil contribute to the ERA in scope of renewable energy/bio-energy?

Polish Bio-energy RTD – theses for further discussion