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Index Abel, R. L., 16 academic lawyers, 236 access to legal services, 10-11,

239-65, 272 accessibility, 29, 39--41, 50, 82-5,

108-9, 110, Ill, 112, 113, 142, 146, 156, 268-9, 271-2

accountancy, 31, 147, 251, 254, 256, 266-7

acquisitions, 24, 55, 56, 64, 132 action learning, 138 Administration of Justice Act 1985,

218 administrator, 43 adult learning, 12, 139 advertising, 3, 83, 92, Ill, 218-9,

255, 262, 270; slogans, 81, 83 Advisory Conciliation and

Arbitration Service, 199 AGCAS, 56, 72, 132, 147, 165, 237 Alcoa, 33, 38, 62 Alfred Crompton case, 229-30 Alternative Dispute Resolution

(ADR), 201, 205-7, 271 American Bar Foundation, 27 A. M. & S. case, 173, 230 Anderson, S.D., 147 Annual Reports, 85, 87 arbitration, 15, 199, 201-2, 204-11,

260 archaic language, 97 archaic laws, 118 articles, 135, 14 7 Ashenfelter, 0. and Bloom, D. E.,

208 A. T. & T., 28 Australia(n), 8-9, 13-18, 21, 42, 44,

45, 76, 84, 100, 125, 128, 130, 144, 163, 165, 171, 172, 190, 194, 199, 200, 214, 230, 236, 237, 243, 245, 246, 250, 252, 264, 266

Australian Commercial Disputes Centre, 206, 207

Australian Centre for International Commercial Arbitration, 207

Baker & McKenzie, 251, 264 banks (and banking), 25, 26, 33, 56,

65, 75-6, 122, 123, 141 Bar Association for Commerce,

Finance and Industry (BACFI), 21, 27, 135, 136, 223-6, 228, 237

Bar, 3, 8, 153, 159, 204, 213, 218-9, 223, 225, 226, 227, 237, 238, 244, 254-5, 262, 270

Bardach, E. and Kagan, R. A., 189, 190

barristers, 9, 13, 32, I 00, 150, 155, 157, 159, 200, 202, 212, 227, 237, 240, 243; employed, 223-6, 227-8; industrial sectors, 60, 72, 165, 243; and in-house lawyer growth, 20-2, 27; and legal reform, 164, 218-19, 237, 270-1; and training, 135, 147, 165, 243

Bartlett,]. W., 44, 189, 210, 259, 264 basic training, 134-5 Beale, H. and Dugdale, T., 211 Beaumont, P. B., 176 'beauty contests', 46, 245 Belgium, 21 Bentham, R., 16 Berle, A. A., 186-7 Binger J. H., 119 Blake, A., 148 Blaustein, A. P. and Porter, C. 0.,

28 Blom-Cooper, L., 218, 241 Board, 43, 48, 56, 57, 68, 69, 73, 84,

109, 112, 114, 120, 175, 179, 180, 227, 238

Boyd, J ., 230 breach of law, 42, 47, 121, 127, 174,

175-83 Brown, L. M., 92 bureaucracy, 16, 149, 263, 265 Burns, T. and Stalker, G. H., 120

281

282 Index

business: agreements, 193; compared to professions, 220-1, 239-41; competitors, 80; disputes, 192-211; effects on legal profession, 174, 194-5, 213, 250-3; environment, 77-93; ethics, 169-91, 221, 268; fashion, 24; growth and litigation growth, 194; ideal, 272; morality, 169, 175-8; political elite, 93; regulation, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 19-28, 33, 35, 40, 43, 44, 52, 55, 58, 59, 64, 79, 80, 87-90, 92, Ill, 120, 124, 169-91, 242; cultural dimensions of, 172-4; definition of, 181; strategy, 36, 82, 115; and legal services, 240-2, 249-63; structure and legal services, 239-65

Business Law Review, 211 Business Week, 22, 27, 31, 33, 120, 129,

195, 205, 250, 252, 264

Cain, M., 118 Cantor, D. J ., 251, 252 career, 5, 61, 66, 93, 135, 141,

149-66, 214, 223 Carlin,J. E., 91, 138, 182 Carney, W. J ., 23, 25, 28 case-file, 56, 67-9 case-law, 36, 77, 79, 86, 87, 96, 113,

137, 185 case studies of in-house work, 67-73 Chambers, M., 35 Chan, D. A. and Wilson, C. D., 33,

129 Chartered Institute of Arbitrators,

210 checking-off systems, 108, 111-12 Choka, A. D., 4, 20, 72, 86-7, 92,

100, 101, 113, 118, 120 Citizens' Advice Bureaux, 241, 260 City self-regulation, 190 City firms, 14, 16, 30, 32, 38, 46, 90,

152, 155, 180, 199, 203, 220, 232, 233, 241, 245, 251, 268

'civilised business practice', 185 civil servants, 89, 93, 171 class relations, 265

client: appraisal, I 06; as colleagues, 99, 152-3; definition of, 223, 234-6; education, 86, 99, 118; goals, 51, 74, 96, 102; 'hassle', 154; lawyers criteria for a good, 117; 'low-status', 182; naive, 152; need, 98; 'one shot', 74, 138; relationship, 82, 154, 157; 'responsiveness' to, 90; trust, 37

Cohen, H., 28, 35, 236 Cohen, L. and Manion, L., 12 College of Law, 136 collective bargaining, I 78, 208 Commerce and Industry Group of

the Law Society (C and I Group), 17, 21, 27, 52, 55, 72, 114, 134, 136, 145, 147, 223-6, 237, 256

Commercial Court, 211 commercial flair, 59 commercial lawyers, 59, 149, 155,

164, 195-6 commercial risk, 97 commercial objectives, I 0 I, 119, 269 committees, see meetings common law, 97, 231 common sense, 106, 108 communications, 40, 45, 49-50, 65,

94, 108-15, 142, 246 community, 56, 71, 107, 178, 184,

193, 235, 268, 269; -based justice, 209; lawyer, 235; reputation in, 83, 92, 270

Companies Acts, 23, 27 company: environment, 85; law, 55;

in law, 107-8, 234, 247; misconduct, 108, 175, 178-91: policy, 62, 86-93, 102, 106, 109-115, 119, 120, 126; response to regulation, 176-7, 188-9; Secretary, 23-4, 27, 43, 47, 68, 84, 162, 175, 222; size, 25, 43; structure, 14, 64, 149, 234; 'style', 64-5

competence, 5-6, 12, 30, 50, 60, 62, 63, 102, 130, 137-9, 147, 215, 217-18, 222, 226, 245-6, 253, 263, 269

competitors, 82, 92, 240, 251

Index 283

Confederation of British Industry, 51, 52, 210

conflicts of interest, 256, 271 construction, 60, 72 consumer claims, 192, 208 consumerist society, 10 consumers, 5, 19, 240, 269 continuing education, 13, 14,

134-46, 218, 249, 270 contracts, 23, 24, 32-3, 47, 48, 55-6,

58-9, 64, 65, 67, 68, 72, 76, 85-6, 92, 96, 99, 101, 103, 110, Ill, 126, 132, 154, 183

conveyancing, 24, 32, 35, 46, 55-6, 58, 60, 68, 85, 120, 123, 129, 218-19, 224, 225, 229, 240, 257, 258, 262, 270

Coombe, G. W., Jr., 22, 230 corporate conscience, 92, 182-9 'corporate lawyer', 8 corporate morality, 9, 175-91 corporate social responsibility

statements, 187 costs, 29-30, 36, 39, 45-7, 51, 61, 63,

71, 73, 75, 126-7, 129, 143, 194, 197, 200, 203-4, 210, 244, 254, 260-1, 268, 270

Coulson, R., 193, 197 courts, 55, 96, 122-3, 224-5, 228,

229-31, 244, 259, 267 'cowboy firms', 176 creative lawyering, 81, 98, I 02 criminal law, 117, 210 criminologists, 175 culture, 36, 53, 64, 66, 75, 82, 90,

109, Ill, 119,127,164,188-9, 190, 248, 269

Curran, B. et al., 26-8

Daniel, W. W. and Stilgoe, E., 190 David, J ., 206 Davies, C., 265 de Butts, J. D., 118 debt collection, 68 debtor actions, 122-3 decision-making emphasis, 99,

104-5, 106, 118, 119, 143 dday, 42, 197, 200, 246 Denning, Lord, 229

deregulation, 22, 33, 82, I 70-5 Deterding, Sir H., 3, 6-7, 268 Dingwall, R. and Lewis, P., 17, 165,

215 disciplinary practices, 85, 96, 112,

126 dismissal, 36-7, 56, 58, 67, 80, 96,

125, 132, 171, 177 dispute resolution, I 0, 28, 192-211,

259, 272 diversification, 64; in legal practice,

30, 250, 255-7 divided legal profession, 8, 60, 199,

202, 212, 223-6, 254, 260, 270 divisions, 58, 63, 68 Donnell, J. D., 15-16, 49, 57, 99,

107,116,117,119,150,263 Dunlop, J. T., 178

Eastern Europe, I 72 economic power, 193 education and training, 11-13, 31,

43, 48, 77, 78, 81, 86, 91, 92, 97, 98, 108, 113-14,117, 118, 134-48, 169, 202, 204-5, 213, 222, 225-6, 227, 246, 254, 262, 270-1

Edwards, H. T., 206 efficiency, 57, 61-3, 72, 116, 123; in

private practice, 250, 260-1 employed lawyers, 8, 28; service to

the public, 229, 257, 265; see also in-house lawyers; barristers

employees, 19, 37, 40, 81, Ill, 112, 127, 170-1, 234, 251

employment law, 12, 21, 55, 58, 60, 67-9, 72, 80, 89, 110, 190

environment, 77-90, 92, 94, 184-5 ethics, 48, 91, 108, 124, 214, 217,

223-38, 257, 263, 266; see also business ethics; professional ethics

European Economic Community (EEC), 19, 35, 67, 80, 87, 92, 141, 171, 173, 179,230

facts, 37-8, 44, 96, 98, 117 familiarity, 29, 32, 35-9, 51, 82, 106,

142-3, 162, 165, 268-9 Faucheux, C. and Rojot, J., 190

284 Index

Faulkner, T. M. and Saunders, R. N. S., 147, 241, 247, 264

fees, 67, 82, 129, 218-19 Ferguson, R. B., 211 financial services, 82, 122, 172, 242 Financial Services Act 1986, I 73 Fischer, R. L., 33, 62-3, 132, 205,

210 Fisher, R., 204 Fletcher Rogers, D. G., 223 food industry, 35, 83 food labelling, 58, 63, 86, 92, Ill foreign law, 64, 92 France, 21, 202 free market, 240, 257, 259, 270 Freidson, E., 215, 216, 219, 238, 264,

265 fusion, 9, 165, 223-6, 254-5, 262,

270

Galanter, M., 175, 196-8, 210, 250 Galuccio, N., 27 'gamesmanship', 185 generalist, 54-5, 63, 67, 71, 78, 79 Gibson, D. and Baldwin, J. K., 264 Gloor, Max, 44 Gold, N., 275 Goldberg, S. B. et al., 206 Gossett, W. T., 186 Gouldner, A. W., 161 government intervention, see

business regulation Gow, M. H., 223, 237, 238 'Guinness affair', 190, 210

Hailsham, Lord, 266 Hall, R. H. and Quinn, R. E., 177 Hamilton, J., 262 Handy, C. B., 239 Hawkins, K. and Thomas, J. M.,

170, 190 HA Y-MSL, 52, 72 Hazard,]. C., Jr., 195 Hazell, R., 225 health and safety, 33, 55, 57, 58, 59,

84, 86, 112, 124, 176, 190 Heinz,]. P. and Laumann, E. 0.,

194, 195, 253 Henry, J. F., 205-6

Hermann, A. H., 202 Hickman, L. E., 36, 38, 39, 40, 186,

213 Houle, C. 0., 138, 147

'inchoate law', 92, 106, 186-9, 191 indemnity insurance, 264-5 independence, 6, II, 48, 57, 60, 91,

116, 143-69, 212, 223, 226-34, 240, 256-7, 259, 271

induction procedures, 85, 144, 145 industrial accident claims, 122, 123 industrial tribunals, 65, 123, 126,

199, 202, 258 industries researched, 13-14 influence, 93, 94, 95, 107-15, 142,

181, 187-9, 190 in-house lawyers: access to Board,

48, 109, 114, 120, 175, 179-81, 227; advantages and disadvantages of, 26, 29-52, 74, 82, 268-9; advantages and disadvantages of career as, 149-66; advice from colleagues, 58, 133, 256; as branch of legal profession, 3-1 7, 30-1, 38, 90-1, 146, 149-66, 170, 182, 212-38, 242-9, 266-72; career, 8, 93, 149-66; case studies, 56, 67-71; as clients of outside lawyers, 243; commercial advice, 48, 54; as 'community lawyer', 235; cost­saving, 31-5, 43, 45, 47, 51, 198, 268; criticisms of legal profession/ system, 76, 198-204, 207, 246; critics of, II, 174, 179, 190, 213; as 'detective', 86-7, 187; and division of legal profession, 223-6; employee advice, 238; ethics, 48, 169-70, 174-5, 178-91,223, 226-38, 256; as 'family lawyer', 74; as generalist, 54-5; growth of, 8, 19-28, 29-46, 51; induction procedures, 85, 144, 145; information needs, 92; international trends, 20-2; involvement in commercial decisions, 48, 54, 82, 95, 102-7, 115, 118, 119-20; job description,

Index 285

57, 72, 116; job satisfaction, 54, 149-66; and litigation, 121-33, 192-211, 244; lobbying activities for business, 88-9, 94, 269; and managers, 8, 14, 36-7, 39-45, 47-51, 56-7, 61, 64, 66, 74, 82-7, 90, 93, 96, 101, 102-20, 124-6, 128-9, 151-60, 164-5, 174-5, 178-91, 223, 234-6, 24 7, 256; as managers, 44, 47, 57, 61, 71, 85, 91, 93, 115-17, 119-20, 130, 141, 144-6, 162-4, 187-9, 235; as a 'movement', II, 214, 268; in non­business organisations, 6, 27-8; perceptions of company wrongdoing, I 78-91; practice management, 8, 61, 74-5, 77, 82, 84-5, 93, 101, 115-20, 188, 235-6; practising certificates, 20-1; preventive lawyering, 74-93; as proactive, 41-2, 75, 77-81 ; professional (identification), 5, 7, 51, 56-7, 58, 84, 116-7, 138, 139, 146, 149, 163, 169-70, 188, 212-38, 271; professional associations, 12, 214, 223-6; as purchasers of legal services, 243-6; reasons for employment of, 26-7, 29-46, 51-2; relations with outside lawyers, 8-11, 29, 30, 32-4, 36, 38, 45-6, 48, 49, 61, 66-7, 121-3, 128-33, 130-2, 164-5, 198-209, 212-38, 242-8, 263, 268-72; rights of appearance in court, 224-8; salary, 32, 52, 158; 'second homes', 65; specialisation, 53-73; statistics on, 20-2, 27-8; status in organisation, 48-9, 93, 108, 114-15, 179-80, 187-9; status in profession, 212-14, 226-34; statutory requirement, 19; and strategic planning, 115, 120, 125; studies of, 4, 15-16; as a term, 8-9, 164; training analysis of, 134, 139-43; views of litigation, 122-8; work of, 8, 53-73; world of, 10-12, 50; see also legal departments

Institute of Directors, 189, 266

insurance, 26, 32, 33, 34, 60, 66, 85 integrated lawyer, 6, 30, 51, 72,

74-133, 144, 164, 187-8, 223, 239, 246, 263, 269

intellectual property, 56 interviews, II, 13-15, 17, 132, 134,

149-51, 172 Italy, 21

Johnson, T. J., 215 Johnson, W. B., 20, 40, 210 Johnston, D. L., 147 Johnstone, Q. and Hopson, D., Jr.,

7, 51, 138, 156, 193 Jones, B. F., 230, 231 Jones, K., 176 Joseph, M., 197, 236 judges, 48, 96, 199-207, 217, 259,

270 Judicial Statistics, 204

Kafoglis, 25 Kagan, R. A., 178 Kagan, R. A. and Scholz, J. T., 176,

178 Kahn-Freund, 0., 219 Kelly, D. P., 125 Kelman, S., 190 Knowles, M., 17 Kozelka, R. L., 221 Kolvenbach, W., 15-17, 21, 22, 44,

52, 72, 73, 83, 92, 119, 120, 132, 210, 236

Laughton, D. S., 92 law: ambiguity of, 96-7, 117;

business, 4-5, 8-10, 167, 189, 195-6, 207, 239-72; centres, 237, 259; creation, 10, 87, 89, 92; enforcement, 96, 125; and facts, 81, 104, 106; nature of, 95; as profession, 215-22; reform, 5, 75, 87-90, 91, 269

'law factories', 174, 242, 250 Law Society, 17, 20, 21, 28, 31, 52,

134, 138, 147, 216-17, 218, 219, 223, 229, 236, 237, 256, 258, 264

lawyers: attitudes to in-house lawyers, 4, 16, 101, 223-38; in

286 Index

business, 239-65; business competitors of, 241; client relations, 12, 128, 145; see also clients; as managers, 44, 261-3; obscurity of language, 97, 99; public attitudes to, 3, 6-7, 97, 99, 101, 207, 223, 246, 249, 264, 266-72; status of, 207, 249; variations in quality of, 246, 262-3; see also in-house lawyers; legal profession; outside lawyers; barristers; solicitors

Lawrence, P. R. and Lorsch, J. W., 120

leadership, 50, 90, 91, 171, 186-9, 206, 214, 270

Leary, T. B., 204, 210 Legal Aid, 241, 258, 259, 262 legal audit, 34, 85, 90, 92, 144, 175 legal costs, 22-3, 26, 31-5, 45-6, 51,

61, 63 legal department: budget, 33, 39, 63,

129; Head of, 48, 84, 112, 139, 141, 160, 162, 227; history, 23; links to other functions, 66, 86, 101, 105, 117; office location, 66; organisation, 53-73, 80, 115-17, 122-3, 155; reasons for, 26; rise of, 19-28; size factor, 32, 53, !55; see also in-house lawyer

legal environment, 30-1, 57, 74-93, 184-5

legal fees, 31, 45-7, 67, 82, 129, 218-19

legaljudgement, 91, 94-107, 180 legal practice: business form of,

164-5, 227-30; business strategy in, 164-5, 241-2, 249-63

legal problems, 7, 40, 51, 74, 75, 77, 86-7, 95, 115, 121-33, 142-3

legal profession, 3-1 7, 48, 51, 3-1 7, 48, 51, 97, 146, 149, 164-5, 189, 200-4, 210, 212-72; differentiation within, 30, 194-5, 233-4, 241, 254-5, 271; stress in, 263

legal rules, 95-9 legal services, 4, 23, 27, 29-30, 45-6,

51, 66-7, 74, 90, 95, 129, 164-5, 208, 212, 227-34, 237; as business,

196, 234-65; and business strategy, 241-2, 249-63; market share for, 250; organisational factors in, 239-65

legal skills, see skills legal system, reform of, 198-211,

260-1, 270-2 legislation, 40, 43, 55, 58, 77, 78-81,

89-90,93,96, 110, 113, 137, 177, 185-7, 191

legislative 'modelling', 190-1 Leigh, L. H., 190 Levy, B. H., 15, 264, 267 Lippitt, G. L., 221 litigation, 5, 8, 10, 15, 32, 33, 34, 38,

42-3, 45, 56, 57, 58, 62-3, 65, 67-8, 72, 75, 96, 120, 121-8, 129, 131-2, 174, 192-211, 244-5, 260-1; departments, 210-11; management, 205-11; reform, 198-211; specialist, 32, 33, 121-3, 261

lobbying, 88-9, 94, 269 local knowledge, 131 'locals' and 'cosmopolitans', 161-4 Lord Chancellor, 3, 204, 207, 218,

260-1, 262, 266-8, 271

Macaulay, S., 193 Mackie, K. J ., 17, 139, 208, 210, 221 Maddock, C. S., 91, 114, 191 management consultants, 72, 204,

260 management specialists, 79, 80 management systems, 85 management theory, 85, 92 managers: attitudes to lawyers, 6-7,

17-18, 25-6, 40-1, 43, 49-51, 84, 94, 97, 101, 104-6, 119, 126, 144, 190, 262, 266; and company wrongdoing, 178-81, 187, 221; cost of legal services to, 39, 63, 72; and in-house lawyer services, 83-6, 109-14, 124-6, 234; lawyer-, 45, 162-5, 262-3; senior, 57, 104-5, 106, 109, 114-15, 118, 243; see also in-house lawyers as managers

Marre Committee, 219, 237

Index 287

matrix system of work, 58, 60, 63 MBAs, 144, 165 McBarnet, D. J., 117, 210 medical profession, 14 7, 231, 238,

257 meetings, 56-7, 73, 84, 87, 112, 120,

147 mega-firms, 251, 264 mega-law, 175, 192, 196-8, 210, 242,

250 mergers, 90, 251 mini-trials, 192, 205-6 Mintzberg, H., 120 'missions', 62, 72, 264 mixed-profession partnerships, 9,

164, 255-7 Mungham, G. and Thomas, P. A.,

92 Murray, T. et al., 265 Murphy, R. W., 106, 188

Nader, Ralph, 31, 210 naive clients, 152 Napley, Sir D., 215, 216, 221, 222,

237, 238, 241 narrowness, 49 National Legal Service, 259 negotiating, 44, 55, 59, 76, 104, 106,

115, 142, 145, 200-1, 208, 209, 211

Netherlands, 21, 22 newsletters, 41, 42, 83, 113 newspaper industry, 60, 64, 120 non-lawyers, 97 New Zealand, 172

objectivity, 43, 48-9, 51, 57, 91, 116, 143, 227, 248, 258

occupations, 11, 50, 76, 78 Office of Fair Trading, 17, 208, 236,

237, 238, 241, 255, 264 oil industry, 33, 35, 54-5, 60, 64, 210 ombudsmen, 208 open system, 109, 265 opinion leaders, 50, 90, 206, 214 organisation: aspects of legal

profession, 3, 5, 74, 202-3, 239-65; as client, 107-8, 119, 151-60, 187-9, 234-6, 247,

269-70; disputes, 190-211; oflegal services, 227-36, 239-65; 'pathologies', 119; politics, 41, 66, 86, 95, 117, 188-9, 227, 235, 268; status, 108, 114-15; structure, 48, 57, 119, 234, 239; theory, 4-5, 16, 57, 64, 77, 116-17, 119, 176-7, 235, 248

'organisationally shaped', 156, 158 Ormrod, Report of the Committee on

Legal Education, 148 'out-house' lawyers, 8-9, 244 out-of-court settlements, 37 outside lawyers, 26, 29-30, 32, 34-5,

41, 44-6, 50, 53, 61, 66, 73, 74, 76, 81, 83-4, 90-1, 92, 93, 95, 99, 108, 115, 117, 121-3, 128-33, 151, 169, 198, 199, 205, 209, 212-72, 269-72; management of, 29, 31,36-7,42,47-9,54, 63; see also legal profession, private practice

Page, R., 134, 218 para-legals, 53, 72, 123, 241, 251 parent company, 25 participative counselling, 107 partnership: goal, 160; shift to

incorporation, 252, 264-5 Pashiagnis, 28 patents, 32, 56, 62, 66, 73, 85 Paterson, A., 217 Patterson, B. H., 92 personality, 59· Pfeffer, J and Salancik, G. R., 16,

92, 176, 177 pharmaceuticals, 56, 64, 67, 79 Podmore, D., 15-16, 92, 241, 264 'policing' role, 40, 92, 115, 179, 182,

188 policy guides, 108-10; see also

company policy 'political' issues, 90, 132, 156, 159,

182, 221' 240, 270 Porter, M. E., 264 positive, 40, 47, 50, 75, 77, 98, 142,

179 practice management, 8, 61, 74-5,

77, 141, 145

288 Index

practising certificates, 20-2, 27 Preston, L. E., 177 preventive (law), 29, 32, 40, 41-3,

47, 74-93, 98, 99, 108-9, 112, 115, 123, 125, 139, 141, 146-7, 152, 153, 171, 268

private practice, see outside lawyers proactive, 41-2, 75, 77-81, 82-4, 86,

90, 93, 94, 108, 121, 129, 185, 191, 240, 245, 249, 250, 257, 264, 272

problem creation, 4 7 problem-solving, 29, 43-5, 51, 107,

115, 268 product liability, 33, 55, 56, 58, 59,

64, 122, 132, 192, 205 professional: associations, 12, 16, 60,

72, 80, 207, 214-15, 218-22, 223-6; ethics, 169-70, 182-91, 212, 223, 226-38, 249, 250, 268; ideal, 272; management, 221, 272; in organisations, 16, 74, 105, 116, 149, 238, 263, 263, 268-9

Professional Code of Conduct, 218, 229, 265

professionalisation, 5-7, 215, 212 professions, 6, 212-22; and business

ethics, 189; business factors in, 237, 238, 239-65, 270-2; compared to business and trade unions, 219-21; definition of, 216-17; 'proletarianisation', 265; as psychological reality, 220; public policy on, 221-2; regulation of, 189, 221-2, 233

prosecutions, 65, 124 provincial fir~s, 30, 39, 90, 233, 268 psychology, 5, 10, 12, 87 public attitudes to lawyers, 3, 6-7,

41, 99, 218, 25~ 264, 267 public policy, 6, 96, 186-9, 218, 221 public subsidy in legal services, 250,

258-60 pupillage, 135, 147

Rast, L. E., 97 rationalisation, 61 reactive law, 41, 82, 86, 108, 115,

121-33

Reeves, P., 17, 225, 228, 236, 237, 240, 251' 254

regulation, see business regulation regulatory agencies, 37, 87, 124, 131,

170, 176, I 78 Reiss, A. J., Jr., 184 reputation in the community, 83, 92,

270 research needs, 98, 139, 231, 233,

239, 254, 270 research methods, 11-15, 17-18 restrictive practices, 10, 215, 218-19,

223, 233, 236 retail industry, 37, 63, 65, 122, 124,

127 Richards, D., 189 risk, 96, 99, 100-2, 105-7, 117, 121,

125, 129, 181, 188-9 risk-taking, 16 role, 71, 74, 81-3, 86, 90-1, 92, 93,

115-17, 169, 186 role ambiguity/strain, 16, 50, 116,

263 Rosen, R. E., 15-16,18,107,117,

119, 191, 238, 264 Rosenthal, D., 17, 91, 107, 197, 226 Royal Commission on Legal Services, 17,

27, 114, 147,216-17, 225,228,237, 238, 250, 256

Ruder, D. S., 91 Rueschemeyer, D., 28, 44, 194, 216

sales and marketing, 58, 101, 183 'scandal-to-control', 172, 177, 190 Schein, E. H., 147, 216 Schon, D. A., 139 self-employment, 227-8, 230, 240 self-regulation, 173, 190,218-19,221 Sexton, M. and Maher, L. \\'.,

15-16, 44, 237, 264 shareholders, 108, 175, 234, 237 Shell, 6-7, 22 Sherr, A., 147 size of legal practices, 250-4 skills, 75-6, 77, 80-1, 94, 95, 98, 103,

105, 106, 113, 117, 123, 135-46, 207, 216-17, 227, 262-3

small companies, 25, 30, 43, 47, 65, 67, 182-5, 195, 247

Index 289

Smigel, E. 0., 16, 174, 238, 265 Smyser, J. M., 17, 174, 175, 190 Snider, L., 176, 191 social policies, see business regulation social responsibility, 115, 177,

183-91 sociology of professions, 12, 149,

212-22, 263 sole practitioner, 233, 241 solicitors, 8, 13, 32, 150, 155, 161,

164-5, 203, 228, 243, 254-5, 264, 266; and barristers in business, 223-6, 237; industry sectors, 60, 72, 165, 237; and reform, 3, 218-19, 240, 262, 270; statistics on, 20-1, 27; training, 134-5, 165

Spangler, E., 15-16 specialists: and careers, 161-4; as in­

house lawyer colleagues, 79-80, 105, 110, 124, 152, 187; in knowledge of the organisation, 35, 53, 121-2, 128, 269; in knowledge of outside lawyers, 128-30; litigation, 32, 122-3, 195; outside lawyers as, 131, 195, 202-3

specialisation: and generalism in in­house work, 53-73, 78, 80, 153-4, 225-6; and legal education, 81, 135, 137, 142, 146, 147; in legal services, 5, 195, 202-3, 225-6, 227, 241' 243, 250-5, 271

Standard Oil, 33 Stichnoth,J. A. and Dolan, P.J., 75,

91, 210 Stone, C. D., 92, 119, 175, 190, 234 strategic planning, 93, 115, 120 stress, 263 'sub-contracting' legal work, 66,

130-2 subordinate legislation, 172, 189,

190 subsidiaries, 64, 68, 84 'sunsetting' provisions, 172, 190 Swaine, R. T., 174, 186, 213 Sweden, 21

tax, 32, 34, 56, 62, 64, 66, 73, 85, 124

team work, 44, 48, 53, 76, 103, 110, 119, 130, 151, 187, 269

Thomas, P. A., 250 time management, 61, 85, 142, 153 Todd, F., 139, 279 Tomasic, R., 264 Tomasic, R. and Bullard, C., 15-16,

118, 182 Tomasic, R. and Feeley, M. M., 206 Tough, A., 145 Townsend, R. I., Jr., 165 trade/industry associations, 43, 60,

79, 80, 81' 88-90, 92, 187' 207 trade marks, 68, 85, 97, 122 trade union regulation, 189, 218-21 trading standards, 58, 63, 65, 85,

122, 124 training, see education and training training analysis, 134, 139-43 translation, 29, 46, 75-6, 94-120,

129, 169, 185, 188, 244, 266 travel, 59, 154 Twining, W. L., 147

UNCITRAL, 210 United States, 7-8, 15-16, 18, 21-2,

24, 26, 27' 44, 53, 62, 64, 69, 119, 120, 144, 165, I 70, 173-4, 186, 190, 195, 205, 206, 209, 230, 236, 250-1, 258

Useem, M., 93, 171 Utton, M.A., 16, 189, 190

'valued adviser', 41, 268 values, 239, 250, 264 Vickers, Sir G., 13

Waterson, G., 147 Weber, 210 West Germany, 21, 44 Westin, A. F., 174 white-collar crime, 175 Wilensky, H. L., 215 Wilson,]. Q., 171,190 workload, 56

Zander, M., 227, 231