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Index

Aden Coal Company, 188agency houses

British management, 9, 226, 279, 281Calcutta, 10, 154, 157–8European, 137East India Company (EIC) and, 144–7,

183, 190Singapore, 191see also Palmer & Co.

Alfred Holt & Co., 219, 231see also Blue Funnel vessels; Ocean

Steam Ship CompanyAlgemeene Vereeniging van

Rubberplanters ter Oostkust vanSumatra (General Association ofRubber Planters on Sumatra’s EastCoast, AVROS), 241–2, 253

Anemaet & Co., 134Anglo-Asian banking, 183–8Arracan & Co., 191Association of Southeast Asian Nation

(ASEAN), 262

Batavia Freight Conference (BVC), 71Behn, Meyer & Co., 191Ben Line (Scotland), 120Berliner Maschinenbau AG, 121Bienefeld & Co., 188Birlas, 275, 281Blackwood & Co., 190Blue Funnel vessels, 219–35BMW, 121Bombay

British exchange banks, 188–9comparison with Surat, 103–6cotton export, 101, 103Cotton Fraud Act, 202, 204EIC’s role, 95–6, 103–6English owned ships, 105–6maritime network, 99, 103–6Surat–Bombay trade, 103–6

Borneo Company, 191Bosch, 121Boustead & Co., 191–2

British Exchange Banksin Asia, 180–93in Bombay, 188–9in Calcutta, 189–91in Penang, 192–3in Singapore, 191–2

British imperialism, 2, 8, 153, 179–80,184, 194, 220

Brown & Co., 192Butterfield & Swire (B&S), 225

Calcuttaagency houses, 10, 137, 146–8, 154,

157Anchor Line, 221Brocklebank, 221, 224Chartered Mercantile Bank, 182imperial commerce, 7industry and trade, 276Liverpool’s role, 219–20local business, 189–91mercantile facilities, 3Palmer & Co., 144, 147, 149–53railway company, 189Sassoon family (China), 188

Cape of Good Hope, 79–80, 232Carr, Tagore & Co., 157Carst, Lels & Company, 118–19Charter Act of 1813, 148, 153, 156China

The Amended Corporate Income TaxLaw, 274

civil law, 267–71communitarianism customs, 268Commutation Act 1784, 146Company Law 1993, 271Cultural Revolution, 269currency volatility, 274Economic Contract Law, 269equity market behaviour, 271–4expansion of financial markets, 271–2FDI, 262, 271–4Foreign Contract Law, 269Foreign Equity Joint Venture Law, 275

312

Index 313

foreign MNEs, 273–5foreign partnership, 273intellectual property protection, 273kinship practice, 270Kuomintang legal system, 268market economy, 270–1new business management

techniques, 275non-governmental organisations

(NGOs), 273ownership of listed companies, 260,

263, 266, 272, 274PRC land ownership, 269–70principle of public property, 270Property Law of 2002, 270Property Code of 2007, 269, 271SEZs, 259, 271, 275SOEs, 259–62, 267, 271–2state funds, 260state-planned economy, 271Succession Law, 269technology transfer, 275Trademark Law of 1982, 273The Trust Law (2001), 271WTO principles, 270

China Law in 1995, 271China National Offshore Oil

Corporation, 274China National Petroleum Corporation

(CNPC), 263–5China Navigation Company (CNCo),

228, 230, 234China Securities Commission, 272Chinese Civil Code, 268Chinese corporate economy

capitalism, 281central planning, 259, 262charities, 282Chinese law and impacts, 265–7civil law, 278corruption and clientelism, 278, 281foreign investors, 260globalisation effect, 281imitation of foreign technology, 277MNEs, 281–2non-performing loans (NPLs), 261ownership patterns, 259political partnerships, 282resource extraction, 281–2Wholly Foreign Equity Law, 275

Chinese merchants, 2, 10, 64, 91, 165–6,173, 176, 191, 193, 227

Chinese Regulatory Commission, 274Colvin & Co., 147, 151commodities

Asia-Pacific region, 175Bengal, 27, 154, 190, 220Bombay, 188Chinese, 68–9, 165colonial, 134Cornes & Company, 120distribution, 139EIC, 99exchange, 61exports in 1870s, 3‘from Papua’, 59import, 181Indian, 202Japanese, 226Javanese, 11, 128, 131Makassar port, 71natural, 62places of origin, 31primary, 18–19, 24, 37, 39, 276regional pattern, 63–4, 66sources, 67Southeast Asia, 191strategic, 8–9tea and silk (China), 2, 60VOC, 81, 83, 87–9, 91–2Volkart Bros, 201West Asian markets, 105world trade, 26, 133

commodity chain, 2, 4, 61, 73, 129–31,133, 137–8, 205, 207

commodity production, 3–4, 6, 12, 65,130, 146, 185, 194

Companies Act of 2006 (India), 279Copyright Law of China 1990, 273cotton industry, 2–3, 37, 189, 198

Davidson & Co., 153De Coningh & Company, 118–19Deans, Scott & Co., 154decline of Surat (Gupta), 95Dent & Co., 148, 180Drexel & Company (Philadelphia), 120Duncan Bros & Co., 190

314 Index

East India Company (EIC)agency houses and, 144–7non-company Europeans, 145–6opium production, 146Palmer & Co., 146–7, 149–54, 156

Eastern IndonesiaBritish influence, 60, 62, 65–8, 71Buginese, 64–8Chinese merchants, 61, 63–73commodity chains, 61, 65–6,

69–71, 73exports, 64, 66–73free trade, 66, 68Malays, 63–5maritime network, 59–65physical environments, 59port cities, 60–1, 66, 70–3Portuguese, 63–4sociopolitical setting, 59–61trade cycles, 62–4

Fanning, Griffiths & Co., 137Far East Freight Conference (FEFC), 223,

232Fonciere (Paris), 120Foreign direct investment (FDI)

Chinese companies, 262, 273–4, 282Indian service sectors, 279–80

Fraser Eaton & Co., 135

German Australian Steamship Company(DADG), 71

German legal code (pandekten), 269Gilfillan, Wood & Co., 191G. Motee & Co., 188Great Wall Group, 275Gross Domestic Product (GDP)

China, 38–9, 265regional distribution of world, 19–20,

22–3world exports, 28world trade structure, 29, 31, 33–4

Guangdong Securities Company, 272Guthrie & Co., 191–2G. W. Lees & Co., 190

H. & M. Rantenburg, 190Haier, 281Hamburg America Line, 121

Handels Vereeniging Amsterdam(Amsterdam Trading Association,HVA), 243–4, 248–9, 254

Hapag-Lloyd, 121Harrison and Crosfield and Paterson

Simons & Co., 192Hindley & Co., 190Hindu Law of Contract, 280Hong Kong and Shanghai Banking

Corporation (HSBC), 168–70, 174–6,179–80, 185

Hong Kong Stock Exchange, 260, 263,275

Huawei, 275, 277, 279, 281Huttenbach Bros & Co., 191

Indiabanian merchants, 157banking system, 184–5, 189British merchants, 66, 82Chartered Bank, 134, 179–83, 185, 188chettiar merchants, 4, 6, 8The Companies Act of 2006, 279Coromandel Coast (Danish

settlement), 127cotton industry, 37, 70, 79, 81–4, 100,

192, 198–213European firm/merchants, 156, 158forced free trade, 28Government of India Act in 1919, 212Hindu Contract Act, 280Indian Contract Act of 1872, 280industrial production, 20–2, 24, 39,

220, 224intra-regional transactions, 26–7, 31,

189land trade, 32Liverpool shipping, 219maritime network, 11, 59Mughal empire, 95–7National Patents Act of 1970, 276opium export, 2, 64, 82–4, 192Palmer &Co, 148–55Tariff Wall, 9tariffs and quotas, 225trade surplus, 182Western private shippers, 65

Indian Contract Act of 1872, 280

Index 315

Indian corporate economybusiness structures, 276colonial law, 279–80comparison with China, 279–82corruption and clientelism, 281economic liberalisation, 277economic reforms, 279ethnic groups, 276–7family business, 275–7globalisation effect, 281IT industry, 276–7, 280joint stock companies, 276, 279legal structures, 276nationalisation of banks, 276overseas markets, 277–8political economy and, 278private capitalism, 275service sector, 280shareholders, 278–9technology revolution, 277trade diversity, 276venture capital, 276–8

Indian cotton tradede-Europeanisation, 210–13exports, 199, 205–7, 210–12, 219, 224fraudulent practices, 198modern infrastructure, 208multinational traders, 205–7peasant proprietors, 209polycentric structure, 199quality legislation, 201–5

IndonesiaBilliton, 243–7, 249, 254Deli Company, 243–4, 246–9dividend policies, 243–7, 249–55Dutch businesses, 243, 254Gending, 243, 250–1, 255Handels Vereeniging ‘Amsterdam’

(HVA), 243–4, 248–9, 254Michiels-Arnold, 243, 250–1, 255National Industrial and Agricultural

Company (NILM), 243, 250–1,255

tin production, 244–5Wonolangan, 243, 250–1, 255

industrialisationAsian economies, 1–3, 185, 194,

211–12, 223in Britain, 35–6in China, 39, 259

global, 38Indian, 9, 213in Japan, 116, 218, 220, 226–7in Western Europe, 18

Information technology (IT) industry,258, 274, 276, 277, 279–81

Infosys, 282Insurance Law (1995, China), 271intra-Asian mercantile

Bombay-based cotton industry, 189British and Americans, 60colonial banking, 180, 185commodity chain, 2commodity production, 194EIC and, 146imperial ports of Asia, 8, 18Java’s European mercantile and, 137late nineteenth century, 3Liverpool-based shipping interests,

218, 228, 234–5Ocean executives, 234Palmer’s, 153regional trade, 135Singapore business, 191VOC and, 79–82with Japan, 224, 230

JapanAspinall, Cornes & Company, 120Blue Funnel group, 226–9, 231British ship owners, 227–8Carst, Lels & Company, 118–19colonial banking, 180–1, 191De Coningh & Company, 118–19exports, 29–31, 35, 71, 73, 189fisheries, 220foreign merchant, 115–17imports to India, 224–5Indian trade, 200, 207–8, 210–12industrialisation, 2–6, 9–11, 21–2, 218intra-Asian trade, 224keiretsu firms, 277, 279Kniffler and Illies & Company, 120–1Liverpool shipping, 219, 222–3, 226,

230mid-century mercantile, 135Mitsubishi, 122, 227, 233Mitsui ships, 232Ocean Steam Ship Company, 234Priam-class ship, 233

316 Index

Japan – continuedtariff rate, 37treaty port system, 113–15, 117–18VOC and, 79, 81–2Volkart Bros, 199Walsh, Hall & Company, 121–2Western merchants/firms, 112–13,

117–18Japanese–Prussian Commercial Treaty

(1861), 121Java Sea and Fire Insurance Company,

119Java/Javanese

Carst, Lels & Company, 119commodities distribution, 11, 138–9cultivation system, 250De Coningh & Company, 118Dutch metropolis, 132–7European mercantile houses, 129–32exports, 3HVA estates, 248intra-Asian trade, 26, 32, 137–8invasion, 151maritime relationship, 61, 63–4Netherlands Trading Society (NHM),

66Paine Stricker, 127–32, 136Palmer & Co., 148, 154physical environment, 59steam shipping, 69sugar industry, 4, 24see also Semarang

Javanese War of Succession (1704–1708),82

Javasche Bank (DJB), 134

Kniffler and Illies & Company, 120–1Kodak, 274Koninklijke Paketvaart Maatschappij

(KPM), 70–3, 243Kopersmit & Co., 136Krupp AG, 121

Law on Prevention and Control of WaterPollution (2008), 273

Lenovo, 275, 277, 281Liverpool Shipping

in Asia, 219competition after Second World War,

229–43

cosmopolitanism, 223–5exports, 219, 223–30, 232gentlemanliness, 218–19, 221–4intra-imperial complementarities,

234–5pre-Second World War competition,

224–9Talthybius bombing, 230

Liverpool Steam Ship Owners’Association (LSSOA), 220

Lloyds, 120Lord North’s Regulating Act of 1773, 145Lucky Film Company, 274Luke Thomas & Co., 188

Maclaine Fraser & Co., 135Maclaine Watson & Co., 136Ma Tsui Chiu

account books, 165–6, 169–70, 175–6credit circuits, 169–70Cheong Wah Co. Ltd, 166, 173–6Dahua Bank, 173–5investments in1930s, 170–3remittance business, 167–9

McNeill & Co., 135Mitsubishi, 122, 227, 233Morgan, J. S. & Company (New York and

London), 120Mughal Empire, 2, 17, 95, 145, 153Multinational enterprises (MNEs), 264,

273, 275, 281–2

Nationale Industrie-enLandbouw–Maatschappij(National Industrial and AgriculturalCompany (NILM), 243, 250–1

Nederlandsche Handelmaatschappij(Netherlands Trading Society,NHM), 66–9, 118, 130–1, 134–5, 250

Nederlandsch-Indische Handelsbank(Netherlands Indies Trading Bank,NIHB), 129, 134, 251

Negotiable Instruments Law (1995), 271Nippon Yusen Kaisha (NYK), 223, 225,

227, 231–3non-governmental organisations

(NGOs), 273Non-performing loan (NPL), 261Norwich Union, 120

Index 317

Ocean Steam Ship Company, 219, 223,225, 228–34

Octavius, Steel & Co., 190Oosterling Sea and Fire Insurance

Company, 119Osaka Shosen Kaisha (OSK), 223, 225,

232

Paine Stricker, 127–32, 136Palmer & Co.

agency strategy, 156–8Asian networks, 153–4early history, 147failure, reasons, 149, 151insolvency records, 150, 152opium trade, 148partnership changes, 146–7recovery plan, 157

Paper Currency Act (Act No. 19 of1861British India), 185

Pandel & Stiehaus, 120Patent Law and Trademark Law (1993,

China), 269Patent Law of China, 273Paterson, Simons & Co., 191Penang

Chartered Mercantile Bank, 183–4, 192imperial commerce, 7local business, 192–3Malacca Straits, 65mercantile facilities, 3opium and spirits farms, 192Palmer & Co., 148, 150, 154Straits Settlements, 184Straits Steamship Company (SSCo.),

228transit ports, 35

Peninsular and Oriental SteamNavigation Company (P&O), 120

People’s Republic of China (PRC), 266,269–70

Poesat Perkeboenan Negara-Baru (NewCentre for State Estates, PPN-Baru),247, 249

Queen Insurance, 120

R. S. Duncan & Co., 191Royal Exchange, 120

Royal Packet Company, see KoninklijkePaketvaart Maatschappij (KPM)

Savoia Marine Insurance Society of Italy,120

Schimmelpenninck & Co., 131Schroder & Co., 129Second Javanese War of Succession, 83Securities Law (1998, China), 271Semarang

Chinese traders, 84–5, 87, 90–1, 93coastal areas, 81–3, 90, 93Dutch; see VOC’s roleintra-Asian trade, 79–82Java’s Northeast Coast, 82–5, 87,

89, 91Malays, 85, 93maritime networks, 80, 86, 91, 93port history, 79private merchants, 83–4, 86–7, 89–93towkays, 84–5, 93VOC’s role, 80–92

SingaporeBritish acquisition, 66, 148British exchange banks, 191–2Busing, Schroder & Co., 129Chartered Mercantile Bank, 183exports, 3, 6–7, 24, 68, 72Liverpool shipping, 228local business, 191–2Ocean Steam Ship Company, 234‘KPM’s network’, 70steamer tonnage, 69Straits Settlements, 184–5Talthybius bombing, 230transit ports, 35

Singapore Airlines, 274Sinopec (case study)

China National PetroleumCorporation (CNPC), 263

corporate operations, 262State Council’s control, 263

Small and medium-sized enterprise(SME), 259, 280

Special economic zone (SEZ), 259, 271,275

State owned enterprise (SOE), 259–62,267, 271, 272, 275, 281

Straits Steamship Company (SSCo.),228–9, 234

318 Index

Suratbanking, 104colonial rule, 95, 99, 103commercial network, 95–9, 101, 104,

106comparison with Bombay, 103–6decline paradigm, 95–7EIC’s role, 98–105European trade, 97–100, 103–5freight trade, 98, 102–5maritime network, 95, 97–101, 103–6political economy, 99, 103, 106ships, 96–9, 101–6

Tata and Sons, 224, 258, 265, 275–9,281–3

Universal Marine, London & Oriental,Commercial Union, 120

Vereenigde Oost-Indische Compagnie(Dutch East India Company, VOC)

elite connections, 156

decline, 62, 66, 73maritime relationship, 63in Semarang, 11, 79–92spice exports, 64in Surat, 101–2

Vereeniging van Assuradeuren, 119Volkart Bros, 199, 201

W. Nichol & Co., 208Wallace & Co., 188Walsh, Hall & Company, 121–2Water Witch (ship), 157Wipro, 282world trade in 1840

economic indicators, 19–23intra-regional trade, 23–8long-distance trade, 23–8Western impact, 28–30

world trade in 1910free trade regime, 34–8structure, 30–4

World Trade Organization (WTO), 270,274