bildung durch forschung?€¦ · · 2017-01-24undertaken to focus biacore's business and...
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Bildung durch
Forschung?
Forschung an Fachhochschulen und Pädagogischen Hochschulen -
Motor gesellschaftlicher Innovationen und Voraussetzung guter Lehre
Bürgenstock-Konferenz 2017
Gerd Folkers ETH Zürich
SWIR
Forschung zu betreiben heisst, über eine subjektive Erfahrung
wissenschaftliches Wissen herzustellen, oder:
a) Warum-Fragen zu stellen;
b) systematisch geordnete Antworten zu suchen;
c) methodisch geordnet vorzugehen;
d) Aussagen durch Gründe und Evidenzen in ihrer Geltung zu
rechtfertigen;
e) Würgegriffe von Ideologie und falscher Autorität
zurückzulassen. (Abel 2009)
Lehre zu betreiben heisst, obiges zusammen mit Studierenden und
Doktorierenden zu tun und die subjektive Erfahrung mit ihnen zu teilen.
Research is fundamentally a state of mind involving
continual re-examination of doctrines and axioms upon
which current thought and action are based. It is
therefore, critical of existing practices.
( Theobald Smith, American Journal of the Medical Sciences, 178, 740 (1929))
Forschung bildet die
Persönlichkeit
• …zu Lernen, wie Wissen erworben wird,
• …Scheitern zu können,
• …Grenzen zu ziehen,
• …zu kommunizieren
Gilt noch das Humboldt’sche
Ideal?
• „entrepreneural universities“ (IP; Patente;
Drittmittel;…)
• Labor-Automatisierung ( robotische Erzeugung von
Ergebnissen)
• Artificial Intelligence ( selbsttätige/selbständige
Forschungsalgorithmen, z.B. Watson )
• A Hong Kong VC fund has just appointed an algorithm to its board. Deep
Knowledge Ventures, a firm that focuses on age-related disease drugs and
regenerative medicine projects, says the program, called VITAL, can make
investment recommendations about life sciences firms by poring over large
amounts of data.
„CHEMICAL
INDUSTRY, UPHELD
BY PURE SCIENCE,
SUSTAINS THE
PRODUCTION OF
MAN‘S NECESSITIES“
A.Cressy Morrison
Man in a Chemical World
Charles Scribner‘s Sons,
N.Y.
1937
• Hypothesen-getriebene, erklärende Forschung (
Erkenntnis und Theorienbildung)
• beschreibende Forschung
• explorative Forschung
• Versuch und Irrtum - Forschung („trial and error“,
„generate and test“; „guess and check“) …. ist einer
der beiden grundlegenden Wege ein Problem zu
lösen. ( ….guided empiricism). Demgegenüber
steht Erkenntnis und Theorienbildung.
Forschung lässt sich nicht verorten (1)
• erzeugt Silo-Mentalität
(D: MPIs/Fraunhofer/Leibnitz/Helmholtz/UH/FH/KuMH/PH/theoHS/VerwFH/…)
(F: U/Grand Ecoles/CNRS/INSERM/INRA/…)
(CH: ETHs/UH/FH/PH)
• reduziert Kreativität und Innovation
• generiert hohe Aufwände für neue Strukturen
Zentren/Cluster/…
Forschung lässt sich nicht verorten (2)
• was ist „Spitzenforschung“ ?
was in „führenden“ Journalen publiziert wird?
(selbstreferentiell?)
was in „führenden“ Journalen abgelehnt wird?
(selbstreferentiell?)
was zu einer völlig unerwarteten Perspektive führt?
(Dante, Einstein, Freud, Kepler, Marx)
was zu einer revolutionären, gesellschafts-
verändernden Technologie führt? (Transistor/LASER)
Forschung lässt sich nicht verorten (4)
R.W. Wood,Philos. Mag., 1902,4, 396–402.
1984 Know-how and expertise from the former
Pharmacia, the Linköping Institute of Technology, and
the Swedish National Defense Research Institute
(FOA), were brought together to create Pharmacia
Biosensor AB - the company, which was later to
become Biacore AB in 1996. Approximately MSEK
550 was invested in the early stage development of
Biacore® systems and the technology on which it is
based.
1989 The initial research phase was
concluded with the development of the fundamentals
of Biacore's Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR)-
based technology, comprising surface chemistry, flow
systems and optical detection methods. Development
of the first commercial product began immediately,
producing BIAcore®, the world's first SPR-based
analytical instrument for studying biomolecular
interactions. BIAcore® was launched in the fall of
1990.
1992 A significant restructuring was
undertaken to focus Biacore's business and improve
its market orientation. This was achieved by
concentrating commercial and product development
activities on basic and applied life science research.
© GE
Lord Rayleigh,Proc. R. Soc. London, Ser. A,
1907,79, 399.
U. Fano,J. Opt. Soc. Am., 1941,31, 213–222.
A. Otto,Z. Phys., 1968,216, 398–410
E. Kretschmann and H. Reather,Z.
Naturforsch., Teil A, 1968,23, 2135–2136.
B. Liedberg, C. Nylander and I. Lundstrom,
Sens. Actuators, 1983,4,299–304.
FreeNovation
• Es richtet sich an Forschende
in der Schweiz, die mit ihren
ausgefallenen Fragestellungen
und Lösungsansätzen in den
konventionellen
Förderprogrammen kaum
unterkommen.
• anonymisiert, keine CVs, keine
Publikationsliste
• 2 FH / 3 Kliniken / 8 UH
https://www.novartis.ch/de/unsere-taetigkeit/neue-wege-der-forschungsfoerderung#ui-id-1=0
• Erkenntnis gewinnen.
• Wissen bewahren,vermitteln und transferieren.
• Kritik und dauerndes Hinterfragen, um Erkenntnis und Wissen
zu stabilisieren:
• ein grosser Kommunikationsprozess, der die gesamte
Gesellschaft umfasst und fundmental zur Wertschöpfung
beträgt:
• denn er dient der Bildung und Ausbildung
nachkommender Generationen
• und er befähigt den mündigen Bürger zu politischem
Handeln
Aufgaben einer Hochschule
Kompetenz =„skills“?
• Im UPS air hub „Worldport",
Louisville Kentucky:
• „Sortation used to require a more
complex application of human
thought, but in the development
of the UPS air hub the intellectual
role of the workers „out in the
sort“ underwent a process of „de-
skilling“
• …a UPS manager explained to
me. “Label-side up. That’s pretty
much the extent of training for
these folks“
Farrar, Straus, Giroux 2006
Vorsicht: Satire!
The Academy of Projectors at Lagado “... Every one knew how laborious the usual method is of attaining to arts and
sciences; whereas, by his contrivance, the most ignorant person, at a reasonable
charge, and with a little bod ily labour, might write books in philosophy, poetry,
politics, laws, mathematics, and theology, without the least assistance from genius or
study.” He then led me to the frame, about the sides, whereof all his pupils stood in
ranks. It was twenty feet square, p laced in the midd le of the room. The superfices was
composed of several bits of wood , about the bigness of a d ie, but some larger than
others. They were all linked together by slender wires. These bits of wood were
covered , on every square, with paper pasted on them; and on these papers were
written all the words of their language, in their several moods, tenses, and
declensions; but without any order. The professor then desired me “to observe; for he
was going to set his engine at work.” The pupils, at his command, took each of them
hold of an iron handle, whereof there were forty fixed round the edges of the frame;
and giving them a sudden turn, the whole d isposition of the words was entirely
changed . He then commanded six-and-thirty of the lads, to read the several lines
softly, as they appeared upon the frame; and where they found three or four words
together that might make part of a sentence, they d ictated to the four remaining boys,
who were scribes. This work was repeated three or four times, and at every turn, the
engine was so contrived , that the words shifted into new places, as the square bits of
wood moved upside down."
© The Folio Society 18
„Saving Science“ (Sarewitz
2016) „Science has been important for
technological development, of
course. Scientists have discovered
and probed phenomena that turned
out to have enormously broad
technological applications. But the
miracles of modernity in the above
list came not from “the free play of
free intellects,” but from the
leashing of scientific creativity to
the technological needs of the U.S.
Department of Defense (DOD).“
Utilitarismus: „moving the food“
• Trends in der Wertzuweisung der Disziplinen
• Evaluation
• „scopus“ (Elsevier) Mentalität
• neues Management
• legitimiertes Ranking
–Andrew Abbott, Wissen zwischen Elitismus und Demokratie. In:
Hagner:Wissenschaft und Demokratie 2006, S. 142
„Die moderne Wissenswelt wird dermassen von
Eliten gesteuert, dass sogar die Bücher, die
zeigen sollen, dass diese These nicht zutrifft,
die Wahrheit dieser These voraussetzen.“
„Bildung durch Forschung“ braucht
einen Perspektivenwechsel
• Assessment fördern (andere Kostenperspektive)
• Änderung des Publikationsverhaltens (andere
Ranking Perspektive)
• Schnittstellen bauen (andere Elitenperspektive)
• Sprachkompetenz fördern (andere
Bildungsperspektive)
• Respekt fördern (andere disziplinäre Perspektive)